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<title>ab 命令，Linux ab 命令详解：Apache服务器的性能测试工具 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>ab 命令，Linux ab 命令详解：Apache服务器的性能测试工具 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/ab.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/ab.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="ab">ab</h1><p>Apache服务器的性能测试工具</p> <h1>ab</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>ab命令</strong> 是一个测试你 Apache http 服务器的工具，你可以通过这个工具，指定一个单位时间内向 apache 发出的请求数量来看看你的 Apache 和机器配合的性能如何。</p> <p>Apache服务器的性能测试工具</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">ab <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -A auth-username:password <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -c concurrency <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -C cookie-name<span class="token operator">=</span>value <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>ab命令</strong> 是一个测试你 Apache http 服务器的工具，你可以通过这个工具，指定一个单位时间内向 apache 发出的请求数量来看看你的 Apache 和机器配合的性能如何。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">ab <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -A auth-username:password <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -c concurrency <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -C cookie-name<span class="token operator">=</span>value
<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -d <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -e csv-file <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -g gnuplot-file <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -h <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -H custom-header <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -d <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -e csv-file <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -g gnuplot-file <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -h <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -H custom-header <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
-i <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -k <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -n requests <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -p POST-file <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -P proxy-auth-user‐ -i <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -k <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -n requests <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -p POST-file <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -P proxy-auth-user‐
name:password <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -q <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -s <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -S <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -t timelimit <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -T content-type <span class="token punctuation">]</span> name:password <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -q <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -s <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -S <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -t timelimit <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -T content-type <span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span> -v verbosity<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -V <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -w <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -x <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>table<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -X proxy<span class="token punctuation">[</span>:port<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -v verbosity<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -V <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -w <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -x <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>table<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -X proxy<span class="token punctuation">[</span>:port<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -y <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>tr<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -z <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>td<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>http://<span class="token punctuation">]</span>host‐ <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -y <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>tr<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -z <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>td<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>http://<span class="token punctuation">]</span>host‐
name<span class="token punctuation">[</span>:port<span class="token punctuation">]</span>/path name<span class="token punctuation">[</span>:port<span class="token punctuation">]</span>/path
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-A auth-username:password <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-A auth-username:password
<span class="token comment"># 支持基本的验证证书,用户名和密码之间使用"冒号" :</span> <span class="token comment"># 支持基本的验证证书,用户名和密码之间使用"冒号" :</span>
<span class="token comment"># 分隔开,ab将以明文方式传送过去.不管服务器是不是需要</span> <span class="token comment"># 分隔开,ab将以明文方式传送过去.不管服务器是不是需要</span>
<span class="token comment"># ,也就是说你的服务器需要支持401认证.</span> <span class="token comment"># ,也就是说你的服务器需要支持401认证.</span>
@ -129,21 +133,21 @@ name<span class="token punctuation">[</span>:port<span class="token punctuation"
-V <span class="token comment"># 显示版本号并且退出</span> -V <span class="token comment"># 显示版本号并且退出</span>
-w <span class="token comment"># 打印输出结果到HTML表中. 默认的表是两列n行白底黑框</span> -w <span class="token comment"># 打印输出结果到HTML表中. 默认的表是两列n行白底黑框</span>
-x <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>table<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes -x <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>table<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes
<span class="token comment"># 使用字串来描述表的属性,该属性字串应该插入到&lt;table 这里 ></span> <span class="token comment"># 使用字串来描述表的属性,该属性字串应该插入到&#x3C;table 这里 ></span>
-X proxy<span class="token punctuation">[</span>:port<span class="token punctuation">]</span> -X proxy<span class="token punctuation">[</span>:port<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token comment"># Use a proxy server for the requests.</span> <span class="token comment"># Use a proxy server for the requests.</span>
-y <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>tr<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes -y <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>tr<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes
<span class="token comment"># 用于生成html表格每行的属性名 (&lt;tr>)</span> <span class="token comment"># 用于生成html表格每行的属性名 (&#x3C;tr>)</span>
-z <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>td<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes -z <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>td<span class="token operator">></span>-attributes
<span class="token comment"># 用于生成html表格每列的属性名 (&lt;td>)</span> <span class="token comment"># 用于生成html表格每列的属性名 (&#x3C;td>)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>主机：被测试主机。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<p>主机：被测试主机。</p>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/accept.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/accept.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="accept">accept</h1><p>指示打印系统接受发往指定目标打印机的打印任务</p> <h1>accept</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>accept命令</strong> 属于CUPS套件，用于指示打印系统接受发往指定目标打印机的打印任务。</p> <p>指示打印系统接受发往指定目标打印机的打印任务</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code>accept<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>accept命令</strong> 属于CUPS套件，用于指示打印系统接受发往指定目标打印机的打印任务。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre><code>accept(选项)(参数)
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code>-E：当连接到服务器时强制加密； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre><code>-E：当连接到服务器时强制加密；
-U：指定连接服务器时使用的用户名； -U：指定连接服务器时使用的用户名；
-h：指定连接服务器名和端口号。 -h：指定连接服务器名和端口号。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>目标：指定目标打印机。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<p>目标：指定目标打印机。</p>
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<title>ack 命令，Linux ack 命令详解：比grep好用的文本搜索工具 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>ack 命令，Linux ack 命令详解：比grep好用的文本搜索工具 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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@ -40,17 +40,21 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/ack.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/ack.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="ack">ack</h1><p>比grep好用的文本搜索工具</p> <h1>ack</h1>
<h2 id="安装">安装</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># ubuntu下要安装ack-grep，因为在debian系中，ack这个名字被其他的软件占用了。</span> <p>比grep好用的文本搜索工具</p>
<h2>安装</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># ubuntu下要安装ack-grep，因为在debian系中，ack这个名字被其他的软件占用了。</span>
<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> ack-grep <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> ack-grep
<span class="token comment"># alpine Linux-apk软件包管理器 安装 ack</span> <span class="token comment"># alpine Linux-apk软件包管理器 安装 ack</span>
apk <span class="token function">install</span> ack apk <span class="token function">install</span> ack
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="参数">参数</h2><p>这些参数在linux上的适用频率是相当高的，尤其是你用vim做为IDE的话</p> <h2>参数</h2>
<pre><code class="language-shell">-c<span class="token punctuation">(</span>统计<span class="token punctuation">)</span>/ -i<span class="token punctuation">(</span>忽略大小<span class="token punctuation">)</span>/ -h<span class="token punctuation">(</span>不显示名称<span class="token punctuation">)</span>/ <p>这些参数在linux上的适用频率是相当高的，尤其是你用vim做为IDE的话</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-c<span class="token punctuation">(</span>统计<span class="token punctuation">)</span>/ -i<span class="token punctuation">(</span>忽略大小<span class="token punctuation">)</span>/ -h<span class="token punctuation">(</span>不显示名称<span class="token punctuation">)</span>/
-l<span class="token punctuation">(</span>只显文件名<span class="token punctuation">)</span>/ -n<span class="token punctuation">(</span>加行号<span class="token punctuation">)</span>/ -v<span class="token punctuation">(</span>显示不匹配<span class="token punctuation">)</span> -l<span class="token punctuation">(</span>只显文件名<span class="token punctuation">)</span>/ -n<span class="token punctuation">(</span>加行号<span class="token punctuation">)</span>/ -v<span class="token punctuation">(</span>显示不匹配<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="特点">特点</h2><p>ack官网列出了这工具的5大卖点：</p> <h2>特点</h2>
<p>ack官网列出了这工具的5大卖点：</p>
<ol> <ol>
<li>速度非常快,因为它只搜索有意义的东西。</li> <li>速度非常快,因为它只搜索有意义的东西。</li>
<li>更友好的搜索，忽略那些不是你源码的东西。</li> <li>更友好的搜索，忽略那些不是你源码的东西。</li>
@ -58,45 +62,55 @@ apk <span class="token function">install</span> ack
<li>非常轻便，移植性好。</li> <li>非常轻便，移植性好。</li>
<li>免费且开源</li> <li>免费且开源</li>
</ol> </ol>
<h2 id="实例">实例</h2><p>在记忆的时候大体上可以分为这几个部分：</p> <h2>实例</h2>
<p>在记忆的时候大体上可以分为这几个部分：</p>
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<p>Searching 代码搜索<br>Search output 搜索结果处理<br>File presentation 文件展示<br>File finding 文件查找<br>File inclusion/exclusion 文件过滤 </p> <p>Searching 代码搜索<br>
Search output 搜索结果处理<br>
File presentation 文件展示<br>
File finding 文件查找<br>
File inclusion/exclusion 文件过滤</p>
</blockquote> </blockquote>
<p>grep常用操作</p> <p>grep常用操作</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">grep</span> -r <span class="token string">'hello_world'</span> <span class="token comment"># 简单用法</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">grep</span> -r <span class="token string">'hello_world'</span> <span class="token comment"># 简单用法</span>
<span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">'^hello_world'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token comment"># 简单正则</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">'^hello_world'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token comment"># 简单正则</span>
<span class="token function">ls</span> -l <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> .py <span class="token comment"># 管道用法</span> <span class="token function">ls</span> -l <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> .py <span class="token comment"># 管道用法</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="searching">Searching</h3><p>简单的文本搜索，默认是递归的。</p> <h3>Searching</h3>
<p>简单的文本搜索，默认是递归的。</p>
<pre><code>ack-grep hello <pre><code>ack-grep hello
ack-grep -i hello ack-grep -i hello
ack-grep -v hello ack-grep -v hello
ack-grep -w hello ack-grep -w hello
ack-grep -Q <span class="token string">'hello*'</span> ack-grep -Q 'hello*'
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="search-file">Search File</h3><p>对搜索结果进行处理，比如只显示一个文件的一个匹配项，或者xxx</p> <h3>Search File</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">ack-grep --line<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token comment"># 输出所有文件第二行</span> <p>对搜索结果进行处理，比如只显示一个文件的一个匹配项，或者xxx</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">ack-grep --line<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token comment"># 输出所有文件第二行</span>
ack-grep -l <span class="token string">'hello'</span> <span class="token comment"># 包含的文件名</span> ack-grep -l <span class="token string">'hello'</span> <span class="token comment"># 包含的文件名</span>
ack-grep -L <span class="token string">'print'</span> <span class="token comment"># 非包含文件名</span> ack-grep -L <span class="token string">'print'</span> <span class="token comment"># 非包含文件名</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="file-presentation">File presentation</h3><p>输出的结果是以什么方式展示呢，这个部分有几个参数可以练习下</p> <h3>File presentation</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">ack-grep hello --pager<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'less -R'</span> <span class="token comment"># 以less形式展示</span> <p>输出的结果是以什么方式展示呢，这个部分有几个参数可以练习下</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">ack-grep hello --pager<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'less -R'</span> <span class="token comment"># 以less形式展示</span>
ack-grep hello --noheading <span class="token comment"># 不在头上显示文件</span> ack-grep hello --noheading <span class="token comment"># 不在头上显示文件</span>
ack-grep hello --nocolor <span class="token comment"># 不对匹配字符着色</span> ack-grep hello --nocolor <span class="token comment"># 不对匹配字符着色</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="file-finding">File finding</h3><p>没错，它可以查找文件，以省去你要不断的结合find和grep的麻烦，虽然在linux的思想是一个工具做好一件事。</p> <h3>File finding</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">ack-grep -f hello.py <span class="token comment"># 查找全匹配文件</span> <p>没错，它可以查找文件，以省去你要不断的结合find和grep的麻烦，虽然在linux的思想是一个工具做好一件事。</p>
ack-grep -g hello.py&#36; <span class="token comment"># 查找正则匹配文件</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">ack-grep -f hello.py <span class="token comment"># 查找全匹配文件</span>
ack-grep -g hello.py$ <span class="token comment"># 查找正则匹配文件</span>
ack-grep -g hello --sort-files <span class="token comment"># 查找然后排序</span> ack-grep -g hello --sort-files <span class="token comment"># 查找然后排序</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="file-inclusion-exclusion">File Inclusion/Exclusion</h3><p>文件过滤，个人觉得这是一个很不错的功能。如果你曾经在搜索项目源码是不小心命中日志中的某个关键字的话，你会觉得这个有用。</p> <h3>File Inclusion/Exclusion</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">ack-grep --python hello <span class="token comment"># 查找所有python文件</span> <p>文件过滤，个人觉得这是一个很不错的功能。如果你曾经在搜索项目源码是不小心命中日志中的某个关键字的话，你会觉得这个有用。</p>
ack-grep -G hello.py&#36; hello <span class="token comment"># 查找匹配正则的文件</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">ack-grep --python hello <span class="token comment"># 查找所有python文件</span>
ack-grep -G hello.py$ hello <span class="token comment"># 查找匹配正则的文件</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="参考资料">参考资料</h2><ul> <h2>参考资料</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://beyondgrep.com/">ack官网</a></li> <li><a href="https://beyondgrep.com/">ack官网</a></li>
</ul> </ul>
</div> </div>
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@ -40,22 +40,29 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/alias.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/alias.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="alias">alias</h1><p>定义或显示别名。</p> <h1>alias</h1>
<h2 id="概要">概要</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-p<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>name<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">=</span>value<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p>定义或显示别名。</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-p<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>name<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">=</span>value<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<ul>
<li>简化较长的命令。</li> <li>简化较长的命令。</li>
<li>定义一个或多个别名。</li> <li>定义一个或多个别名。</li>
<li>修改一个或多个已定义别名的值。</li> <li>修改一个或多个已定义别名的值。</li>
<li>显示一个或多个已定义别名。</li> <li>显示一个或多个已定义别名。</li>
<li>显示全部已定义的别名。</li> <li>显示全部已定义的别名。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="选项">选项</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">-p：显示全部已定义的别名。 <h2>选项</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-p：显示全部已定义的别名。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="参数">参数</h2><p>name（可选）：指定要（定义、修改、显示）的别名。</p> <h2>参数</h2>
<p>name（可选）：指定要（定义、修改、显示）的别名。</p>
<p>value（可选）：别名的值。</p> <p>value（可选）：别名的值。</p>
<h3 id="返回值">返回值</h3><p>alias返回true除非您要显示的别名未定义。</p> <h3>返回值</h3>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 显示全部已定义的别名</span> <p>alias返回true除非您要显示的别名未定义。</p>
<h2>例子</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 显示全部已定义的别名</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> -p <span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> -p
@ -67,32 +74,36 @@
<span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">ls</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'ls --color=auto'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">ls</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'ls --color=auto'</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">ls</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'ls --color=never'</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">grep</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'grep --color=never'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">ls</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'ls --color=never'</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">grep</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'grep --color=never'</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="知识点">知识点</h2><p>直接在shell里设定的命令别名，在终端关闭或者系统重新启动后都会失效，如何才能永久有效呢？</p> <h2>知识点</h2>
<p>使用编辑器打开<code>~/.bashrc</code>，在文件中加入别名设置，如：alias rm=&#39;rm -i&#39;，保存后执行<code>source ~/.bashrc</code>，这样就可以永久保存命令的别名了。</p> <p>直接在shell里设定的命令别名，在终端关闭或者系统重新启动后都会失效，如何才能永久有效呢？</p>
<p>使用编辑器打开<code>~/.bashrc</code>，在文件中加入别名设置，如：alias rm='rm -i'，保存后执行<code>source ~/.bashrc</code>，这样就可以永久保存命令的别名了。</p>
<p>因为修改的是当前用户目录下的<code>~/.bashrc</code>文件，所以这样的方式只对当前用户有用。如果要对所有用户都有效，修改<code>/etc/bashrc</code>文件就可以了。</p> <p>因为修改的是当前用户目录下的<code>~/.bashrc</code>文件，所以这样的方式只对当前用户有用。如果要对所有用户都有效，修改<code>/etc/bashrc</code>文件就可以了。</p>
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<p>请注意，以下内容可能与您实际使用的系统有出入:</p> <p>请注意，以下内容可能与您实际使用的系统有出入:</p>
<p>在CentOS7下，这个文件是<code>/etc/bash.bashrc</code>。此外在CentOS7下，细看<code>~/.bashrc</code>文件，会发现有这样一段代码：</p> <p>在CentOS7下，这个文件是<code>/etc/bash.bashrc</code>。此外在CentOS7下，细看<code>~/.bashrc</code>文件，会发现有这样一段代码：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -f ~/.bash_aliases <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">then</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -f ~/.bash_aliases <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">then</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> ~/.bash_aliases <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> ~/.bash_aliases
<span class="token keyword">fi</span> <span class="token keyword">fi</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这个代码的意思就是如果存在那么就加载<code>.bash_aliases</code>文件，所以也可以在用户根目录下新建该文件用于单独存放命令别名设置。</p> <p>这个代码的意思就是如果存在那么就加载<code>.bash_aliases</code>文件，所以也可以在用户根目录下新建该文件用于单独存放命令别名设置。</p>
</blockquote> </blockquote>
<h2 id="错误用法">错误用法</h2><ul> <h2>错误用法</h2>
<li><p>要显示的别名未定义。</p> <ul>
<li>
<p>要显示的别名未定义。</p>
</li> </li>
<li><p>当您定义（修改）别名的值的时候，由于值的字符串有空格但您没有用<strong>单引号扩起</strong>，那么会导致严重的问题：</p> <li>
<p>当您定义（修改）别名的值的时候，由于值的字符串有空格但您没有用<strong>单引号扩起</strong>，那么会导致严重的问题：</p>
</li> </li>
</ul> </ul>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 为方便演示，删除全部别名</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 为方便演示，删除全部别名</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">unalias</span> -a <span class="token builtin class-name">unalias</span> -a
<span class="token comment"># 没有用单引号扩起</span> <span class="token comment"># 没有用单引号扩起</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">rm</span><span class="token operator">=</span>rm -rf <span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">rm</span><span class="token operator">=</span>rm -rf
<span class="token comment"># 执行命令后报错 bash: alias: -rf: not found</span> <span class="token comment"># 执行命令后报错 bash: alias: -rf: not found</span>
<span class="token comment"># 这时使用alias查看rm的别名时返回 alias rm='rm'</span> <span class="token comment"># 这时使用alias查看rm的别名时返回 alias rm='rm'</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 更具有迷惑性的例子</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 更具有迷惑性的例子</span>
<span class="token comment"># 为方便演示，删除全部别名</span> <span class="token comment"># 为方便演示，删除全部别名</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">unalias</span> -a <span class="token builtin class-name">unalias</span> -a
<span class="token comment"># 仍然没有用单引号括起</span> <span class="token comment"># 仍然没有用单引号括起</span>
@ -104,11 +115,13 @@
<span class="token comment"># alias ls='ls'</span> <span class="token comment"># alias ls='ls'</span>
<span class="token comment"># alias处理时将它们看成了两组</span> <span class="token comment"># alias处理时将它们看成了两组</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="q-amp-a">Q&amp;A</h2><p>Q：如果我要显示一到多个别名，但不知道其中是否有未定义的该怎么办？</p> <h2>Q&#x26;A</h2>
<p>Q：如果我要显示一到多个别名，但不知道其中是否有未定义的该怎么办？</p>
<p>A：正常执行就是了，alias不会因为有一个未定义的别名就结束对剩余参数的执行。</p> <p>A：正常执行就是了，alias不会因为有一个未定义的别名就结束对剩余参数的执行。</p>
<p>Q：如果我这么定义<code>alias cd=&#39;ls&#39; ls=&#39;cd&#39;</code>，会有什么后果？</p> <p>Q：如果我这么定义<code>alias cd='ls' ls='cd'</code>，会有什么后果？</p>
<p>A：运行cd依然会切换目录，运行ls依然会列出文件夹的内容；不要这样定义。</p> <p>A：运行cd依然会切换目录，运行ls依然会列出文件夹的内容；不要这样定义。</p>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol> <h3>注意</h3>
<ol>
<li><strong>执行脚本时请注意：</strong></li> <li><strong>执行脚本时请注意：</strong></li>
</ol> </ol>
<blockquote> <blockquote>
@ -116,18 +129,22 @@
<p>通过<code>sh</code>方式调用的bash脚本或直接运行当前用户有执行权限的脚本不受终端环境的别名影响。</p> <p>通过<code>sh</code>方式调用的bash脚本或直接运行当前用户有执行权限的脚本不受终端环境的别名影响。</p>
</blockquote> </blockquote>
<ol start="2"> <ol start="2">
<li><p>删除别名，请查看<code>unalias</code>命令。</p> <li>
<p>删除别名，请查看<code>unalias</code>命令。</p>
</li> </li>
<li><p>建议您不要对<code>mv cp rm</code>等命令的别名设置危险的<code>-f</code>选项，比如<code>alias rm=&#39;rm -f&#39;</code>。</p> <li>
<p>建议您不要对<code>mv cp rm</code>等命令的别名设置危险的<code>-f</code>选项，比如<code>alias rm='rm -f'</code>。</p>
</li> </li>
<li><p>需要注意别名是否和其他命令有冲突的情况。</p> <li>
<p>需要注意别名是否和其他命令有冲突的情况。</p>
</li> </li>
<li><p>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</p> <li>
<p>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</p>
</li> </li>
</ol> </ol>
<h3 id="其他参考链接">其他参考链接</h3><p><a href="https://jingyan.baidu.com/article/ac6a9a5e6738422b653eac01.html">Linux命令详解：[8]alias创建自己的命令</a></p> <h3>其他参考链接</h3>
<p><a href="https://jingyan.baidu.com/article/ac6a9a5e6738422b653eac01.html">Linux命令详解：[8]alias创建自己的命令</a></p>
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<h1 id="apachectl">apachectl</h1><p>Apache服务器前端控制工具</p> <h1>apachectl</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>apachectl命令</strong> 是Apache的Web服务器前端控制工具，用以启动、关闭和重新启动Web服务器进程。</p> <p>Apache服务器前端控制工具</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code>apachectl<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>apachectl命令</strong> 是Apache的Web服务器前端控制工具，用以启动、关闭和重新启动Web服务器进程。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre><code>apachectl(参数)
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<ul>
<li>configtest：检查设置文件中的语法是否正确；</li> <li>configtest：检查设置文件中的语法是否正确；</li>
<li>fullstatus：显示服务器完整的状态信息；</li> <li>fullstatus：显示服务器完整的状态信息；</li>
<li>graceful：重新启动Apache服务器，但不会中断原有的连接；</li> <li>graceful：重新启动Apache服务器，但不会中断原有的连接；</li>
@ -77,7 +81,7 @@
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@ -40,33 +40,39 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/apk.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/apk.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="apk">apk</h1><p>Alpine Linux 下的包管理工具</p> <h1>apk</h1>
<h2 id="使用实例">使用实例</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">apk <span class="token function">install</span> xxx <p>Alpine Linux 下的包管理工具</p>
<h2>使用实例</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">apk <span class="token function">install</span> xxx
apk search xxx <span class="token comment"># 支持正则</span> apk search xxx <span class="token comment"># 支持正则</span>
apk info xxx <span class="token comment"># 查看包的详细信息</span> apk info xxx <span class="token comment"># 查看包的详细信息</span>
apk show <span class="token comment"># list local package</span> apk show <span class="token comment"># list local package</span>
<span class="token comment"># 卸载并删除 包</span> <span class="token comment"># 卸载并删除 包</span>
apk del openssh openntp <span class="token function">vim</span> apk del openssh openntp <span class="token function">vim</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="升级">升级</h3><p>upgrade命令升级系统已安装的所以软件包（一般包括内核），当然也可指定仅升级部分软件包（通过-u或–upgrade选择指定）。</p> <h3>升级</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">apk update <span class="token comment"># 更新最新本地镜像源</span> <p>upgrade命令升级系统已安装的所以软件包（一般包括内核），当然也可指定仅升级部分软件包（通过-u或–upgrade选择指定）。</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">apk update <span class="token comment"># 更新最新本地镜像源</span>
apk upgrade <span class="token comment"># 升级软件</span> apk upgrade <span class="token comment"># 升级软件</span>
apk <span class="token function">add</span> --upgrade busybox <span class="token comment"># 指定升级部分软件包</span> apk <span class="token function">add</span> --upgrade busybox <span class="token comment"># 指定升级部分软件包</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="搜索">搜索</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">apk search <span class="token comment"># 查找所以可用软件包</span> <h3>搜索</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">apk search <span class="token comment"># 查找所以可用软件包</span>
apk search -v <span class="token comment"># 查找所以可用软件包及其描述内容</span> apk search -v <span class="token comment"># 查找所以可用软件包及其描述内容</span>
apk search -v <span class="token string">'acf*'</span> <span class="token comment"># 通过软件包名称查找软件包</span> apk search -v <span class="token string">'acf*'</span> <span class="token comment"># 通过软件包名称查找软件包</span>
apk search -v -d <span class="token string">'docker'</span> <span class="token comment"># 通过描述文件查找特定的软件包</span> apk search -v -d <span class="token string">'docker'</span> <span class="token comment"># 通过描述文件查找特定的软件包</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="查看包信息">查看包信息</h3><p>info命令用于显示软件包的信息。</p> <h3>查看包信息</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">apk info <span class="token comment"># 列出所有已安装的软件包</span> <p>info命令用于显示软件包的信息。</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">apk info <span class="token comment"># 列出所有已安装的软件包</span>
apk info -a zlib <span class="token comment"># 显示完整的软件包信息</span> apk info -a zlib <span class="token comment"># 显示完整的软件包信息</span>
apk info --who-owns /sbin/lbu <span class="token comment"># 显示指定文件属于的包</span> apk info --who-owns /sbin/lbu <span class="token comment"># 显示指定文件属于的包</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="笔记">笔记</h2><p>还是蛮喜欢 alpine 的，简单纯粹</p> <h2>笔记</h2>
<pre><code class="language-shell">apk <span class="token function">add</span> iproute2 <span class="token comment"># ss vs netstat</span> <p>还是蛮喜欢 alpine 的，简单纯粹</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">apk <span class="token function">add</span> iproute2 <span class="token comment"># ss vs netstat</span>
ss -ptl ss -ptl
apk <span class="token function">add</span> drill <span class="token comment"># drill vs nslookup&amp;dig</span> apk <span class="token function">add</span> drill <span class="token comment"># drill vs nslookup&#x26;dig</span>
crond <span class="token comment"># 开启 cron 服务</span> crond <span class="token comment"># 开启 cron 服务</span>
<span class="token function">crontab</span> -l -e <span class="token function">crontab</span> -l -e
@ -103,7 +109,7 @@ apk search -v --description <span class="token string">'NTP'</span> <span class=
apk info -a zlib apk info -a zlib
apk info -vv<span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token function">sort</span> apk info -vv<span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token function">sort</span>
apk info -r -R <span class="token comment"># require / depency</span> apk info -r -R <span class="token comment"># require / depency</span>
apk version -v -l <span class="token string">'&lt;'</span> <span class="token comment"># show available updates</span> apk version -v -l <span class="token string">'&#x3C;'</span> <span class="token comment"># show available updates</span>
apk upgrade -U -a apk upgrade -U -a
apk <span class="token function">add</span> -u xxx <span class="token comment"># update xxx</span> apk <span class="token function">add</span> -u xxx <span class="token comment"># update xxx</span>
@ -145,7 +151,6 @@ rc-update <span class="token function">add</span> sshd
/etc/sshd_config /etc/sshd_config
apk <span class="token function">add</span> dropbear <span class="token comment"># another openssh implementation</span> apk <span class="token function">add</span> dropbear <span class="token comment"># another openssh implementation</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
</div> </div>
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@ -168,7 +173,7 @@ apk <span class="token function">add</span> dropbear <span class="token comment"
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
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@ -40,12 +40,16 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/apropos.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/apropos.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="apropos">apropos</h1><p>在 whatis 数据库中查找字符串</p> <h1>apropos</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>apropos命令</strong> 在一些特定的包含系统命令的简短描述的数据库文件里查找关键字，然后把结果送到标准输出。 </p> <p>在 whatis 数据库中查找字符串</p>
<h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>apropos命令</strong> 在一些特定的包含系统命令的简短描述的数据库文件里查找关键字，然后把结果送到标准输出。 </p>
<p>如果你不知道完成某个特定任务所需要命令的名称，可以使用一个关键字通过Linux apropos实用程序来搜索它。该实用程序可以搜索关键字并且显示所有包含匹配项的man页面的简短描述。另外，使用man实用程序和-k（关键字）选项，可以得到和用Linux apropos实用程序相同的结果（实际上是相同的命令）。</p> <p>如果你不知道完成某个特定任务所需要命令的名称，可以使用一个关键字通过Linux apropos实用程序来搜索它。该实用程序可以搜索关键字并且显示所有包含匹配项的man页面的简短描述。另外，使用man实用程序和-k（关键字）选项，可以得到和用Linux apropos实用程序相同的结果（实际上是相同的命令）。</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apropos</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-dalhvV<span class="token punctuation">]</span> -e<span class="token operator">|</span>-<span class="token punctuation">[</span>w<span class="token operator">|</span>-r<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-s section<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-m system<span class="token punctuation">[</span>,<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-M path<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-L locale<span class="token punctuation">]</span> -C <span class="token punctuation">[</span>file<span class="token punctuation">]</span> keyword <span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apropos</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-dalhvV<span class="token punctuation">]</span> -e<span class="token operator">|</span>-<span class="token punctuation">[</span>w<span class="token operator">|</span>-r<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-s section<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-m system<span class="token punctuation">[</span>,<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-M path<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-L locale<span class="token punctuation">]</span> -C <span class="token punctuation">[</span>file<span class="token punctuation">]</span> keyword <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-d, --debug：输出调试信息。 <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-d, --debug：输出调试信息。
-v, --verbose：输出详细的警告信息。 -v, --verbose：输出详细的警告信息。
-r, -- regex：将每个keyword作为正则表达式解释。这是默认行为。每个keyword将匹配手册页和描述。 -r, -- regex：将每个keyword作为正则表达式解释。这是默认行为。每个keyword将匹配手册页和描述。
-w, --wildcard：将每个keyword作为shell样式的通配符解释。 -w, --wildcard：将每个keyword作为shell样式的通配符解释。
@ -54,14 +58,16 @@
-l, --long：不根据终端宽度缩减输出。 -l, --long：不根据终端宽度缩减输出。
-s section, --section section：只查找指定的手册section。 -s section, --section section：只查找指定的手册section。
-m system<span class="token punctuation">[</span>,<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>, --systems<span class="token operator">=</span>system<span class="token punctuation">[</span>,<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>：用于查找其它操作系统的手册页。 -m system<span class="token punctuation">[</span>,<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>, --systems<span class="token operator">=</span>system<span class="token punctuation">[</span>,<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>：用于查找其它操作系统的手册页。
-M path, --manpath<span class="token operator">=</span>path：指定从其它以冒号分隔的手册页层次查找。默认使用<span class="token variable">&#36;MANPATH</span>环境变量。这个选项覆盖<span class="token variable">&#36;MANPATH</span>的内容。 -M path, --manpath<span class="token operator">=</span>path：指定从其它以冒号分隔的手册页层次查找。默认使用<span class="token variable">$MANPATH</span>环境变量。这个选项覆盖<span class="token variable">$MANPATH</span>的内容。
-L locale, --locale<span class="token operator">=</span>locale：apropos调用C函数setlocale来得到当前本地化信息，包括<span class="token variable">&#36;LC_MESSAGE</span>和<span class="token environment constant">&#36;LANG</span>。使用该选项提供一个locale字符串来临时更改本地化信息。 -L locale, --locale<span class="token operator">=</span>locale：apropos调用C函数setlocale来得到当前本地化信息，包括<span class="token variable">$LC_MESSAGE</span>和<span class="token environment constant">$LANG</span>。使用该选项提供一个locale字符串来临时更改本地化信息。
-C file, --config-file<span class="token operator">=</span>file：使用这个用户配置文件而不是默认的~/.manpath。 -C file, --config-file<span class="token operator">=</span>file：使用这个用户配置文件而不是默认的~/.manpath。
-h, --help：打印帮助信息并退出。 -h, --help：打印帮助信息并退出。
-V, --version：打印版本信息并退出。 -V, --version：打印版本信息并退出。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="返回值">返回值</h3><p>返回0表示成功，1表示用法、语法或配置文件错误，2表示操作错误，16表示没有找到匹配的内容。</p> <h3>返回值</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># man -k who</span> <p>返回0表示成功，1表示用法、语法或配置文件错误，2表示操作错误，16表示没有找到匹配的内容。</p>
<h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># man -k who</span>
at.allow <span class="token punctuation">[</span>at<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> - determine <span class="token function">who</span> can submit <span class="token function">jobs</span> via at or batch at.allow <span class="token punctuation">[</span>at<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> - determine <span class="token function">who</span> can submit <span class="token function">jobs</span> via at or batch
at.deny <span class="token punctuation">[</span>at<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> - determine <span class="token function">who</span> can submit <span class="token function">jobs</span> via at or batch at.deny <span class="token punctuation">[</span>at<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> - determine <span class="token function">who</span> can submit <span class="token function">jobs</span> via at or batch
jwhois <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> - client <span class="token keyword">for</span> the whois <span class="token function">service</span> jwhois <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> - client <span class="token keyword">for</span> the whois <span class="token function">service</span>
@ -84,7 +90,7 @@ w <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token
<span class="token function">whoami</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> - print effective userid <span class="token function">whoami</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> - print effective userid
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>查找手册页名字和描述中包含emacs和vi的手册页：</p> <p>查找手册页名字和描述中包含emacs和vi的手册页：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apropos</span> -a emacs <span class="token function">vi</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apropos</span> -a emacs <span class="token function">vi</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/apt-get.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/apt-get.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="apt-get">apt-get</h1><p>Debian Linux发行版中的APT软件包管理工具</p> <h1>apt-get</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>apt-get命令</strong> 是Debian Linux发行版中的APT软件包管理工具。所有基于Debian的发行都使用这个包管理系统。deb包可以把一个应用的文件包在一起，大体就如同Windows上的安装文件。</p> <p>Debian Linux发行版中的APT软件包管理工具</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span> PACKAGE <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>apt-get命令</strong> 是Debian Linux发行版中的APT软件包管理工具。所有基于Debian的发行都使用这个包管理系统。deb包可以把一个应用的文件包在一起，大体就如同Windows上的安装文件。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span> PACKAGE
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> 安装新包 <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> 安装新包
<span class="token function">apt-get</span> remove 卸载已安装的包（保留配置文件） <span class="token function">apt-get</span> remove 卸载已安装的包（保留配置文件）
<span class="token function">apt-get</span> purge 卸载已安装的包（删除配置文件） <span class="token function">apt-get</span> purge 卸载已安装的包（删除配置文件）
<span class="token function">apt-get</span> update 更新软件包列表 <span class="token function">apt-get</span> update 更新软件包列表
@ -56,43 +60,44 @@
-c：指定配置文件。 -c：指定配置文件。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<ul>
<li>管理指令：对APT软件包的管理操作；</li> <li>管理指令：对APT软件包的管理操作；</li>
<li>软件包：指定要操纵的软件包。</li> <li>软件包：指定要操纵的软件包。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>使用apt-get命令的第一步就是引入必需的软件库，Debian的软件库也就是所有Debian软件包的集合，它们存在互联网上的一些公共站点上。把它们的地址加入，apt-get就能搜索到我们想要的软件。/etc/apt/sources.list是存放这些地址列表的配置文件，其格式如下：</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">deb web或<span class="token punctuation">[</span>ftp地址<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>发行版名字<span class="token punctuation">]</span> main/contrib/non-<span class="token punctuation">[</span>free<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p>使用apt-get命令的第一步就是引入必需的软件库，Debian的软件库也就是所有Debian软件包的集合，它们存在互联网上的一些公共站点上。把它们的地址加入，apt-get就能搜索到我们想要的软件。/etc/apt/sources.list是存放这些地址列表的配置文件，其格式如下：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">deb web或<span class="token punctuation">[</span>ftp地址<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>发行版名字<span class="token punctuation">]</span> main/contrib/non-<span class="token punctuation">[</span>free<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>我们常用的Ubuntu就是一个基于Debian的发行，我们使用apt-get命令获取这个列表，以下是我整理的常用命令：</p> <p>我们常用的Ubuntu就是一个基于Debian的发行，我们使用apt-get命令获取这个列表，以下是我整理的常用命令：</p>
<p>在修改<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>或者<code>/etc/apt/preferences</code>之后运行该命令。此外您需要定期运行这一命令以确保您的软件包列表是最新的：</p> <p>在修改<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>或者<code>/etc/apt/preferences</code>之后运行该命令。此外您需要定期运行这一命令以确保您的软件包列表是最新的：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> update <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> update
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>安装一个新软件包：</p> <p>安装一个新软件包：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> packagename <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> packagename
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>卸载一个已安装的软件包（保留配置文件）：</p> <p>卸载一个已安装的软件包（保留配置文件）：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> remove packagename <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> remove packagename
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>卸载一个已安装的软件包（删除配置文件）：</p> <p>卸载一个已安装的软件包（删除配置文件）：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> –purge remove packagename <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> –purge remove packagename
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>会把已装或已卸的软件都备份在硬盘上，所以如果需要空间的话，可以让这个命令来删除你已经删掉的软件：</p> <p>会把已装或已卸的软件都备份在硬盘上，所以如果需要空间的话，可以让这个命令来删除你已经删掉的软件：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> autoclean <span class="token function">apt</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> autoclean <span class="token function">apt</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这个命令会把安装的软件的备份也删除，不过这样不会影响软件的使用的：</p> <p>这个命令会把安装的软件的备份也删除，不过这样不会影响软件的使用的：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> clean <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> clean
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>更新所有已安装的软件包：</p> <p>更新所有已安装的软件包：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> upgrade <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> upgrade
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>将系统升级到新版本：</p> <p>将系统升级到新版本：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> dist-upgrade <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> dist-upgrade
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>定期运行这个命令来清除那些已经卸载的软件包的.deb文件。通过这种方式，您可以释放大量的磁盘空间。如果您的需求十分迫切，可以使用<code>apt-get clean</code>以释放更多空间。这个命令会将已安装软件包裹的.deb文件一并删除。大多数情况下您不会再用到这些.debs文件，因此如果您为磁盘空间不足 而感到焦头烂额，这个办法也许值得一试：</p> <p>定期运行这个命令来清除那些已经卸载的软件包的.deb文件。通过这种方式，您可以释放大量的磁盘空间。如果您的需求十分迫切，可以使用<code>apt-get clean</code>以释放更多空间。这个命令会将已安装软件包裹的.deb文件一并删除。大多数情况下您不会再用到这些.debs文件，因此如果您为磁盘空间不足 而感到焦头烂额，这个办法也许值得一试：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> autoclean <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> autoclean
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -40,12 +40,17 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/apt-key.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/apt-key.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="apt-key">apt-key</h1><p>管理Debian Linux系统中的软件包密钥</p> <h1>apt-key</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>apt-key命令</strong> 用于管理Debian Linux系统中的软件包密钥。每个发布的deb包，都是通过密钥认证的，apt-key用来管理密钥。</p> <p>管理Debian Linux系统中的软件包密钥</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">apt-key<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>apt-key命令</strong> 用于管理Debian Linux系统中的软件包密钥。每个发布的deb包，都是通过密钥认证的，apt-key用来管理密钥。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">apt-key<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>操作指令：APT密钥操作指令。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">apt-key list <span class="token comment"># 列出已保存在系统中key。</span> <p>操作指令：APT密钥操作指令。</p>
<h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">apt-key list <span class="token comment"># 列出已保存在系统中key。</span>
apt-key <span class="token function">add</span> keyname <span class="token comment"># 把下载的key添加到本地trusted数据库中。</span> apt-key <span class="token function">add</span> keyname <span class="token comment"># 把下载的key添加到本地trusted数据库中。</span>
apt-key del keyname <span class="token comment"># 从本地trusted数据库删除key。</span> apt-key del keyname <span class="token comment"># 从本地trusted数据库删除key。</span>
apt-key update <span class="token comment"># 更新本地trusted数据库，删除过期没用的key。</span> apt-key update <span class="token comment"># 更新本地trusted数据库，删除过期没用的key。</span>
@ -73,7 +78,7 @@ apt-key update <span class="token comment"># 更新本地trusted数据库
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/apt-sortpkgs.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/apt-sortpkgs.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="apt-sortpkgs">apt-sortpkgs</h1><p>Debian Linux下对软件包索引文件进行排序的工具</p> <h1>apt-sortpkgs</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>apt-sortpkgs命令</strong> 是Debian Linux下对软件包索引文件进行排序的简单工具。</p> <p>Debian Linux下对软件包索引文件进行排序的工具</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">apt-sortpkgs<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>apt-sortpkgs命令</strong> 是Debian Linux下对软件包索引文件进行排序的简单工具。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">apt-sortpkgs<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-s：使用源索引字段排序； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-s：使用源索引字段排序；
-h：显示帮助信息。 -h：显示帮助信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定要排序的包含debian包信息的索引文件。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<p>文件：指定要排序的包含debian包信息的索引文件。</p>
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<h1 id="aptitude">aptitude</h1><p>Debian Linux系统中软件包管理工具</p> <h1>aptitude</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>aptitude命令</strong> 与apt-get命令一样，都是Debian Linux及其衍生系统中功能极其强大的包管理工具。与apt-get不同的是，aptitude在处理依赖问题上更佳一些。举例来说，aptitude在删除一个包时，会同时删除本身所依赖的包。这样，系统中不会残留无用的包，整个系统更为干净。它通过文本操作菜单和命令两种方式管理软件包。</p> <p>Debian Linux系统中软件包管理工具</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">aptitude<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>aptitude命令</strong> 与apt-get命令一样，都是Debian Linux及其衍生系统中功能极其强大的包管理工具。与apt-get不同的是，aptitude在处理依赖问题上更佳一些。举例来说，aptitude在删除一个包时，会同时删除本身所依赖的包。这样，系统中不会残留无用的包，整个系统更为干净。它通过文本操作菜单和命令两种方式管理软件包。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">aptitude<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-h：显示帮助信息； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-h：显示帮助信息；
-d：仅下载软件包，不执行安装操作； -d：仅下载软件包，不执行安装操作；
-P：每一步操作都要求确认； -P：每一步操作都要求确认；
-y：所有问题都回答“yes”； -y：所有问题都回答“yes”；
-v：显示附加信息； -v：显示附加信息；
-u：启动时下载新的软件包列表。 -u：启动时下载新的软件包列表。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>操作命令：用户管理软件包的操作命令。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>以下是我总结的一些常用aptitude命令，仅供参考：</p> <p>操作命令：用户管理软件包的操作命令。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">aptitude</span> update <span class="token comment"># 更新可用的包列表</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>以下是我总结的一些常用aptitude命令，仅供参考：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">aptitude</span> update <span class="token comment"># 更新可用的包列表</span>
<span class="token function">aptitude</span> upgrade <span class="token comment"># 升级可用的包</span> <span class="token function">aptitude</span> upgrade <span class="token comment"># 升级可用的包</span>
<span class="token function">aptitude</span> dist-upgrade <span class="token comment"># 将系统升级到新的发行版</span> <span class="token function">aptitude</span> dist-upgrade <span class="token comment"># 将系统升级到新的发行版</span>
<span class="token function">aptitude</span> <span class="token function">install</span> pkgname <span class="token comment"># 安装包</span> <span class="token function">aptitude</span> <span class="token function">install</span> pkgname <span class="token comment"># 安装包</span>
@ -88,7 +94,7 @@
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@ -40,13 +40,17 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/ar.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/ar.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="ar">ar</h1><p>建立或修改备存文件，或是从备存文件中抽取文件</p> <h1>ar</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>ar命令</strong> 是一个建立或修改备存文件，或是从备存文件中抽取文件的工具，ar可让您集合许多文件，成为单一的备存文件。在备存文件中，所有成员文件皆保有原来的属性与权限</p> <p>建立或修改备存文件，或是从备存文件中抽取文件</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">ar <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>dmpqrtx<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>abcfilNoPsSuvV<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>membername<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>count<span class="token punctuation">]</span> archive files<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <h2>补充说明</h2>
Usage: ar <span class="token punctuation">[</span>emulation options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>dmpqrstx<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>abcDfilMNoPsSTuvV<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>--plugin <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>name<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>member-name<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>count<span class="token punctuation">]</span> archive-file file<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <p><strong>ar命令</strong> 是一个建立或修改备存文件，或是从备存文件中抽取文件的工具，ar可让您集合许多文件，成为单一的备存文件。在备存文件中，所有成员文件皆保有原来的属性与权限</p>
ar -M <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>mri-脚本<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">ar <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>dmpqrtx<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>abcfilNoPsSuvV<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>membername<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>count<span class="token punctuation">]</span> archive files<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
Usage: ar <span class="token punctuation">[</span>emulation options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>dmpqrstx<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>abcDfilMNoPsSTuvV<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>--plugin <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>name<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>member-name<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>count<span class="token punctuation">]</span> archive-file file<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
ar -M <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>mri-脚本<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">ar 允许你 在第一个 命令行 参数中 以任意 顺序 混合 指定 操作码p 和修饰符mod <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">ar 允许你 在第一个 命令行 参数中 以任意 顺序 混合 指定 操作码p 和修饰符mod <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
只要你 愿意, 也可以 用破折号 作为 命令行 第一个 参数的 开始. 只要你 愿意, 也可以 用破折号 作为 命令行 第一个 参数的 开始.
@ -59,36 +63,36 @@ d 从档案中删除 模块. 通过files 指明 要删除的 模块的 名
m 用此 操作 在档案中移动 成员. m 用此 操作 在档案中移动 成员.
如果 某个 符号名 在档案的 多个 成员中 有定义, 那么 程序 怎样 连接 档案 文件 得到的 结果 可能是 不同的. 如果 某个 符号名 在档案的 多个 成员中 有定义, 那么 程序 怎样 连接 档案 文件 得到的 结果 可能是 不同的.
如果 没有为m 指定 修饰符, 由files 指出的 成员 将移动到 档案的末尾 <span class="token punctuation">;</span> 可以 通过 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>a', <span class="token variable">`</span></span>b<span class="token string">' 或 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>i' 等修饰符, 指定 成员 如果 没有为m 指定 修饰符, 由files 指出的 成员 将移动到 档案的末尾 <span class="token punctuation">;</span> 可以 通过 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>a', <span class="token variable">`</span></span>b<span class="token string">' 或 `i'</span> 等修饰符, 指定 成员
移动的 具体 位置. 移动的 具体 位置.
p 在标准 输出上 打印 档案中 指定的 成员. 如果 给出了<span class="token variable">`</span></span>v'</span> 修饰符, 在 打印 成员 内容 之前, 先打印 成员的 名字. p 在标准 输出上 打印 档案中 指定的 成员. 如果 给出了<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>v' 修饰符, 在 打印 成员 内容 之前, 先打印 成员的 名字.
如果没有 指明files 参数, 档案中 所有的 成员 都会被 打印 出来. 如果没有 指明files 参数, 档案中 所有的 成员 都会被 打印 出来.
q 快速 追加<span class="token punctuation">;</span> 增加 files 到 archive 的末尾, 不进行 替换 检查. q 快速 追加<span class="token punctuation">;</span> 增加 files 到 archive 的末尾, 不进行 替换 检查.
修饰符 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>a' <span class="token variable">`</span></span>b<span class="token string">' 和 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>i'不 影响此 操作, 新成员 始终 追加到 档案的 末尾处. 修饰符 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>a<span class="token string">' `b'</span> 和 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>i'不 影响此 操作, 新成员 始终 追加到 档案的 末尾处.
修饰符 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>v'</span> 可以使 ar 列出 它追加的 所有文件. 修饰符 <span class="token variable">`</span></span><span class="token function">v</span><span class="token string">' 可以使 ar 列出 它追加的 所有文件.
由于 本功能 是用于 快速操作, 即使 档案中 有 符号表 索引 也不 进行 更新<span class="token punctuation">;</span> 可以 使用 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>ar s' 或 ranlib 明确 要求 更新 由于 本功能 是用于 快速操作, 即使 档案中 有 符号表 索引 也不 进行 更新; 可以 使用 `ar s'</span> 或 ranlib 明确 要求 更新
这些索引. 这些索引.
在为快速 追加 重建 索引时,由于 有 太多 不同的 系统, 所以 GNU ar 采用 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>q<span class="token string">' 作为 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>r'的一个 同义字. 在为快速 追加 重建 索引时,由于 有 太多 不同的 系统, 所以 GNU ar 采用 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>q' 作为 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>r<span class="token string">'的一个 同义字.
r 把文件 files 插入 archive <span class="token punctuation">(</span> 替换 <span class="token punctuation">)</span>. 本操作与 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>q'</span> 是不同的, 如果 档案中 已有的 某个 成员与 插入 文件的 名称 相同, r 把文件 files 插入 archive ( 替换 ). 本操作与 `q'</span> 是不同的, 如果 档案中 已有的 某个 成员与 插入 文件的 名称 相同,
此成员 将被删除. 此成员 将被删除.
如果 不存在 名称为 files 的文件, ar 显示 一个 错误 消息, 并且 保留 档案中 已有的 同名 成员. 如果 不存在 名称为 files 的文件, ar 显示 一个 错误 消息, 并且 保留 档案中 已有的 同名 成员.
缺省情况下, 新成员 增加到 挡案的 末尾<span class="token punctuation">;</span> 可以 通过 使用 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>a' <span class="token variable">`</span></span>b<span class="token string">' 或 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>i' 等修饰符 指定 相对于 已有 成员的 位置. 缺省情况下, 新成员 增加到 挡案的 末尾<span class="token punctuation">;</span> 可以 通过 使用 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>a' <span class="token variable">`</span></span>b<span class="token string">' 或 `i'</span> 等修饰符 指定 相对于 已有 成员的 位置.
通过 使用 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>v'</span> 修饰符 会为每个 插入的 文件 产生 一行 输出, 根据 输出中的 字符 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>a' 或 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>r<span class="token string">' 可以 表明 该文件 是追加的 通过 使用 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>v' 修饰符 会为每个 插入的 文件 产生 一行 输出, 根据 输出中的 字符 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>a<span class="token string">' 或 `r'</span> 可以 表明 该文件 是追加的
(没有 删除 以前的成员) 还是 替换的. <span class="token punctuation">(</span>没有 删除 以前的成员<span class="token punctuation">)</span> 还是 替换的.
t 显示 一个 archive 档案 所包含 内容的 列表 , 或 档案中的 由 files 指出的 文件 列表. 通常 只显示 成员的 名称, 如果 t 显示 一个 archive 档案 所包含 内容的 列表 , 或 档案中的 由 files 指出的 文件 列表. 通常 只显示 成员的 名称, 如果
使用 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>v' 修饰符, 可以 得到 成员的 权限, 时间属性, 属主, 组和 大小. 使用 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>v' 修饰符, 可以 得到 成员的 权限, 时间属性, 属主, 组和 大小.
如果 没有 指出 files, 档案中的 所有 文件 都会 列出. 如果 没有 指出 files, 档案中的 所有 文件 都会 列出.
如果 档案中 <span class="token punctuation">(</span>称为 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>b.a'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> 有多个 同名 成员 <span class="token punctuation">(</span>称为 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>fie'<span class="token punctuation">)</span>, <span class="token variable">`</span></span>ar t b.a fie<span class="token string">' 仅仅 列出 第一个; 要看到 它们的 全部, 必须 如果 档案中 <span class="token punctuation">(</span>称为 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>b.a<span class="token string">') 有多个 同名 成员 (称为 `fie'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>, <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>ar t b.a fie' 仅仅 列出 第一个<span class="token punctuation">;</span> 要看到 它们的 全部, 必须
要求 完整的 列表 —在本例中是 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>ar t b.a'. 要求 完整的 列表 —在本例中是 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>ar t b.a<span class="token string">'.
x 从档案中 抽取 成员 <span class="token punctuation">(</span>名称为 files<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> 如果 使用 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>v'</span> 修饰符, ar 会列出 它抽取的 每一个 文件的 名字. x 从档案中 抽取 成员 (名称为 files) . 如果 使用 `v'</span> 修饰符, ar 会列出 它抽取的 每一个 文件的 名字.
如果没有给出 files, 抽取 档案中 所有的 文件. 如果没有给出 files, 抽取 档案中 所有的 文件.
可以在 操作符 p 后紧随 一定数量的 修饰符 mod 以指明 操作的 各种 行为. 可以在 操作符 p 后紧随 一定数量的 修饰符 mod 以指明 操作的 各种 行为.
@ -119,24 +123,25 @@ P 匹配 档案中的 名字时 使用 完整的 路径名. ar 不能 建
名字. 名字.
s 即使 没有对 档案 进行 改变, 用本 修饰符 也可以 往档案中 写一个 目标 文件的 索引 或更新 已经 存在的 索引. 可以与 s 即使 没有对 档案 进行 改变, 用本 修饰符 也可以 往档案中 写一个 目标 文件的 索引 或更新 已经 存在的 索引. 可以与
其它 操作 一起 使用 本修饰符, 也可以 单独使用. 对一个 档案 执行 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>ar s' 与执行 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>ranlib'</span> 等价. 其它 操作 一起 使用 本修饰符, 也可以 单独使用. 对一个 档案 执行 `ar s'</span> 与执行 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>ranlib' 等价.
S 不生成 档案的 符号表. 这可以 加速 建立 大的档案 文件的 过程,但这样 建立的 档案 不能被 连接器 使用, 为建立 符号表, S 不生成 档案的 符号表. 这可以 加速 建立 大的档案 文件的 过程,但这样 建立的 档案 不能被 连接器 使用, 为建立 符号表,
在最后 执行 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>ar' 时应该 不用 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>S<span class="token string">' 修饰符, 或者 对档案 执行 一次 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>ranlib' <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> 在最后 执行 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>ar<span class="token string">' 时应该 不用 `S'</span> 修饰符, 或者 对档案 执行 一次 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>ranlib' <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
u 通常ar r<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. 把所有 列出的 文件 插入到 档案中, 如果 希望 仅仅 插入比 档案中 已有 成员 更新的 文件时, 就应该 使用 u 通常ar r<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. 把所有 列出的 文件 插入到 档案中, 如果 希望 仅仅 插入比 档案中 已有 成员 更新的 文件时, 就应该 使用
此修饰符. <span class="token variable">`</span></span>u'</span> 修饰符 仅允许 与 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>r' <span class="token punctuation">(</span>替换<span class="token punctuation">)</span> 操作 一起 使用. 某些 情况下, 由于 用 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>q' 操作 比较 文件的 时间属性 此修饰符. <span class="token variable">`</span></span>u<span class="token string">' 修饰符 仅允许 与 `r'</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>替换<span class="token punctuation">)</span> 操作 一起 使用. 某些 情况下, 由于 用 <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>q' 操作 比较 文件的 时间属性
会失去 速度上的 优势, 所以 不允许 执行 `qu' 组合操作. 会失去 速度上的 优势, 所以 不允许 执行 <span class="token variable">`</span></span>qu' 组合操作.
<span class="token function">v</span> 使用本修饰符可以进行 冗余的 操作。附加了此修饰符时，很多操作会显示 更多的消息，如处理的文件名等。 <span class="token function">v</span> 使用本修饰符可以进行 冗余的 操作。附加了此修饰符时，很多操作会显示 更多的消息，如处理的文件名等。
V 显示 ar 的版本号。 V 显示 ar 的版本号。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>选项参数 </p> <p>选项参数</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">--plugin <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>p<span class="token operator">></span> - load the specified plugin <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">--plugin <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>p<span class="token operator">></span> - load the specified plugin
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>ar：支持的目标： elf64-x86-64 elf32-i386 elf32-x86-64 a.out-i386-linux pei-i386 pei-x86-64 elf64-l1om elf64-k1om elf64-little elf64-big elf32-little elf32-big plugin srec symbolsrec verilog tekhex binary ihex</p> <p>ar：支持的目标： elf64-x86-64 elf32-i386 elf32-x86-64 a.out-i386-linux pei-i386 pei-x86-64 elf64-l1om elf64-k1om elf64-little elf64-big elf32-little elf32-big plugin srec symbolsrec verilog tekhex binary ihex</p>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>打包文件</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ls # 显示当前目录文件 </span> <p>打包文件</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ls # 显示当前目录文件 </span>
a.c b.c d.c install.log qte a.c b.c d.c install.log qte
anaconda-ks.cfg c.c Desktop anaconda-ks.cfg c.c Desktop
@ -146,7 +151,7 @@ a - a.c
a - b.c a - b.c
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>打包多个文件</p> <p>打包多个文件</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ar rv two.bak *.c // 打包以.c结尾的文件 </span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ar rv two.bak *.c // 打包以.c结尾的文件 </span>
ar: 正在创建 two.bak ar: 正在创建 two.bak
a - a.c a - a.c
a - b.c a - b.c
@ -154,19 +159,18 @@ a - c.c
a - d.c a - d.c
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>显示打包文件的内容</p> <p>显示打包文件的内容</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ar t two.bak </span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ar t two.bak </span>
a.c a.c
b.c b.c
c.c c.c
d.c d.c
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>删除打包文件的成员文件</p> <p>删除打包文件的成员文件</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ar d two.bak a.c b.c c.c </span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ar d two.bak a.c b.c c.c </span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ar t two.bak </span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ar t two.bak </span>
d.c d.c
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -189,7 +193,7 @@ d.c
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@ -40,26 +40,33 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arch.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arch.md">添加实例</a>
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<h1 id="arch">arch</h1><p>显示当前主机的硬件架构类型</p> <h1>arch</h1>
<h2 id="概要">概要</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">arch <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <p>显示当前主机的硬件架构类型</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">arch <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<ul>
<li>打印机器架构信息；<code>arch</code> 命令输出结果有：i386、i486、i586、alpha、sparc、arm、m68k、mips、ppc、i686等。</li> <li>打印机器架构信息；<code>arch</code> 命令输出结果有：i386、i486、i586、alpha、sparc、arm、m68k、mips、ppc、i686等。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="选项">选项</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">--help 显示帮助信息并退出。 <h2>选项</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">--help 显示帮助信息并退出。
--version 显示版本信息并退出。 --version 显示版本信息并退出。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># arch</span> <h2>例子</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># arch</span>
x86_64 x86_64
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol> <h3>注意</h3>
<li><p>该命令等价于 <code>uname -m</code>。</p> <ol>
<li>
<p>该命令等价于 <code>uname -m</code>。</p>
</li> </li>
<li><p>该命令是<code>GNU coreutils</code>包中的命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>man -s 1 arch</code>，<code>info coreutils &#39;arch invocation&#39;</code>。</p> <li>
<p>该命令是<code>GNU coreutils</code>包中的命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>man -s 1 arch</code>，<code>info coreutils 'arch invocation'</code>。</p>
</li> </li>
</ol> </ol>
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@ -82,7 +89,7 @@ x86_64
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</span> </span>
<h1 id="arj">arj</h1><p>用于创建和管理.arj压缩包</p> <h1>arj</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>arj命令</strong> 是 <code>.arj</code> 格式的压缩文件的管理器，用于创建和管理 <code>.arj</code> 压缩包。</p> <p>用于创建和管理.arj压缩包</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">arj<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>arj命令</strong> 是 <code>.arj</code> 格式的压缩文件的管理器，用于创建和管理 <code>.arj</code> 压缩包。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">arj<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<li> 操作指令：对 <code>.arj</code> 压缩包执行的操作指令；</li> <ul>
<li> 压缩包名称：指定要操作的arj压缩包名称。</li> <li>操作指令：对 <code>.arj</code> 压缩包执行的操作指令；</li>
<li>压缩包名称：指定要操作的arj压缩包名称。</li>
</ul> </ul>
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<title>arp 命令，Linux arp 命令详解：arp 命令用于显示和修改 IP 到 MAC 转换表 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>arp 命令，Linux arp 命令详解：arp 命令用于显示和修改 IP 到 MAC 转换表 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arp.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arp.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="arp">arp</h1><p>arp 命令用于显示和修改 IP 到 MAC 转换表</p> <h1>arp</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>arp 命令</strong> 是 Address Resolution Protocol，地址解析协议，是通过解析网络层地址来找寻数据链路层地址的一个网络协议包中极其重要的网络传输协议。而该命令可以显示和修改 arp 协议解析表中的缓冲数据。</p> <p>arp 命令用于显示和修改 IP 到 MAC 转换表</p>
<h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>arp 命令</strong> 是 Address Resolution Protocol，地址解析协议，是通过解析网络层地址来找寻数据链路层地址的一个网络协议包中极其重要的网络传输协议。而该命令可以显示和修改 arp 协议解析表中的缓冲数据。</p>
<p>这个核心协议模块实现RFC826中定义的 Address Resolution Protocol [译注：即TCP/IP的第三层到第一层的地址转换协议]，用于在直接相连的网络中换第二层硬件地址和 Ipv4 协议地址之间的转换。 用户除非想对其进行配置，否则一般不会直接操作这个模块。</p> <p>这个核心协议模块实现RFC826中定义的 Address Resolution Protocol [译注：即TCP/IP的第三层到第一层的地址转换协议]，用于在直接相连的网络中换第二层硬件地址和 Ipv4 协议地址之间的转换。 用户除非想对其进行配置，否则一般不会直接操作这个模块。</p>
<p>实际上，它提供对核心中其它协议的服务。</p> <p>实际上，它提供对核心中其它协议的服务。</p>
<p>用户进程可以使用 packet(7) 的 sockets，收到 ARP 包（译注：一译分组）。 还有一种机制是使用 netlink(7) sockets，在用户空间管理 ARP 缓存的机制。我们也可以通过 ioctl (2) 控制任意 PF_INET socket上的 ARP 表</p> <p>用户进程可以使用 packet(7) 的 sockets，收到 ARP 包（译注：一译分组）。 还有一种机制是使用 netlink(7) sockets，在用户空间管理 ARP 缓存的机制。我们也可以通过 ioctl (2) 控制任意 PF_INET socket上的 ARP 表</p>
<p>ARP 模块维护一个硬件地址到协议地址映射的缓存。这个缓存有大小限制，所以不常用的和旧的记录（Entry）将被垃圾收集器清除（garbage-collected），垃圾收集器永远不能删除标为永久的记录。我们可以使用ioctls直接操纵缓冲， 并且其性状可以用下面定义的 sysctl 调节。</p> <p>ARP 模块维护一个硬件地址到协议地址映射的缓存。这个缓存有大小限制，所以不常用的和旧的记录（Entry）将被垃圾收集器清除（garbage-collected），垃圾收集器永远不能删除标为永久的记录。我们可以使用ioctls直接操纵缓冲， 并且其性状可以用下面定义的 sysctl 调节。</p>
<p>如果在限定的时间（见下面的sysctl）内，一条现存映射没有肯定反馈时， 则认为相邻层的缓存记录失效。 为了再次向目标发送数据，ARP将首先试着询问本地arp进程 app_solicit 次，获取更新了的 MAC（介质访问控制）地址。 如果失败，并且旧的MAC地址是已知的，则发送 ucast_solicit 次的 unicast probe。如果仍然失败，则将向网络广播一个新的ARP请求,此时要 有待发送数据的队列</p> <p>如果在限定的时间（见下面的sysctl）内，一条现存映射没有肯定反馈时， 则认为相邻层的缓存记录失效。 为了再次向目标发送数据，ARP将首先试着询问本地arp进程 app_solicit 次，获取更新了的 MAC（介质访问控制）地址。 如果失败，并且旧的MAC地址是已知的，则发送 ucast_solicit 次的 unicast probe。如果仍然失败，则将向网络广播一个新的ARP请求,此时要 有待发送数据的队列</p>
<p>如果 Linux 接到一个地址请求，而且该地址指向 Linux 转发的地址，并且接收接口打开了代理 arp 时，Linux 将自动添加一条非永久的代理 arp 记录；如果存在拒绝到目标的路由，则不添加代理 arp 记录。</p> <p>如果 Linux 接到一个地址请求，而且该地址指向 Linux 转发的地址，并且接收接口打开了代理 arp 时，Linux 将自动添加一条非永久的代理 arp 记录；如果存在拒绝到目标的路由，则不添加代理 arp 记录。</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">arp（选项）（参数） <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">arp（选项）（参数）
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-a <span class="token comment"># 主机 ：显示 arp 缓冲区的所有条目；</span> <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-a <span class="token comment"># 主机 ：显示 arp 缓冲区的所有条目；</span>
-H <span class="token comment"># 地址类型 ：指定 arp 指令使用的地址类型；</span> -H <span class="token comment"># 地址类型 ：指定 arp 指令使用的地址类型；</span>
-d <span class="token comment"># 主机 ：从 arp 缓冲区中删除指定主机的 arp 条目；</span> -d <span class="token comment"># 主机 ：从 arp 缓冲区中删除指定主机的 arp 条目；</span>
-D <span class="token comment"># 使用指定接口的硬件地址；</span> -D <span class="token comment"># 使用指定接口的硬件地址；</span>
@ -61,23 +65,24 @@
-v <span class="token comment"># 显示详细的 arp 缓冲区条目，包括缓冲区条目的统计信息；</span> -v <span class="token comment"># 显示详细的 arp 缓冲区条目，包括缓冲区条目的统计信息；</span>
-f <span class="token comment"># 文件 ：设置主机的 IP 地址与 MAC 地址的静态映射。</span> -f <span class="token comment"># 文件 ：设置主机的 IP 地址与 MAC 地址的静态映射。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>主机：查询 arp 缓冲区中指定主机的 arp 条目。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>显示arp 缓冲区内容</p> <p>主机：查询 arp 缓冲区中指定主机的 arp 条目。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># arp -v</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>显示arp 缓冲区内容</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># arp -v</span>
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
<span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.134 ether 00:21:5E:C7:4D:88 C eth1 <span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.134 ether 00:21:5E:C7:4D:88 C eth1
<span class="token number">115.238</span>.144.129 ether <span class="token number">38</span>:22:D6:2F:B2:F1 C eth0 <span class="token number">115.238</span>.144.129 ether <span class="token number">38</span>:22:D6:2F:B2:F1 C eth0
Entries: <span class="token number">2</span> Skipped: <span class="token number">0</span> Found: <span class="token number">2</span> Entries: <span class="token number">2</span> Skipped: <span class="token number">0</span> Found: <span class="token number">2</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>添加静态 arp 映射</p> <p>添加静态 arp 映射</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">arp -s IP MAC-ADDRESS <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">arp -s IP MAC-ADDRESS
arp -s <span class="token number">192.168</span>.1.1 00:b1:b2:b3:b4:b5 arp -s <span class="token number">192.168</span>.1.1 00:b1:b2:b3:b4:b5
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>删除 arp 缓存条目</p> <p>删除 arp 缓存条目</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">arp -d <span class="token number">192.168</span>.1.1 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">arp -d <span class="token number">192.168</span>.1.1
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arpd.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arpd.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="arpd">arpd</h1><p>收集免费ARP信息</p> <h1>arpd</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>arpd命令</strong> 是用来收集免费arp信息的一个守护进程，它将收集到的信息保存在磁盘上或者在需要时，提供给内核用户用于避免多余广播。</p> <p>收集免费ARP信息</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">arpd<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>arpd命令</strong> 是用来收集免费arp信息的一个守护进程，它将收集到的信息保存在磁盘上或者在需要时，提供给内核用户用于避免多余广播。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">arpd<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-l：将arp数据库输出到标准输出设备显示并退出； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-l：将arp数据库输出到标准输出设备显示并退出；
-f：指定读取和加载arpd数据库的文本文件，文件的格式与“-l”输出信息类似； -f：指定读取和加载arpd数据库的文本文件，文件的格式与“-l”输出信息类似；
-b：指定arpd数据库文件，默认的位置为“/var/lib/arpd.db”； -b：指定arpd数据库文件，默认的位置为“/var/lib/arpd.db”；
-a：指定目标被认为死掉前查询的次数； -a：指定目标被认为死掉前查询的次数；
-k：禁止通过内核发送广播查询； -k：禁止通过内核发送广播查询；
-n：设定缓冲失效时间。 -n：设定缓冲失效时间。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>网络接口：指定网络接口。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>启动arpd进程：</p> <p>网络接口：指定网络接口。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">arpd -b /var/tmp/arpd.db <h3>实例</h3>
<p>启动arpd进程：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">arpd -b /var/tmp/arpd.db
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>运行一段时间后，查看结果：</p> <p>运行一段时间后，查看结果：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">arpd -l -b /var/tmp/arpd.db <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">arpd -l -b /var/tmp/arpd.db
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arping.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arping.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="arping">arping</h1><p>通过发送ARP协议报文测试网络</p> <h1>arping</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>arping命令</strong> 是用于发送arp请求到一个相邻主机的工具，arping使用arp数据包，通过ping命令检查设备上的硬件地址。能够测试一个ip地址是否是在网络上已经被使用，并能够获取更多设备信息。功能类似于ping。</p> <p>通过发送ARP协议报文测试网络</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">arping<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>arping命令</strong> 是用于发送arp请求到一个相邻主机的工具，arping使用arp数据包，通过ping命令检查设备上的硬件地址。能够测试一个ip地址是否是在网络上已经被使用，并能够获取更多设备信息。功能类似于ping。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">arping<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-b：用于发送以太网广播帧（FFFFFFFFFFFF）。arping一开始使用广播地址，在收到响应后就使用unicast地址。 <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-b：用于发送以太网广播帧（FFFFFFFFFFFF）。arping一开始使用广播地址，在收到响应后就使用unicast地址。
-q：quiet output不显示任何信息； -q：quiet output不显示任何信息；
-f：表示在收到第一个响应报文后就退出； -f：表示在收到第一个响应报文后就退出；
-w timeout：设定一个超时时间，单位是秒。如果到了指定时间，arping还没到完全收到响应则退出； -w timeout：设定一个超时时间，单位是秒。如果到了指定时间，arping还没到完全收到响应则退出；
@ -52,8 +56,10 @@
-s source：设定arping发送的arp数据包中的SPA字段的值。如果为空，则按下面处理，如果是DAD模式（冲突地址探测），则设置为0.0.0.0，如果是Unsolicited ARP模式（Gratutious ARP）则设置为目标地址，否则从路由表得出； -s source：设定arping发送的arp数据包中的SPA字段的值。如果为空，则按下面处理，如果是DAD模式（冲突地址探测），则设置为0.0.0.0，如果是Unsolicited ARP模式（Gratutious ARP）则设置为目标地址，否则从路由表得出；
-I interface：设置ping使用的网络接口。 -I interface：设置ping使用的网络接口。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>目的主机：指定发送ARP报文的目的主机。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># arping www.baidu.com </span> <p>目的主机：指定发送ARP报文的目的主机。</p>
<h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># arping www.baidu.com </span>
ARPING <span class="token number">220.181</span>.111.147 from <span class="token number">173.231</span>.43.132 eth0 ARPING <span class="token number">220.181</span>.111.147 from <span class="token number">173.231</span>.43.132 eth0
Unicast reply from <span class="token number">220.181</span>.111.147 00:D0:03:<span class="token punctuation">[</span>bc:48:00<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token number">1</span>.666ms Unicast reply from <span class="token number">220.181</span>.111.147 00:D0:03:<span class="token punctuation">[</span>bc:48:00<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token number">1</span>.666ms
Unicast reply from <span class="token number">220.181</span>.111.147 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>00:D0:03:BC:48:00<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token number">1</span>.677ms Unicast reply from <span class="token number">220.181</span>.111.147 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>00:D0:03:BC:48:00<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token number">1</span>.677ms
@ -89,7 +95,7 @@ Received <span class="token number">8</span> response<span class="token punctuat
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arptables.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arptables.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="arptables">arptables</h1><p>管理ARP包过滤规则表</p> <h1>arptables</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>arptables命令</strong> 用来设置、维护和检查Linux内核中的arp包过滤规则表。</p> <p>管理ARP包过滤规则表</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">arptables<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>arptables命令</strong> 用来设置、维护和检查Linux内核中的arp包过滤规则表。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">arptables<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-A：向规则链中追加规则； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-A：向规则链中追加规则；
-D：从指定的链中删除规则； -D：从指定的链中删除规则；
-l：向规则链中插入一条新的规则； -l：向规则链中插入一条新的规则；
-R：替换指定规则； -R：替换指定规则；
@ -81,7 +85,7 @@
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arpwatch.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/arpwatch.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="arpwatch">arpwatch</h1><p>监听网络上ARP的记录</p> <h1>arpwatch</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>arpwatch命令</strong> 用来监听网络上arp的记录。</p> <p>监听网络上ARP的记录</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">arpwatch<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>arpwatch命令</strong> 用来监听网络上arp的记录。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">arpwatch<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-d：启动排错模式； <h3>选项</h3>
-f<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>记录文件<span class="token operator">></span>：设置存储ARP记录的文件，预设为/var/arpwatch/arp.dat； <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-d：启动排错模式；
-i<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>接口<span class="token operator">></span>：指定监听ARP的接口，预设的接口为eth0； -f<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>记录文件<span class="token operator">></span>：设置存储ARP记录的文件，预设为/var/arpwatch/arp.dat；
-r<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>记录文件<span class="token operator">></span>：从指定的文件中读取ARP记录，而不是从网络上监听。 -i<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>接口<span class="token operator">></span>：指定监听ARP的接口，预设的接口为eth0；
-r<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>记录文件<span class="token operator">></span>：从指定的文件中读取ARP记录，而不是从网络上监听。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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</span> </span>
<h1 id="as">as</h1><p>汇编语言编译器</p> <h1>as</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>as命令</strong> GNU组织推出的一款汇编语言编译器，它支持多种不同类型的处理器。</p> <p>汇编语言编译器</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">as<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>as命令</strong> GNU组织推出的一款汇编语言编译器，它支持多种不同类型的处理器。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">as<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-ac：忽略失败条件； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-ac：忽略失败条件；
-ad：忽略调试指令； -ad：忽略调试指令；
-ah：包括高级源； -ah：包括高级源；
-al：包括装配； -al：包括装配；
@ -60,7 +64,8 @@
-o：指定要生成的目标文件； -o：指定要生成的目标文件；
--statistics：打印汇编所用的最大空间和总时间。 --statistics：打印汇编所用的最大空间和总时间。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>汇编文件：指定要汇编的源文件。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<p>汇编文件：指定要汇编的源文件。</p>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/at.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/at.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="at">at</h1><p>在指定时间执行一个任务</p> <h1>at</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>at命令</strong> 用于在指定时间执行命令。at允许使用一套相当复杂的指定时间的方法。它能够接受在当天的hh:mm（小时:分钟）式的时间指定。假如该时间已过去，那么就放在第二天执行。当然也能够使用midnight（深夜），noon（中午），teatime（饮茶时间，一般是下午4点）等比较模糊的 词语来指定时间。用户还能够采用12小时计时制，即在时间后面加上AM（上午）或PM（下午）来说明是上午还是下午。 也能够指定命令执行的具体日期，指定格式为month day（月 日）或mm/dd/yy（月/日/年）或dd.mm.yy（日.月.年）。指定的日期必须跟在指定时间的后面。</p> <p>在指定时间执行一个任务</p>
<h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>at命令</strong> 用于在指定时间执行命令。at允许使用一套相当复杂的指定时间的方法。它能够接受在当天的hh:mm（小时:分钟）式的时间指定。假如该时间已过去，那么就放在第二天执行。当然也能够使用midnight（深夜），noon（中午），teatime（饮茶时间，一般是下午4点）等比较模糊的 词语来指定时间。用户还能够采用12小时计时制，即在时间后面加上AM（上午）或PM（下午）来说明是上午还是下午。 也能够指定命令执行的具体日期，指定格式为month day（月 日）或mm/dd/yy（月/日/年）或dd.mm.yy（日.月.年）。指定的日期必须跟在指定时间的后面。</p>
<p>上面介绍的都是绝对计时法，其实还能够使用相对计时法，这对于安排不久就要执行的命令是很有好处的。指定格式为：<code>now + count time-units</code>，now就是当前时间，time-units是时间单位，这里能够是minutes（分钟）、hours（小时）、days（天）、weeks（星期）。count是时间的数量，究竟是几天，还是几小时，等等。 更有一种计时方法就是直接使用today（今天）、tomorrow（明天）来指定完成命令的时间。</p> <p>上面介绍的都是绝对计时法，其实还能够使用相对计时法，这对于安排不久就要执行的命令是很有好处的。指定格式为：<code>now + count time-units</code>，now就是当前时间，time-units是时间单位，这里能够是minutes（分钟）、hours（小时）、days（天）、weeks（星期）。count是时间的数量，究竟是几天，还是几小时，等等。 更有一种计时方法就是直接使用today（今天）、tomorrow（明天）来指定完成命令的时间。</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">at <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-V<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-q 队列<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-f 文件<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-mldbv<span class="token punctuation">]</span> 时间 at -c 作业 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>作业<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">at <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-V<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-q 队列<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-f 文件<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-mldbv<span class="token punctuation">]</span> 时间 at -c 作业 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>作业<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-f：指定包含具体指令的任务文件； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-f：指定包含具体指令的任务文件；
-q：指定新任务的队列名称； -q：指定新任务的队列名称；
-l：显示待执行任务的列表； -l：显示待执行任务的列表；
-d：删除指定的待执行任务； -d：删除指定的待执行任务；
-m：任务执行完成后向用户发送E-mail。 -m：任务执行完成后向用户发送E-mail。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>日期时间：指定任务执行的日期时间。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>三天后的下午 5 点锺执行<code>/bin/ls</code>：</p> <p>日期时间：指定任务执行的日期时间。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># at 5pm+3 days</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>三天后的下午 5 点锺执行<code>/bin/ls</code>：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># at 5pm+3 days</span>
at<span class="token operator">></span> /bin/ls at<span class="token operator">></span> /bin/ls
at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>EOT<span class="token operator">></span> at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>EOT<span class="token operator">></span>
job <span class="token number">7</span> at <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-08 <span class="token number">17</span>:00 job <span class="token number">7</span> at <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-08 <span class="token number">17</span>:00
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>明天17点钟，输出时间到指定文件内：</p> <p>明天17点钟，输出时间到指定文件内：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># at 17:20 tomorrow</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># at 17:20 tomorrow</span>
at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">date</span> <span class="token operator">></span>/root/2013.log at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">date</span> <span class="token operator">></span>/root/2013.log
at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>EOT<span class="token operator">></span> at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>EOT<span class="token operator">></span>
job <span class="token number">8</span> at <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-06 <span class="token number">17</span>:20 job <span class="token number">8</span> at <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-06 <span class="token number">17</span>:20
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>计划任务设定后，在没有执行之前我们可以用atq命令来查看系统没有执行工作任务：</p> <p>计划任务设定后，在没有执行之前我们可以用atq命令来查看系统没有执行工作任务：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># atq</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># atq</span>
<span class="token number">8</span> <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-06 <span class="token number">17</span>:20 a root <span class="token number">8</span> <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-06 <span class="token number">17</span>:20 a root
<span class="token number">7</span> <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-08 <span class="token number">17</span>:00 a root <span class="token number">7</span> <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-08 <span class="token number">17</span>:00 a root
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>删除已经设置的任务：</p> <p>删除已经设置的任务：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># atq</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># atq</span>
<span class="token number">8</span> <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-06 <span class="token number">17</span>:20 a root <span class="token number">8</span> <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-06 <span class="token number">17</span>:20 a root
<span class="token number">7</span> <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-08 <span class="token number">17</span>:00 a root <span class="token number">7</span> <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-08 <span class="token number">17</span>:00 a root
@ -79,7 +85,7 @@ job <span class="token number">8</span> at <span class="token number">2013</span
<span class="token number">8</span> <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-06 <span class="token number">17</span>:20 a root <span class="token number">8</span> <span class="token number">2013</span>-01-06 <span class="token number">17</span>:20 a root
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>显示已经设置的任务内容：</p> <p>显示已经设置的任务内容：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># at -c 8</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># at -c 8</span>
<span class="token comment">#!/bin/sh</span> <span class="token comment">#!/bin/sh</span>
<span class="token comment"># atrun uid=0 gid=0</span> <span class="token comment"># atrun uid=0 gid=0</span>
<span class="token comment"># mail root 0</span> <span class="token comment"># mail root 0</span>
@ -87,7 +93,6 @@ job <span class="token number">8</span> at <span class="token number">2013</span
<span class="token function">date</span> <span class="token operator">></span>/root/2013.log <span class="token function">date</span> <span class="token operator">></span>/root/2013.log
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/atop.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/atop.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="atop">atop</h1><p>监控Linux系统资源与进程的工具</p> <h1>atop</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p>[非内部程序，需要安装]它以一定的频率记录系统的运行状态，所采集的数据包含系统资源(CPU、内存、磁盘和网络)使用情况和进程运行情况，并能以日志文件的方式保存在磁盘中，服务器出现问题后，我们可获取相应的atop日志文件进行分析。atop是一款开源软件，我们可以从这里获得其源码和rpm安装包。</p> <p>监控Linux系统资源与进程的工具</p>
<h2 id="语法">语法</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">atop<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p>[非内部程序，需要安装]它以一定的频率记录系统的运行状态，所采集的数据包含系统资源(CPU、内存、磁盘和网络)使用情况和进程运行情况，并能以日志文件的方式保存在磁盘中，服务器出现问题后，我们可获取相应的atop日志文件进行分析。atop是一款开源软件，我们可以从这里获得其源码和rpm安装包。</p>
<h2>语法</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">atop<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="说明">说明</h2><p><strong>ATOP列</strong>：该列显示了主机名、信息采样日期和时间点</p> <h2>说明</h2>
<p><strong>ATOP列</strong>：该列显示了主机名、信息采样日期和时间点</p>
<p><strong>PRC列</strong>：该列显示进程整体运行情况</p> <p><strong>PRC列</strong>：该列显示进程整体运行情况</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li>sys、usr字段分别指示进程在内核态和用户态的运行时间</li> <li>sys、usr字段分别指示进程在内核态和用户态的运行时间</li>
@ -93,20 +97,22 @@
<li>XXXi 字段指示各层或活动网口收包数目</li> <li>XXXi 字段指示各层或活动网口收包数目</li>
<li>XXXo 字段指示各层或活动网口发包数目</li> <li>XXXo 字段指示各层或活动网口发包数目</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="atop日志">atop日志</h2><p>每个时间点采样页面组合起来就形成了一个atop日志文件，我们可以使用&quot;atop -r XXX&quot;命令对日志文件进行查看。那以什么形式保存atop日志文件呢？</p> <h2>atop日志</h2>
<p>每个时间点采样页面组合起来就形成了一个atop日志文件，我们可以使用"atop -r XXX"命令对日志文件进行查看。那以什么形式保存atop日志文件呢？</p>
<p>对于atop日志文件的保存方式，我们可以这样：</p> <p>对于atop日志文件的保存方式，我们可以这样：</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li>每天保存一个atop日志文件，该日志文件记录当天信息</li> <li>每天保存一个atop日志文件，该日志文件记录当天信息</li>
<li>日志文件以&quot;atop_YYYYMMDD&quot;的方式命名</li> <li>日志文件以"atop_YYYYMMDD"的方式命名</li>
<li>设定日志失效期限，自动删除一段时间前的日志文件</li> <li>设定日志失效期限，自动删除一段时间前的日志文件</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p>其实atop开发者已经提供了以上日志保存方式，相应的atop.daily脚本可以在源码目录下找到。在atop.daily脚本中，我们可以通过修改INTERVAL变量改变atop信息采样周期(默认为10分钟)；通过修改以下命令中的数值改变日志保存天数(默认为28天)：</p> <p>其实atop开发者已经提供了以上日志保存方式，相应的atop.daily脚本可以在源码目录下找到。在atop.daily脚本中，我们可以通过修改INTERVAL变量改变atop信息采样周期(默认为10分钟)；通过修改以下命令中的数值改变日志保存天数(默认为28天)：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">(</span>sleep <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token function">find</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;LOGPATH</span> -name <span class="token string">'atop_*'</span> -mtime +28 -exec <span class="token function">rm</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">(</span>sleep <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token function">find</span> <span class="token variable">$LOGPATH</span> -name <span class="token string">'atop_*'</span> -mtime +28 -exec <span class="token function">rm</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">&#x26;</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>最后，我们修改cron文件，每天凌晨执行atop.daily脚本：</p> <p>最后，我们修改cron文件，每天凌晨执行atop.daily脚本：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> * * * root /etc/cron.daily/atop.daily <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> * * * root /etc/cron.daily/atop.daily
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="相关资料">相关资料</h2><ul> <h2>相关资料</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.atoptool.nl/download/man_atop-1.pdf">官方手册</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.atoptool.nl/download/man_atop-1.pdf">官方手册</a></li>
</ul> </ul>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/atq.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/atq.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="atq">atq</h1><p>列出当前用户的at任务列表</p> <h1>atq</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>atq命令</strong> 显示系统中待执行的任务列表，也就是列出当前用户的at任务列表。</p> <p>列出当前用户的at任务列表</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">atq <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-V<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-q 队列<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-v<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>atq命令</strong> 显示系统中待执行的任务列表，也就是列出当前用户的at任务列表。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">atq <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-V<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-q 队列<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-v<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-V：显示版本号； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-V：显示版本号；
-q：查询指定队列的任务。 -q：查询指定队列的任务。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">at now + <span class="token number">10</span> minutes <h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">at now + <span class="token number">10</span> minutes
at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token number">1111</span> at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token number">1111</span>
at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>eot<span class="token operator">></span> at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>eot<span class="token operator">></span>
job <span class="token number">3</span> at Fri Apr <span class="token number">26</span> <span class="token number">12</span>:56:00 <span class="token number">2013</span> job <span class="token number">3</span> at Fri Apr <span class="token number">26</span> <span class="token number">12</span>:56:00 <span class="token number">2013</span>
atq atq
<span class="token number">3</span> Fri Apr <span class="token number">26</span> <span class="token number">12</span>:56:00 <span class="token number">2013</span> a root <span class="token number">3</span> Fri Apr <span class="token number">26</span> <span class="token number">12</span>:56:00 <span class="token number">2013</span> a root
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<h1 id="atrm">atrm</h1><p>删除待执行任务队列中的指定任务</p> <h1>atrm</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>atrm命令</strong> 用于删除待执行任务队列中的指定任务。</p> <p>删除待执行任务队列中的指定任务</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">atrm<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>atrm命令</strong> 用于删除待执行任务队列中的指定任务。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">atrm<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-V：显示版本号。 <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-V：显示版本号。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>任务号：指定待执行队列中要删除的任务。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>删除已经排队的任务</p> <p>任务号：指定待执行队列中要删除的任务。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">atq <span class="token comment"># 显示当前已经设置的任务</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>删除已经排队的任务</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">atq <span class="token comment"># 显示当前已经设置的任务</span>
<span class="token number">2</span> Mon May <span class="token number">17</span> 08:00:00 <span class="token number">2010</span> a root <span class="token number">2</span> Mon May <span class="token number">17</span> 08:00:00 <span class="token number">2010</span> a root
<span class="token number">1</span> Sat May <span class="token number">15</span> <span class="token number">17</span>:00:00 <span class="token number">2010</span> a root <span class="token number">1</span> Sat May <span class="token number">15</span> <span class="token number">17</span>:00:00 <span class="token number">2010</span> a root
@ -77,7 +83,7 @@ atrm <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token comment"># 删
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<title>axel 命令，Linux axel 命令详解：多线程下载工具 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>axel 命令，Linux axel 命令详解：多线程下载工具 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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@ -40,24 +40,29 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/axel.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/axel.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="axel">axel</h1><p>多线程下载工具</p> <h1>axel</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>axel</strong> 是Linux下一个不错的HTTP/ftp高速下载工具。支持多线程下载、断点续传，且可以从多个地址或者从一个地址的多个连接来下载同一个文件。适合网速不给力时多线程下载提高下载速度。比如在国内VPS或服务器上下载lnmp一键安装包用Axel就比wget快。</p> <p>多线程下载工具</p>
<h3 id="安装">安装</h3><p>CentOS安装Axel：</p> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p>目前yum源上没有Axel，我们可以到 <a href="http://pkgs.repoforge.org/axel/">http://pkgs.repoforge.org/axel/</a> 下载rpm包安装。</p> <p><strong>axel</strong> 是Linux下一个不错的HTTP/ftp高速下载工具。支持多线程下载、断点续传，且可以从多个地址或者从一个地址的多个连接来下载同一个文件。适合网速不给力时多线程下载提高下载速度。比如在国内VPS或服务器上下载lnmp一键安装包用Axel就比wget快。</p>
<h3>安装</h3>
<p>CentOS安装Axel：</p>
<p>目前yum源上没有Axel，我们可以到 http://pkgs.repoforge.org/axel/ 下载rpm包安装。</p>
<p>32位CentOS执行下面命令：</p> <p>32位CentOS执行下面命令：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">wget</span> -c http://pkgs.repoforge.org/axel/axel-2.4-1.el5.rf.i386.rpm <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">wget</span> -c http://pkgs.repoforge.org/axel/axel-2.4-1.el5.rf.i386.rpm
<span class="token function">rpm</span> -ivh axel-2.4-1.el5.rf.i386.rpm <span class="token function">rpm</span> -ivh axel-2.4-1.el5.rf.i386.rpm
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>64位CentOS执行下面命令：</p> <p>64位CentOS执行下面命令：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">wget</span> -c http://pkgs.repoforge.org/axel/axel-2.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">wget</span> -c http://pkgs.repoforge.org/axel/axel-2.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm
<span class="token function">rpm</span> -ivh axel-2.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm <span class="token function">rpm</span> -ivh axel-2.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>Debian/Ubuntu安装Axel：</p> <p>Debian/Ubuntu安装Axel：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> axel <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> axel
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">axel <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> url1 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>url2<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>url<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">axel <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> url1 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>url2<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>url<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">--max-speed<span class="token operator">=</span>x , -s x <span class="token comment"># 最高速度x</span> <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">--max-speed<span class="token operator">=</span>x , -s x <span class="token comment"># 最高速度x</span>
--num-connections<span class="token operator">=</span>x , -n x <span class="token comment"># 连接数x</span> --num-connections<span class="token operator">=</span>x , -n x <span class="token comment"># 连接数x</span>
--output<span class="token operator">=</span>f , -o f <span class="token comment"># 下载为本地文件f</span> --output<span class="token operator">=</span>f , -o f <span class="token comment"># 下载为本地文件f</span>
--search<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">=</span>x<span class="token punctuation">]</span> , -S <span class="token punctuation">[</span>x<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token comment"># 搜索镜像</span> --search<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">=</span>x<span class="token punctuation">]</span> , -S <span class="token punctuation">[</span>x<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token comment"># 搜索镜像</span>
@ -70,8 +75,9 @@
--help ，-h <span class="token comment"># 帮助</span> --help ，-h <span class="token comment"># 帮助</span>
--version ，-V <span class="token comment"># 版本信息</span> --version ，-V <span class="token comment"># 版本信息</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>如下载lnmp安装包指定10个线程，存到 <code>/tmp/</code>：</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">axel -n <span class="token number">10</span> -o /tmp/ http://www.jsdig.com/lnmp.tar.gz <p>如下载lnmp安装包指定10个线程，存到 <code>/tmp/</code>：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">axel -n <span class="token number">10</span> -o /tmp/ http://www.jsdig.com/lnmp.tar.gz
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>如果下载过程中下载中断可以再执行下载命令即可恢复上次的下载进度。</p> <p>如果下载过程中下载中断可以再执行下载命令即可恢复上次的下载进度。</p>
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@ -97,7 +103,7 @@
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/badblocks.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/badblocks.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="badblocks">badblocks</h1><p>查找磁盘中损坏的区块</p> <h1>badblocks</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>badblock命令</strong> 用于查找磁盘中损坏的区块。 硬盘是一个损耗设备，当使用一段时间后可能会出现坏道等物理故障。电脑硬盘出现坏道后，如果不及时更换或进行技术处理，坏道就会越来越多，并会造成频繁死机和数据丢失。最好的处理方式是更换磁盘，但在临时的情况下，应及时屏蔽坏道部分的扇区，不要触动它们。badblocks就是一个很好的检查坏道位置的工具。</p> <p>查找磁盘中损坏的区块</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">badblock<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>badblock命令</strong> 用于查找磁盘中损坏的区块。 硬盘是一个损耗设备，当使用一段时间后可能会出现坏道等物理故障。电脑硬盘出现坏道后，如果不及时更换或进行技术处理，坏道就会越来越多，并会造成频繁死机和数据丢失。最好的处理方式是更换磁盘，但在临时的情况下，应及时屏蔽坏道部分的扇区，不要触动它们。badblocks就是一个很好的检查坏道位置的工具。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">badblock<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-b<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>区块大小<span class="token operator">></span>：指定磁盘的区块大小，单位为字节； <h3>选项</h3>
-o<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>输出文件<span class="token operator">></span>：将检查的结果写入指定的输出文件； <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-b<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>区块大小<span class="token operator">></span>：指定磁盘的区块大小，单位为字节；
-o<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>输出文件<span class="token operator">></span>：将检查的结果写入指定的输出文件；
-s：在检查时显示进度； -s：在检查时显示进度；
-v：执行时显示详细的信息； -v：执行时显示详细的信息；
-w：在检查时，执行写入测试。 -w：在检查时，执行写入测试。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<ul>
<li>磁盘装置：指定要检查的磁盘装置；</li> <li>磁盘装置：指定要检查的磁盘装置；</li>
<li>磁盘区块数：指定磁盘装置的区块总数；</li> <li>磁盘区块数：指定磁盘装置的区块总数；</li>
<li>启始区块：指定要从哪个区块开始检查。</li> <li>启始区块：指定要从哪个区块开始检查。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>badblocks以 4096 的一个block，每一个block检查16次，将结果输出到“hda-badblocks-list”文件里。</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">badblocks -b <span class="token number">4096</span> -c <span class="token number">16</span> /dev/hda1 -o hda-badblocks-list <p>badblocks以 4096 的一个block，每一个block检查16次，将结果输出到“hda-badblocks-list”文件里。</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">badblocks -b <span class="token number">4096</span> -c <span class="token number">16</span> /dev/hda1 -o hda-badblocks-list
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>hda-badblocks-list是个文本文件，内容如下：</p> <p>hda-badblocks-list是个文本文件，内容如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cat</span> hda-badblocks-list <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cat</span> hda-badblocks-list
<span class="token number">51249</span> <span class="token number">51249</span>
<span class="token number">51250</span> <span class="token number">51250</span>
<span class="token number">51251</span> <span class="token number">51251</span>
@ -70,16 +76,17 @@
…… ……
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>可以针对可疑的区块多做几次操作。下面，badblocks以4096字节为一个“block”,每一个“block”检查1次, 将结果输出到“hda-badblocks-list.1”文件中，由第51000 block开始，到63000 block结束。</p> <p>可以针对可疑的区块多做几次操作。下面，badblocks以4096字节为一个“block”,每一个“block”检查1次, 将结果输出到“hda-badblocks-list.1”文件中，由第51000 block开始，到63000 block结束。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">badblocks -b <span class="token number">4096</span> -c <span class="token number">1</span> /dev/hda1 -o hda-badblocks-list.1 <span class="token number">63000</span> <span class="token number">51000</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">badblocks -b <span class="token number">4096</span> -c <span class="token number">1</span> /dev/hda1 -o hda-badblocks-list.1 <span class="token number">63000</span> <span class="token number">51000</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这次花费的时间比较短，硬盘在指定的情况下在很短的时间就产生“嘎嘎嘎嘎”的响声。由于检查条件的不同，其输出的结果也不完全是相同的。重复几次同样的操作，因条件多少都有些不同，所以结果也有所不同。进行多次操作后，直到产生最后的hda-badblock-list.final文件。</p> <p>这次花费的时间比较短，硬盘在指定的情况下在很短的时间就产生“嘎嘎嘎嘎”的响声。由于检查条件的不同，其输出的结果也不完全是相同的。重复几次同样的操作，因条件多少都有些不同，所以结果也有所不同。进行多次操作后，直到产生最后的hda-badblock-list.final文件。</p>
<h3 id="其他">其他</h3><p><strong>1、fsck使用badblocks的信息</strong> </p> <h3>其他</h3>
<p><strong>1、fsck使用badblocks的信息</strong></p>
<p>badblocks只会在日志文件中标记出坏道的信息，但若希望在检测磁盘时也能跳过这些坏块不检测，可以使用fsck的-l参数：</p> <p>badblocks只会在日志文件中标记出坏道的信息，但若希望在检测磁盘时也能跳过这些坏块不检测，可以使用fsck的-l参数：</p>
<pre><code>fsck.ext3 -l /tmp/hda-badblock-list.final /dev/hda1 <pre><code>fsck.ext3 -l /tmp/hda-badblock-list.final /dev/hda1
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>2、在创建文件系统前检测坏道</strong> </p> <p><strong>2、在创建文件系统前检测坏道</strong></p>
<p>badblocks可以随e2fsck和mke2fs的-c删除一起运行（对ext3文件系统也一样），在创建文件系统前就先检测坏道信息：</p> <p>badblocks可以随e2fsck和mke2fs的-c删除一起运行（对ext3文件系统也一样），在创建文件系统前就先检测坏道信息：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">mkfs.ext3 -c /dev/hda1 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">mkfs.ext3 -c /dev/hda1
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>代码表示使用-c在创建文件系统前检查坏道的硬盘。</p> <p>代码表示使用-c在创建文件系统前检查坏道的硬盘。</p>
<p>这个操作已经很清楚地告知我们可以采用<code>mkfs.ext3 -c</code>选项用<code>read-only</code>方式检查硬盘。这个命令会在格式化硬盘时检查硬盘，并标出错误的硬盘“block”。用这个方法格式化硬盘，需要有相当大的耐心，因为命令运行后，会一个个用读的方式检查硬盘。</p> <p>这个操作已经很清楚地告知我们可以采用<code>mkfs.ext3 -c</code>选项用<code>read-only</code>方式检查硬盘。这个命令会在格式化硬盘时检查硬盘，并标出错误的硬盘“block”。用这个方法格式化硬盘，需要有相当大的耐心，因为命令运行后，会一个个用读的方式检查硬盘。</p>
@ -106,7 +113,7 @@
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/base64.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/base64.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="base64">base64</h1><p>base64 编码/解码文件或标准输入输出</p> <h1>base64</h1>
<h3 id="描述">描述</h3><p>base64将<code>文件</code>或<code>标准输入</code>编码或解码为标准输出; </p> <p>base64 编码/解码文件或标准输入输出</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">base64 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>FILE<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <h3>描述</h3>
<p>base64将<code>文件</code>或<code>标准输入</code>编码或解码为标准输出;</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">base64 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>FILE<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-d, --decode <span class="token comment"># 解码</span> <h3>参数</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-d, --decode <span class="token comment"># 解码</span>
-i, --ignore-garbage <span class="token comment"># 解码时，忽略非字母字符</span> -i, --ignore-garbage <span class="token comment"># 解码时，忽略非字母字符</span>
-w, --wrap<span class="token operator">=</span>COLS <span class="token comment"># 在指定的字符数后自动换行(默认为76), 0 为禁用自动换行</span> -w, --wrap<span class="token operator">=</span>COLS <span class="token comment"># 在指定的字符数后自动换行(默认为76), 0 为禁用自动换行</span>
--help <span class="token comment"># 显示此帮助说明并退出</span> --help <span class="token comment"># 显示此帮助说明并退出</span>
--version <span class="token comment"># 输出版本信息并退出</span> --version <span class="token comment"># 输出版本信息并退出</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>编码字符串</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">printf foo<span class="token operator">|</span>base64 <p>编码字符串</p>
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token builtin class-name">printf</span> foo<span class="token operator">|</span>base64
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>编码文件</p> <p>编码文件</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">base64 file <pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash">base64 <span class="token function">file</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>解码</p> <p>解码</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">printf Zm9v<span class="token operator">|</span>base64 <span class="token operator">-</span>d <pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token builtin class-name">printf</span> Zm9v<span class="token operator">|</span>base64 -d
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>解码文件</p> <p>解码文件</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">base64 <span class="token operator">-</span>d file <pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash">base64 -d <span class="token function">file</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/basename.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/basename.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="basename">basename</h1><p>打印目录或者文件的基本名称</p> <h1>basename</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>basename命令</strong> 用于打印目录或者文件的基本名称。basename和dirname命令通常用于shell脚本中的命令替换来指定和指定的输入文件名称有所差异的输出文件名称。</p> <p>打印目录或者文件的基本名称</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">basename<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>basename命令</strong> 用于打印目录或者文件的基本名称。basename和dirname命令通常用于shell脚本中的命令替换来指定和指定的输入文件名称有所差异的输出文件名称。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">basename<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">--help：显示帮助； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">--help：显示帮助；
--version：显示版本号。 --version：显示版本号。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<ul>
<li>文件：带路径信息的文件；</li> <li>文件：带路径信息的文件；</li>
<li>后缀：可选参数，指定要去除的文件后缀字符串。</li> <li>后缀：可选参数，指定要去除的文件后缀字符串。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>1、要显示一个shell变量的基本名称，请输入：</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">basename</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;WORKFILE</span> <p>1、要显示一个shell变量的基本名称，请输入：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">basename</span> <span class="token variable">$WORKFILE</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>此命令显示指定给shell变量WORKFILE的值的基本名称。如果WORKFILE变量的值是<code>/home/jim/program.c</code>文件，则此命令显示program.c。</p> <p>此命令显示指定给shell变量WORKFILE的值的基本名称。如果WORKFILE变量的值是<code>/home/jim/program.c</code>文件，则此命令显示program.c。</p>
<p>要构造一个和另一个文件名称相同（除了后缀）的文件名称，请输入：</p> <p>要构造一个和另一个文件名称相同（除了后缀）的文件名称，请输入：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token assign-left variable">OFILE</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span><span class="token function">basename</span> &#36;1 .c<span class="token variable">`</span></span>.o <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token assign-left variable">OFILE</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span><span class="token function">basename</span> $1 .c<span class="token variable">`</span></span>.o
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>此命令指定给 OFILE 文件第一个位置上的参数（$1）的值，但它的 .c 后缀更改至 .o。如果 $1 是 /home/jim/program.c 文件，则 OFILE 成为 program.o。因为 program.o 仅是一个基本文件名称，它标识在当前目录中的文件。</p> <p>此命令指定给 OFILE 文件第一个位置上的参数（$1）的值，但它的 .c 后缀更改至 .o。如果 $1 是 /home/jim/program.c 文件，则 OFILE 成为 program.o。因为 program.o 仅是一个基本文件名称，它标识在当前目录中的文件。</p>
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<title>batch 命令，Linux batch 命令详解：在系统不繁忙的时候执行定时任务 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>batch 命令，Linux batch 命令详解：在系统不繁忙的时候执行定时任务 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/batch.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/batch.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="batch">batch</h1><p>在系统不繁忙的时候执行定时任务</p> <h1>batch</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>batch命令</strong> 用于在指定时间，当系统不繁忙时执行任务，用法与at相似。</p> <p>在系统不繁忙的时候执行定时任务</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">batch<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>batch命令</strong> 用于在指定时间，当系统不繁忙时执行任务，用法与at相似。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">batch<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-f：指定包含具体指令的任务文件； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-f：指定包含具体指令的任务文件；
-q：指定新任务的队列名称； -q：指定新任务的队列名称；
-m：任务执行完后向用户发送E-mail。 -m：任务执行完后向用户发送E-mail。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>日期时间：指定任务执行的日期时间。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">batch <p>日期时间：指定任务执行的日期时间。</p>
<h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">batch
at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token number">1234</span> at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token number">1234</span>
at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>EOT<span class="token operator">></span> at<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>EOT<span class="token operator">></span>
job <span class="token number">5</span> at Sun Apr <span class="token number">28</span> 08:49:00 <span class="token number">2013</span> job <span class="token number">5</span> at Sun Apr <span class="token number">28</span> 08:49:00 <span class="token number">2013</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<h1 id="bc">bc</h1><p>算术操作精密运算工具</p> <h1>bc</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bc命令</strong> 是一种支持任意精度的交互执行的计算器语言。bash内置了对整数四则运算的支持，但是并不支持浮点运算，而bc命令可以很方便的进行浮点运算，当然整数运算也不再话下。</p> <p>算术操作精密运算工具</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bc<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bc命令</strong> 是一种支持任意精度的交互执行的计算器语言。bash内置了对整数四则运算的支持，但是并不支持浮点运算，而bc命令可以很方便的进行浮点运算，当然整数运算也不再话下。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bc<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-i：强制进入交互式模式； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-i：强制进入交互式模式；
-l：定义使用的标准数学库； -l：定义使用的标准数学库；
-w：对POSIX bc的扩展给出警告信息； -w：对POSIX bc的扩展给出警告信息；
-q：不打印正常的GNU bc环境信息； -q：不打印正常的GNU bc环境信息；
-v：显示指令版本信息； -v：显示指令版本信息；
-h：显示指令的帮助信息。 -h：显示指令的帮助信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定包含计算任务的文件。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>算术操作高级运算bc命令它可以执行浮点运算和一些高级函数：</p> <p>文件：指定包含计算任务的文件。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"1.212*3"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>算术操作高级运算bc命令它可以执行浮点运算和一些高级函数：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"1.212*3"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span>
<span class="token number">3.636</span> <span class="token number">3.636</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>设定小数精度（数值范围）</p> <p>设定小数精度（数值范围）</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"scale=2;3/8"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"scale=2;3/8"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span>
<span class="token number">0.37</span> <span class="token number">0.37</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>参数<code>scale=2</code>是将bc输出结果的小数位设置为2位。</p> <p>参数<code>scale=2</code>是将bc输出结果的小数位设置为2位。</p>
<p>进制转换</p> <p>进制转换</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token shebang important">#!/bin/bash</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token shebang important">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">abc</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">192</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">abc</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">192</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"obase=2;<span class="token variable">&#36;abc</span>"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"obase=2;<span class="token variable">$abc</span>"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>执行结果为：11000000，这是用bc将十进制转换成二进制。</p> <p>执行结果为：11000000，这是用bc将十进制转换成二进制。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token shebang important">#!/bin/bash</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token shebang important">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">abc</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">11000000</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">abc</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">11000000</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"obase=10;ibase=2;<span class="token variable">&#36;abc</span>"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"obase=10;ibase=2;<span class="token variable">$abc</span>"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>执行结果为：192，这是用bc将二进制转换为十进制。</p> <p>执行结果为：192，这是用bc将二进制转换为十进制。</p>
<p>计算平方和平方根：</p> <p>计算平方和平方根：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"10^10"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"10^10"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"sqrt(100)"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"sqrt(100)"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bc</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<title>bg 命令，Linux bg 命令详解：将前台终端作业移动到后台运行 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>bg 命令，Linux bg 命令详解：将前台终端作业移动到后台运行 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bg.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bg.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="bg">bg</h1><p>将前台终端作业移动到后台运行</p> <h1>bg</h1>
<h2 id="概要">概要</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bg</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>job_spec <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p>将前台终端作业移动到后台运行</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bg</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>job_spec <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<li><p>用于将作业放到后台运行，使前台可以执行其他任务。该命令的运行效果与在指令后面添加符号<code>&amp;</code>的效果是相同的，都是将其放到系统后台执行。</p> <ul>
<li>
<p>用于将作业放到后台运行，使前台可以执行其他任务。该命令的运行效果与在指令后面添加符号<code>&#x26;</code>的效果是相同的，都是将其放到系统后台执行。</p>
</li> </li>
<li><p>若后台任务中只有一个，则使用该命令时可以省略任务号。</p> <li>
<p>若后台任务中只有一个，则使用该命令时可以省略任务号。</p>
</li> </li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="参数">参数</h2><p>job_spec（可选）：指定要移动到后台执行的作业标识符，可以是一到多个。</p> <h2>参数</h2>
<h2 id="返回值">返回值</h2><p>返回成功除非未开启作业控制或发生了错误。</p> <p>job_spec（可选）：指定要移动到后台执行的作业标识符，可以是一到多个。</p>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 运行sleep命令，然后按下ctrl+z。</span> <h2>返回值</h2>
<p>返回成功除非未开启作业控制或发生了错误。</p>
<h2>例子</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 运行sleep命令，然后按下ctrl+z。</span>
<span class="token function">sleep</span> <span class="token number">60</span> <span class="token function">sleep</span> <span class="token number">60</span>
^Z ^Z
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>+ Stopped <span class="token function">sleep</span> <span class="token number">60</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>+ Stopped <span class="token function">sleep</span> <span class="token number">60</span>
@ -60,15 +68,15 @@
<span class="token function">bg</span> %1 <span class="token function">bg</span> %1
<span class="token comment"># 返回信息：</span> <span class="token comment"># 返回信息：</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>+ <span class="token function">sleep</span> <span class="token number">60</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>+ <span class="token function">sleep</span> <span class="token number">60</span> <span class="token operator">&#x26;</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol> <h3>注意</h3>
<ol>
<li><code>bash</code>的作业控制命令包括<code>bg fg kill wait disown suspend</code>。</li> <li><code>bash</code>的作业控制命令包括<code>bg fg kill wait disown suspend</code>。</li>
<li>该命令需要<code>set</code>选项<code>monitor</code>处于开启状态时才能执行；查看作业控制状态：输入<code>set -o</code>查看<code>monitor</code>行；执行<code>set -o monitor</code>或<code>set -m</code>开启该选项。</li> <li>该命令需要<code>set</code>选项<code>monitor</code>处于开启状态时才能执行；查看作业控制状态：输入<code>set -o</code>查看<code>monitor</code>行；执行<code>set -o monitor</code>或<code>set -m</code>开启该选项。</li>
<li>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</li> <li>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</li>
</ol> </ol>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bind.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bind.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="bind">bind</h1><p>显示或设置键盘按键与其相关的功能</p> <h1>bind</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bind命令</strong> 用于显示和设置命令行的键盘序列绑定功能。通过这一命令，可以提高命令行中操作效率。您可以利用bind命令了解有哪些按键组合与其功能，也可以自行指定要用哪些按键组合。</p> <p>显示或设置键盘按键与其相关的功能</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bind<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bind命令</strong> 用于显示和设置命令行的键盘序列绑定功能。通过这一命令，可以提高命令行中操作效率。您可以利用bind命令了解有哪些按键组合与其功能，也可以自行指定要用哪些按键组合。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bind<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-d：显示按键配置的内容； <h3>选项</h3>
-f<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>按键配置文件<span class="token operator">></span>：载入指定的按键配置文件； <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-d：显示按键配置的内容；
-f<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>按键配置文件<span class="token operator">></span>：载入指定的按键配置文件；
-l：列出所有的功能； -l：列出所有的功能；
-m<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>按键配置<span class="token operator">></span>：指定按键配置； -m<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>按键配置<span class="token operator">></span>：指定按键配置；
-q<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>功能<span class="token operator">></span>：显示指定功能的按键； -q<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>功能<span class="token operator">></span>：显示指定功能的按键；
-v：列出目前的按键配置与其功能。 -v：列出目前的按键配置与其功能。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">bind</span> -x <span class="token string">'"\C-l":ls -l'</span> <span class="token comment">#直接按 CTRL+L 就列出目录</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">bind</span> -x <span class="token string">'"\C-l":ls -l'</span> <span class="token comment">#直接按 CTRL+L 就列出目录</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>其中keyseq可以使用<code>showkey -a</code>命令来获取：</p> <p>其中keyseq可以使用<code>showkey -a</code>命令来获取：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># showkey -a</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># showkey -a</span>
Press any keys - Ctrl-D will terminate this program Press any keys - Ctrl-D will terminate this program
@ -98,7 +103,7 @@ Press any keys - Ctrl-D will terminate this program
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<title>blkid 命令，Linux blkid 命令详解：查看块设备的文件系统类型、LABEL、UUID等信息 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>blkid 命令，Linux blkid 命令详解：查看块设备的文件系统类型、LABEL、UUID等信息 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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@ -40,58 +40,63 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/blkid.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/blkid.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="blkid">blkid</h1><p>查看块设备的文件系统类型、LABEL、UUID等信息</p> <h1>blkid</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p>在Linux下可以使用 <strong>blkid命令</strong> 对查询设备上所采用文件系统类型进行查询。blkid主要用来对系统的块设备（包括交换分区）所使用的文件系统类型、LABEL、UUID等信息进行查询。要使用这个命令必须安装e2fsprogs软件包。</p> <p>查看块设备的文件系统类型、LABEL、UUID等信息</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">blkid -L <span class="token operator">|</span> -U <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p>在Linux下可以使用 <strong>blkid命令</strong> 对查询设备上所采用文件系统类型进行查询。blkid主要用来对系统的块设备（包括交换分区）所使用的文件系统类型、LABEL、UUID等信息进行查询。要使用这个命令必须安装e2fsprogs软件包。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">blkid -L <span class="token operator">|</span> -U
blkid <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-c <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-ghlLv<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-o<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-s <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-t <span class="token punctuation">]</span> -<span class="token punctuation">[</span>w <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span> blkid <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-c <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-ghlLv<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-o<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-s <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-t <span class="token punctuation">]</span> -<span class="token punctuation">[</span>w <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
blkid -p <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-s <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-O <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-S <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-o<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>. blkid -p <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-s <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-O <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-S <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-o<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
blkid -i <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-s <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-o<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>. blkid -i <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-s <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-o<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-c <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>file<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># 指定cache文件(default: /etc/blkid.tab, /dev/null = none)</span> <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-c <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>file<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># 指定cache文件(default: /etc/blkid.tab, /dev/null = none)</span>
-d <span class="token comment"># don't encode non-printing characters</span> -d <span class="token comment"># don't encode non-printing characters</span>
-h <span class="token comment"># 显示帮助信息</span> -h <span class="token comment"># 显示帮助信息</span>
-g <span class="token comment"># garbage collect the blkid cache</span> -g <span class="token comment"># garbage collect the blkid cache</span>
-o <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>format<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># 指定输出格式</span> -o <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>format<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># 指定输出格式</span>
-k <span class="token comment"># list all known filesystems/RAIDs and exit</span> -k <span class="token comment"># list all known filesystems/RAIDs and exit</span>
-s <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>tag<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># 显示指定信息，默认显示所有信息</span> -s <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>tag<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># 显示指定信息，默认显示所有信息</span>
-t <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>token<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># find device with a specific token (NAME=value pair)</span> -t <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>token<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># find device with a specific token (NAME=value pair)</span>
-l <span class="token comment"># look up only first device with token specified by -t</span> -l <span class="token comment"># look up only first device with token specified by -t</span>
-L <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>label<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># convert LABEL to device name</span> -L <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>label<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># convert LABEL to device name</span>
-U <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>uuid<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># convert UUID to device name</span> -U <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>uuid<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># convert UUID to device name</span>
-v <span class="token comment"># 显示版本信息</span> -v <span class="token comment"># 显示版本信息</span>
-w <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>file<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># write cache to different file (/dev/null = no write)</span> -w <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>file<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># write cache to different file (/dev/null = no write)</span>
<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>dev<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># specify device(s) to probe (default: all devices)</span> <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>dev<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># specify device(s) to probe (default: all devices)</span>
Low-level probing options: Low-level probing options:
-p <span class="token comment"># low-level superblocks probing (bypass cache)</span> -p <span class="token comment"># low-level superblocks probing (bypass cache)</span>
-i <span class="token comment"># gather information about I/O limits</span> -i <span class="token comment"># gather information about I/O limits</span>
-S <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>size<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># overwrite device size</span> -S <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>size<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># overwrite device size</span>
-O <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>offset<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># probe at the given offset</span> -O <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>offset<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># probe at the given offset</span>
-u <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>list<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># filter by "usage" (e.g. -u filesystem,raid)</span> -u <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>list<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># filter by "usage" (e.g. -u filesystem,raid)</span>
-n <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>list<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># filter by filesystem type (e.g. -n vfat,ext3)</span> -n <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>list<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># filter by filesystem type (e.g. -n vfat,ext3)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>1、列出当前系统中所有已挂载文件系统的类型：</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid <p>1、列出当前系统中所有已挂载文件系统的类型：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>2、显示指定设备 UUID：</p> <p>2、显示指定设备 UUID：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -s UUID /dev/sda5 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -s UUID /dev/sda5
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>3、显示所有设备 UUID：</p> <p>3、显示所有设备 UUID：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -s UUID <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -s UUID
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>4、显示指定设备 LABEL：</p> <p>4、显示指定设备 LABEL：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -s LABEL /dev/sda5 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -s LABEL /dev/sda5
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>5、显示所有设备 LABEL：</p> <p>5、显示所有设备 LABEL：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -s LABEL <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -s LABEL
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>6、显示所有设备文件系统：</p> <p>6、显示所有设备文件系统：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -s TYPE <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -s TYPE
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>7、显示所有设备：</p> <p>7、显示所有设备：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -o device <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -o device
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>8、以列表方式查看详细信息：</p> <p>8、以列表方式查看详细信息：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -o list <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sudo</span> blkid -o list
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ Low-level probing options:
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@ -40,12 +40,15 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/blockdev.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/blockdev.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="blockdev">blockdev</h1><p>从命令行调用区块设备控制程序</p> <h1>blockdev</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>blockdev命令</strong> 在命令调用“ioxtls”函数，以实现对设备的控制。</p> <p>从命令行调用区块设备控制程序</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">blockdev<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>blockdev命令</strong> 在命令调用“ioxtls”函数，以实现对设备的控制。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">blockdev<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>选项</p> <p>选项</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">-V：打印版本号并退出； <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-V：打印版本号并退出；
-q：安静模式； -q：安静模式；
-v：详细信息模式； -v：详细信息模式；
--setro：只读； --setro：只读；
@ -55,15 +58,17 @@
--flushbufs：刷新缓冲区； --flushbufs：刷新缓冲区；
--rereadpt：重新读取分区表。 --rereadpt：重新读取分区表。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>设备文件名：指定要操作的磁盘的设备文件名。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>设置设备为只读：</p> <p>设备文件名：指定要操作的磁盘的设备文件名。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">blockdev --setro /dev/hda4 <h3>实例</h3>
<p>设置设备为只读：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">blockdev --setro /dev/hda4
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>读取设备是否为只读：</p> <p>读取设备是否为只读：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">blockdev --getro /dev/hda4 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">blockdev --getro /dev/hda4
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>设置设别为可读写：</p> <p>设置设别为可读写：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">blockdev --setrw /dev/hda4 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">blockdev --setrw /dev/hda4
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<title>bmodinfo 命令，Linux bmodinfo 命令详解：显示给定模块的详细信息 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>bmodinfo 命令，Linux bmodinfo 命令详解：显示给定模块的详细信息 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bmodinfo.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bmodinfo.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="bmodinfo">bmodinfo</h1><p>显示给定模块的详细信息</p> <h1>bmodinfo</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bmodinfo命令</strong> 用于显示给定模块的详细信息。</p> <p>显示给定模块的详细信息</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bmodinfo<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bmodinfo命令</strong> 用于显示给定模块的详细信息。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bmodinfo<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-a：显示模块作者； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-a：显示模块作者；
-d：显示模块的描述信息； -d：显示模块的描述信息；
-l：显示模块的许可信息； -l：显示模块的许可信息；
-p：显示模块的参数信息； -p：显示模块的参数信息；
-n：显示模块对应的文字信息； -n：显示模块对应的文字信息；
-0：用ASCII码的0字符分割字段值，而不使用新行。 -0：用ASCII码的0字符分割字段值，而不使用新行。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>模块名：要显示详细信息的模块名称。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>显示sg模块的信息：</p> <p>模块名：要显示详细信息的模块名称。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># modinfo sg</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>显示sg模块的信息：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># modinfo sg</span>
filename: /lib/modules/2.6.9-42.ELsmp/kernel/drivers/scsi/sg.ko filename: /lib/modules/2.6.9-42.ELsmp/kernel/drivers/scsi/sg.ko
author: Douglas Gilbert author: Douglas Gilbert
description: SCSI generic <span class="token punctuation">(</span>sg<span class="token punctuation">)</span> driver description: SCSI generic <span class="token punctuation">(</span>sg<span class="token punctuation">)</span> driver
@ -88,7 +94,7 @@ depends: scsi_mod
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</span> </span>
<h1 id="break">break</h1><p>结束for，while或until循环。</p> <h1>break</h1>
<h2 id="概要">概要</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">break</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>n<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p>结束for，while或until循环。</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">break</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>n<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<ul>
<li>结束for，while或until循环，可指定退出几层循环。</li> <li>结束for，while或until循环，可指定退出几层循环。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="参数">参数</h2><p>n（可选）：大于等于1的整数，用于指定退出几层循环。</p> <h2>参数</h2>
<h2 id="返回值">返回值</h2><p>返回成功除非n小于1。</p> <p>n（可选）：大于等于1的整数，用于指定退出几层循环。</p>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># break的可选参数n缺省值为1。</span> <h2>返回值</h2>
<p>返回成功除非n小于1。</p>
<h2>例子</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># break的可选参数n缺省值为1。</span>
<span class="token comment"># 从外层for循环继续执行。</span> <span class="token comment"># 从外层for循环继续执行。</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>i<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>i<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
@ -56,7 +62,7 @@
<span class="token comment"># 换成break 1时结果一样</span> <span class="token comment"># 换成break 1时结果一样</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">break</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">break</span>
<span class="token keyword">fi</span> <span class="token keyword">fi</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">printf</span> <span class="token string">"%s %s<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>"</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;{i}</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;{j}</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">printf</span> <span class="token string">"%s %s<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>"</span> <span class="token variable">${i}</span> <span class="token variable">${j}</span>
<span class="token keyword">done</span> <span class="token keyword">done</span>
<span class="token keyword">done</span> <span class="token keyword">done</span>
<span class="token comment"># 输出结果</span> <span class="token comment"># 输出结果</span>
@ -64,24 +70,24 @@
<span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">3</span>
<span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">3</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 当n为2时：</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 当n为2时：</span>
<span class="token comment"># 退出两层循环，结束。</span> <span class="token comment"># 退出两层循环，结束。</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>i<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>i<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">==</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">then</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">==</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">then</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">break</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">break</span> <span class="token number">2</span>
<span class="token keyword">fi</span> <span class="token keyword">fi</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">printf</span> <span class="token string">"%s %s<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>"</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;{i}</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;{j}</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">printf</span> <span class="token string">"%s %s<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>"</span> <span class="token variable">${i}</span> <span class="token variable">${j}</span>
<span class="token keyword">done</span> <span class="token keyword">done</span>
<span class="token keyword">done</span> <span class="token keyword">done</span>
<span class="token comment"># 输出结果</span> <span class="token comment"># 输出结果</span>
<span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">3</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol> <h3>注意</h3>
<ol>
<li>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</li> <li>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</li>
</ol> </ol>
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<title>builtin 命令，Linux builtin 命令详解：执行bash内建命令。 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>builtin 命令，Linux builtin 命令详解：执行bash内建命令。 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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@ -40,19 +40,25 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/builtin.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/builtin.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="builtin">builtin</h1><p>执行bash内建命令。</p> <h1>builtin</h1>
<h2 id="概要">概要</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">builtin</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>shell-builtin <span class="token punctuation">[</span>arg <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p>执行bash内建命令。</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">builtin</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>shell-builtin <span class="token punctuation">[</span>arg <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<ul>
<li>用于执行指定的bash内建命令。</li> <li>用于执行指定的bash内建命令。</li>
<li><code>builtin</code>命令调用的bash内建命令优先于同名的外部命令及同名的shell函数。</li> <li><code>builtin</code>命令调用的bash内建命令优先于同名的外部命令及同名的shell函数。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="参数">参数</h2><p>shell-builtin（可选）：要调用的bash内建命令。</p> <h2>参数</h2>
<p>shell-builtin（可选）：要调用的bash内建命令。</p>
<p>arg（可选）：传递给bash内建命令的一到多个参数。</p> <p>arg（可选）：传递给bash内建命令的一到多个参数。</p>
<h2 id="返回值">返回值</h2><p>返回该内建命令执行的返回值，除非传递的不是bash内建命令或该内建命令被禁用。</p> <h2>返回值</h2>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><p>同名情况下的优先级顺序：</p> <p>返回该内建命令执行的返回值，除非传递的不是bash内建命令或该内建命令被禁用。</p>
<p>builtin 内建命令 &gt; 函数 &gt; 内建命令 &gt; 外部命令</p> <h2>例子</h2>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 关于外部命令优先级最高的情况请参考enable命令。</span> <p>同名情况下的优先级顺序：</p>
<p>builtin 内建命令 > 函数 > 内建命令 > 外部命令</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 关于外部命令优先级最高的情况请参考enable命令。</span>
<span class="token comment"># 此时内建命令优先使用</span> <span class="token comment"># 此时内建命令优先使用</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"the Great Wall"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"the Great Wall"</span>
<span class="token comment"># 调用内建命令type，返回命令的类型（builtin）</span> <span class="token comment"># 调用内建命令type，返回命令的类型（builtin）</span>
@ -68,7 +74,7 @@
<span class="token comment"># 此时内建命令优先使用</span> <span class="token comment"># 此时内建命令优先使用</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">builtin</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> -e <span class="token string">"backslash <span class="token entity" title="\\">\\</span>"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">builtin</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> -e <span class="token string">"backslash <span class="token entity" title="\\">\\</span>"</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 执行shell内部指令，输出当前系统下的命令别名</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 执行shell内部指令，输出当前系统下的命令别名</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">builtin</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">builtin</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">cp</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'cp -i'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">cp</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'cp -i'</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> l.<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'ls -d .* --color=tty'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> l.<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'ls -d .* --color=tty'</span>
@ -78,14 +84,16 @@
<span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">rm</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'rm -i'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">rm</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'rm -i'</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">which</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">alias</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">which</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol> <h3>注意</h3>
<li><p>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</p> <ol>
<li>
<p>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</p>
</li> </li>
<li><p>如果要调用的内建命令被禁用了（包括<code>builtin</code>），那么执行会报错；关于禁用和启用内建命令请参考<code>enable</code>命令。</p> <li>
<p>如果要调用的内建命令被禁用了（包括<code>builtin</code>），那么执行会报错；关于禁用和启用内建命令请参考<code>enable</code>命令。</p>
</li> </li>
</ol> </ol>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bunzip2.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bunzip2.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="bunzip2">bunzip2</h1><p>创一个bz2文件压缩包</p> <h1>bunzip2</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bunzip2命令</strong> 解压缩由bzip2指令创建的”.bz2&quot;压缩包。对文件进行压缩与解压缩。此命令类似于“gzip/gunzip”命令，只能对文件进行压缩。对于目录只能压缩目录下的所有文件，压缩完成后，在目录下生成以“.bz2”为后缀的压缩包。bunzip2其实是bzip2的符号链接，即软链接，因此压缩解压都可以通过bzip2实现。</p> <p>创一个bz2文件压缩包</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bunzip2<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bunzip2命令</strong> 解压缩由bzip2指令创建的”.bz2"压缩包。对文件进行压缩与解压缩。此命令类似于“gzip/gunzip”命令，只能对文件进行压缩。对于目录只能压缩目录下的所有文件，压缩完成后，在目录下生成以“.bz2”为后缀的压缩包。bunzip2其实是bzip2的符号链接，即软链接，因此压缩解压都可以通过bzip2实现。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bunzip2<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-f或--force：解压缩时，若输出的文件与现有文件同名时，预设不会覆盖现有的文件； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-f或--force：解压缩时，若输出的文件与现有文件同名时，预设不会覆盖现有的文件；
-k或——keep：在解压缩后，预设会删除原来的压缩文件。若要保留压缩文件，请使用此参数； -k或——keep：在解压缩后，预设会删除原来的压缩文件。若要保留压缩文件，请使用此参数；
-s或——small：降低程序执行时，内存的使用量； -s或——small：降低程序执行时，内存的使用量；
-v或——verbose：解压缩文件时，显示详细的信息； -v或——verbose：解压缩文件时，显示详细的信息；
-l，--license，-V或——version：显示版本信息。 -l，--license，-V或——version：显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>.bz2压缩包：指定需要解压缩的.bz2压缩包。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>将<code>/opt</code>目录下的etc.zip、var.zip和backup.zip进行压缩，设置压缩率为最高，同时在压缩完毕后不删除原始文件，显示压缩过程的详细信息。</p> <p>.bz2压缩包：指定需要解压缩的.bz2压缩包。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -9vk /opt/etc.zip /opt/var.zip /opt/backup.zip <h3>实例</h3>
<p>将<code>/opt</code>目录下的etc.zip、var.zip和backup.zip进行压缩，设置压缩率为最高，同时在压缩完毕后不删除原始文件，显示压缩过程的详细信息。</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -9vk /opt/etc.zip /opt/var.zip /opt/backup.zip
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>压缩完毕后，在<code>/opt</code>下就会生成相应的etc.zip.bz2、var.zip.bz2和backup.zip.bz2文件。</p> <p>压缩完毕后，在<code>/opt</code>下就会生成相应的etc.zip.bz2、var.zip.bz2和backup.zip.bz2文件。</p>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bye.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bye.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="bye">bye</h1><p>命令用于中断FTP连线并结束程序</p> <h1>bye</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bye命令</strong> 在ftp模式下，输入bye即可中断目前的连线作业，并结束ftp的执行。</p> <p>命令用于中断FTP连线并结束程序</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bye <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bye命令</strong> 在ftp模式下，输入bye即可中断目前的连线作业，并结束ftp的执行。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bye
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bye <h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bye
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<h1 id="bzcat">bzcat</h1><p>解压缩指定的.bz2文件</p> <h1>bzcat</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bzcat命令</strong> 解压缩指定的.bz2文件，并显示解压缩后的文件内容。保留原压缩文件，并且不生成解压缩后的文件。</p> <p>解压缩指定的.bz2文件</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bzcat<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bzcat命令</strong> 解压缩指定的.bz2文件，并显示解压缩后的文件内容。保留原压缩文件，并且不生成解压缩后的文件。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bzcat<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>.bz2压缩文件：指定要显示内容的.bz2压缩文件。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>将<code>/tmp/man.config</code>以bzip2格式压缩：</p> <p>.bz2压缩文件：指定要显示内容的.bz2压缩文件。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -z man.config <h3>实例</h3>
<p>将<code>/tmp/man.config</code>以bzip2格式压缩：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -z man.config
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>此时man.config会变成man.config.bz2</p> <p>此时man.config会变成man.config.bz2</p>
<p>将上面的压缩文件内容读出来：</p> <p>将上面的压缩文件内容读出来：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">bzcat man.config.bz2 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bzcat man.config.bz2
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>此时屏幕上会显示 man.config.bz2 解压缩之后的文件内容。</p> <p>此时屏幕上会显示 man.config.bz2 解压缩之后的文件内容。</p>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bzcmp.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bzcmp.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="bzcmp">bzcmp</h1><p>比较两个压缩包中的文件</p> <h1>bzcmp</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bzcmp命令</strong> 主要功能是在不真正解压缩.bz2压缩包的情况下，比较两个压缩包中的文件，省去了解压缩后在调用cmp命令的过程。</p> <p>比较两个压缩包中的文件</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bzcmp<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bzcmp命令</strong> 主要功能是在不真正解压缩.bz2压缩包的情况下，比较两个压缩包中的文件，省去了解压缩后在调用cmp命令的过程。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bzcmp<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<ul>
<li>文件1：指定要比较的第一个.bz2压缩包；</li> <li>文件1：指定要比较的第一个.bz2压缩包；</li>
<li>文件2：指定要比较的第二个.bz2压缩包。</li> <li>文件2：指定要比较的第二个.bz2压缩包。</li>
</ul> </ul>
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</span> </span>
<h1 id="bzdiff">bzdiff</h1><p>直接比较两个.bz2压缩包中文件的不同</p> <h1>bzdiff</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bzdiff命令</strong> 用于直接比较两个“.bz2”压缩包中文件的不同，省去了解压缩后再调用diff命令的过程。</p> <p>直接比较两个.bz2压缩包中文件的不同</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bzdiff<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bzdiff命令</strong> 用于直接比较两个“.bz2”压缩包中文件的不同，省去了解压缩后再调用diff命令的过程。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bzdiff<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<li> 文件1：指定要比较的第一个.bz2压缩包；</li> <ul>
<li> 文件2：指定要比较的第二个.bz2压缩包。</li> <li>文件1：指定要比较的第一个.bz2压缩包；</li>
<li>文件2：指定要比较的第二个.bz2压缩包。</li>
</ul> </ul>
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<h1 id="bzgrep">bzgrep</h1><p>使用正则表达式搜索.bz2压缩包中文件</p> <h1>bzgrep</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bzgrep命令</strong> 使用正则表达式搜索“.bz2”压缩包中文件，将匹配的行显示到标注输出。</p> <p>使用正则表达式搜索.bz2压缩包中文件</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bzgrep<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bzgrep命令</strong> 使用正则表达式搜索“.bz2”压缩包中文件，将匹配的行显示到标注输出。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bzgrep<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<li> 搜索模式：指定要搜索的模式；</li> <ul>
<li> .bz2文件：指定要搜索的.bz2压缩包。</li> <li>搜索模式：指定要搜索的模式；</li>
<li>.bz2文件：指定要搜索的.bz2压缩包。</li>
</ul> </ul>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bzip2.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bzip2.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="bzip2">bzip2</h1><p>将文件压缩成bz2格式</p> <h1>bzip2</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bzip2命令</strong> 用于创建和管理（包括解压缩）“.bz2”格式的压缩包。</p> <p>将文件压缩成bz2格式</p>
<h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bzip2命令</strong> 用于创建和管理（包括解压缩）“.bz2”格式的压缩包。</p>
<p>bzip2 采用 Burrows-Wheeler 块排序文本压缩算法和 Huffman 编码方式压缩文件。 压缩率一般比基于 LZ77/LZ78 的压缩软件好得多，其性能接近 PPM 族统计类压缩软件。</p> <p>bzip2 采用 Burrows-Wheeler 块排序文本压缩算法和 Huffman 编码方式压缩文件。 压缩率一般比基于 LZ77/LZ78 的压缩软件好得多，其性能接近 PPM 族统计类压缩软件。</p>
<p>命令行参数有意设计为非常接近 GNU gzip 的形式，但也不完全相同。</p> <p>命令行参数有意设计为非常接近 GNU gzip 的形式，但也不完全相同。</p>
<p>bzip2 从命令行读入文件名和参数。 每个文件被名为 &quot;原始文件名.bz2&quot; 的压缩文件替换。 每个压缩文件具有与原文件相同的修改时间、 权限， 如果可能的话，还具有相同的属主， 因此在解压缩时这些特性将正确地恢复。 在某些文件系统中， 没有权限、 属主或时间的概念， 或者对文件名的长度有严格限制， 例如 MSDOS，在这种情况下，bzip2 没有保持原文件名、 属主、 权限以及时间的机制， 从这个意义上说，bzip2 对文件名的处理是幼稚的。</p> <p>bzip2 从命令行读入文件名和参数。 每个文件被名为 "原始文件名.bz2" 的压缩文件替换。 每个压缩文件具有与原文件相同的修改时间、 权限， 如果可能的话，还具有相同的属主， 因此在解压缩时这些特性将正确地恢复。 在某些文件系统中， 没有权限、 属主或时间的概念， 或者对文件名的长度有严格限制， 例如 MSDOS，在这种情况下，bzip2 没有保持原文件名、 属主、 权限以及时间的机制， 从这个意义上说，bzip2 对文件名的处理是幼稚的。</p>
<p>bzip2 和 bunzip2 在缺省情况下不覆盖已有的文件。 如果想覆盖已有的文件，要指定 -f 选项。</p> <p>bzip2 和 bunzip2 在缺省情况下不覆盖已有的文件。 如果想覆盖已有的文件，要指定 -f 选项。</p>
<p>如果未指定文件名， bzip2 将压缩来自标准输入的数据并写往标准输出。在这种情况下， bzip2 会拒绝将压缩结果写往终端，因为这完全无法理解并且是没有意义的。</p> <p>如果未指定文件名， bzip2 将压缩来自标准输入的数据并写往标准输出。在这种情况下， bzip2 会拒绝将压缩结果写往终端，因为这完全无法理解并且是没有意义的。</p>
<p>bunzip2 (以及 bzip2 -d) 对所有指定的文件进行解压缩处理。不是由 bzip2 产生的文件将被忽略，同时发出一个警告信息。 bzip2 按下列方式由压缩文件名确定解压后的文件名：</p> <p>bunzip2 (以及 bzip2 -d) 对所有指定的文件进行解压缩处理。不是由 bzip2 产生的文件将被忽略，同时发出一个警告信息。 bzip2 按下列方式由压缩文件名确定解压后的文件名：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">filename.bz2 解压成 filename <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">filename.bz2 解压成 filename
filename.bz 解压成 filename filename.bz 解压成 filename
filename.tbz2 解压成 filename.tar filename.tbz2 解压成 filename.tar
filename.tbz 解压成 filename.tar filename.tbz 解压成 filename.tar
@ -58,9 +60,11 @@ anyothername 解压成 anyothername.out
<p>在压缩时，如果不提供文件名，bzip2 将从标准输入读取数据，压缩结果写往标准输出。</p> <p>在压缩时，如果不提供文件名，bzip2 将从标准输入读取数据，压缩结果写往标准输出。</p>
<p>bzip2 采用 32 位 CRC 校验码作自我检查，以确认解压后的文件与原始文件相同。 这可用于检测压缩文件是否损坏，并防止 bzip2 中未知的缺陷（运气好的话这种可能性非常小）。 数据损坏而未检测到的几率非常之小， 对于每个被处理的文件大约是四十亿分之一。 检查是在解压缩时进行的，因此它只能说明某个地方出问题了。 它能帮助恢复原始未压缩的数据。可以用 bzip2recover 来尝试从损坏的文件中恢复数据。</p> <p>bzip2 采用 32 位 CRC 校验码作自我检查，以确认解压后的文件与原始文件相同。 这可用于检测压缩文件是否损坏，并防止 bzip2 中未知的缺陷（运气好的话这种可能性非常小）。 数据损坏而未检测到的几率非常之小， 对于每个被处理的文件大约是四十亿分之一。 检查是在解压缩时进行的，因此它只能说明某个地方出问题了。 它能帮助恢复原始未压缩的数据。可以用 bzip2recover 来尝试从损坏的文件中恢复数据。</p>
<p>返回值：正常退出返回 0， 出现环境问题返回 1 （文件未找到，非法的选项，I/O错误等）， 返回 2 表明压缩文件损坏，出现导致 bzip2 紧急退出的内部一致性错误（例如缺陷）时返回 3。</p> <p>返回值：正常退出返回 0， 出现环境问题返回 1 （文件未找到，非法的选项，I/O错误等）， 返回 2 表明压缩文件损坏，出现导致 bzip2 紧急退出的内部一致性错误（例如缺陷）时返回 3。</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -cdfkqstvzVL123456789 <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> filenames <span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -cdfkqstvzVL123456789 <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> filenames <span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-c --stdout <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-c --stdout
<span class="token comment"># 将数据压缩或解压缩至标准输出。</span> <span class="token comment"># 将数据压缩或解压缩至标准输出。</span>
-d --decompress -d --decompress
@ -103,56 +107,57 @@ anyothername 解压成 anyothername.out
<span class="token comment"># 这些选项在 0.9.5 及其以上版本中是多余的。 在较早的版本中，这两个选项对排序算法的行为提供了一些粗糙的控制，有些情况下很有用。 0.9.5</span> <span class="token comment"># 这些选项在 0.9.5 及其以上版本中是多余的。 在较早的版本中，这两个选项对排序算法的行为提供了一些粗糙的控制，有些情况下很有用。 0.9.5</span>
<span class="token comment"># 及其以上版本采用了改进的算法而与这些选项无关。</span> <span class="token comment"># 及其以上版本采用了改进的算法而与这些选项无关。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定要压缩的文件。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p><strong>压缩指定文件filename:</strong> </p> <p>文件：指定要压缩的文件。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> filename <h3>实例</h3>
<p><strong>压缩指定文件filename:</strong></p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> filename
或 或
<span class="token function">bzip2</span> -z filename <span class="token function">bzip2</span> -z filename
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里，压缩的时候不会输出，会将原来的文件filename给删除，替换成filename.bz2.如果以前有filename.bz2则不会替换并提示错误（如果想要替换则指定-f选项，例如<code>bzip2 -f filename</code>；如果filename是目录则也提醒错误不做任何操作；如果filename已经是压过的了有bz2后缀就提醒一下，不再压缩，没有bz2后缀会再次压缩。</p> <p>这里，压缩的时候不会输出，会将原来的文件filename给删除，替换成filename.bz2.如果以前有filename.bz2则不会替换并提示错误（如果想要替换则指定-f选项，例如<code>bzip2 -f filename</code>；如果filename是目录则也提醒错误不做任何操作；如果filename已经是压过的了有bz2后缀就提醒一下，不再压缩，没有bz2后缀会再次压缩。</p>
<p><strong>解压指定的文件filename.bz2:</strong> </p> <p><strong>解压指定的文件filename.bz2:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -d filename.bz2 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -d filename.bz2
或 或
bunzip2 filename.bz2 bunzip2 filename.bz2
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里，解压的时候没标准输出，会将原来的文件filename.bz2给替换成filename。如果以前有filename则不会替换并提示错误（如果想要替换则指定<code>-f</code>选项，例如<code>bzip2 -df filename.bz2</code>。</p> <p>这里，解压的时候没标准输出，会将原来的文件filename.bz2给替换成filename。如果以前有filename则不会替换并提示错误（如果想要替换则指定<code>-f</code>选项，例如<code>bzip2 -df filename.bz2</code>。</p>
<p><strong>压缩解压的时候将结果也输出：</strong> </p> <p><strong>压缩解压的时候将结果也输出：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token variable">&#36;bzip2</span> -v filename <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token variable">$bzip2</span> -v filename
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>输入之后，输出如下：</p> <p>输入之后，输出如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">filename: <span class="token number">0.119</span>:1, <span class="token number">67.200</span> bits/byte, -740.00% saved, <span class="token number">5</span> in, <span class="token number">42</span> out. <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">filename: <span class="token number">0.119</span>:1, <span class="token number">67.200</span> bits/byte, -740.00% saved, <span class="token number">5</span> in, <span class="token number">42</span> out.
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里，加上<code>-v</code>选项就会输出了,只用压缩举例了，解压的时候同理<code>bzip2 -dv filename.bz2</code>不再举例了。</p> <p>这里，加上<code>-v</code>选项就会输出了,只用压缩举例了，解压的时候同理<code>bzip2 -dv filename.bz2</code>不再举例了。</p>
<p><strong>模拟解压实际并不解压：</strong> </p> <p><strong>模拟解压实际并不解压：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -tv filename.bz2 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -tv filename.bz2
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>输入之后，输出如下：</p> <p>输入之后，输出如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">filename.bz2: ok <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">filename.bz2: ok
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里，<code>-t</code>指定要进行模拟解压，不实际生成结果，也就是说类似检查文件,当然就算目录下面有filename也不会有什么错误输出了，因为它根本不会真的解压文件。为了在屏幕上输出，这里加上<code>-v</code>选项了,如果是真的解压<code>bzip2 -dv filename.bz2</code>则输出的是把&quot;ok&quot;替换成了&quot;done&quot;。</p> <p>这里，<code>-t</code>指定要进行模拟解压，不实际生成结果，也就是说类似检查文件,当然就算目录下面有filename也不会有什么错误输出了，因为它根本不会真的解压文件。为了在屏幕上输出，这里加上<code>-v</code>选项了,如果是真的解压<code>bzip2 -dv filename.bz2</code>则输出的是把"ok"替换成了"done"。</p>
<p><strong>压缩解压的时候，除了生成结果文件，将原来的文件也保存:</strong> </p> <p><strong>压缩解压的时候，除了生成结果文件，将原来的文件也保存:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -k filename <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -k filename
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里，加上<code>-k</code>就保存原始的文件了，否则原始文件会被结果文件替代。只用压缩举例了，解压的时候同理<code>$bzip2 -dk filename.bz2</code>不再举例了。</p> <p>这里，加上<code>-k</code>就保存原始的文件了，否则原始文件会被结果文件替代。只用压缩举例了，解压的时候同理<code>$bzip2 -dk filename.bz2</code>不再举例了。</p>
<p><strong>解压到标准输出：</strong> </p> <p><strong>解压到标准输出：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -dc filename.bz2 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -dc filename.bz2
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>输入之后，输出如下：</p> <p>输入之后，输出如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">hahahhaahahha <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">hahahhaahahha
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里，使用<code>-c</code>指定到标准输出，输出的是文件filename的内容，不会将filename.bz2删除。</p> <p>这里，使用<code>-c</code>指定到标准输出，输出的是文件filename的内容，不会将filename.bz2删除。</p>
<p><strong>压缩到标准输出：</strong> </p> <p><strong>压缩到标准输出：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -c filename <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -c filename
bzip2: I won't <span class="token function">write</span> compressed data to a terminal. bzip2: I won<span class="token string">'t write compressed data to a terminal.
bzip2: For help, type: `bzip2 --help'. bzip2: For help, type: `bzip2 --help'</span><span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里，使用<code>-c</code>指定压缩到标准输出不删除原有文件，不同的是，压缩后的文件无法输出到标准输出。</p> <p>这里，使用<code>-c</code>指定压缩到标准输出不删除原有文件，不同的是，压缩后的文件无法输出到标准输出。</p>
<p><strong>使用bzip2的时候将所有后面的看作文件(即使文件名以&#39;-&#39;开头)：</strong> </p> <p><strong>使用bzip2的时候将所有后面的看作文件(即使文件名以'-'开头)：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -- -myfilename <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">bzip2</span> -- -myfilename
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里主要是为了防止文件名中<code>-</code>产生以为是选项的歧义。</p> <p>这里主要是为了防止文件名中<code>-</code>产生以为是选项的歧义。</p>
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<title>bzip2recover 命令，Linux bzip2recover 命令详解：恢复被破坏的.bz2压缩包中的文件 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>bzip2recover 命令，Linux bzip2recover 命令详解：恢复被破坏的.bz2压缩包中的文件 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bzip2recover.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bzip2recover.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="bzip2recover">bzip2recover</h1><p>恢复被破坏的.bz2压缩包中的文件</p> <h1>bzip2recover</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bzip2recover命令</strong> 可用于恢复被破坏的“.bz2”压缩包中的文件。</p> <p>恢复被破坏的.bz2压缩包中的文件</p>
<h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bzip2recover命令</strong> 可用于恢复被破坏的“.bz2”压缩包中的文件。</p>
<p>bzip2是以区块的方式来压缩文件，每个区块视为独立的单位。因此，当某一区块损坏时，便可利用bzip2recover，试着将文件中的区块隔开来，以便解压缩正常的区块。通常只适用在压缩文件很大的情况。</p> <p>bzip2是以区块的方式来压缩文件，每个区块视为独立的单位。因此，当某一区块损坏时，便可利用bzip2recover，试着将文件中的区块隔开来，以便解压缩正常的区块。通常只适用在压缩文件很大的情况。</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bzip2recover<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bzip2recover<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定要恢复数据的.bz2压缩包。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<p>文件：指定要恢复数据的.bz2压缩包。</p>
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<h1 id="bzless">bzless</h1><p>增强.bz2压缩包查看器</p> <h1>bzless</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bzless命令</strong> 是增强“.bz2”压缩包查看器，bzless比bzmore命令功能更加强大。</p> <p>增强.bz2压缩包查看器</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bzless<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bzless命令</strong> 是增强“.bz2”压缩包查看器，bzless比bzmore命令功能更加强大。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bzless<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定要分屏显示的.bz2压缩包。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<p>文件：指定要分屏显示的.bz2压缩包。</p>
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@ -40,11 +40,15 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bzmore.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/bzmore.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="bzmore">bzmore</h1><p>查看bzip2压缩过的文本文件的内容</p> <h1>bzmore</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>bzmore命令</strong> 用于查看bzip2压缩过的文本文件的内容，当下一屏显示不下时可以实现分屏显示。</p> <p>查看bzip2压缩过的文本文件的内容</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">bzmore<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>bzmore命令</strong> 用于查看bzip2压缩过的文本文件的内容，当下一屏显示不下时可以实现分屏显示。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">bzmore<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定要分屏显示的.bz2压缩包。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<p>文件：指定要分屏显示的.bz2压缩包。</p>
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<title>cal 命令，Linux cal 命令详解：显示当前日历或指定日期的日历 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>cal 命令，Linux cal 命令详解：显示当前日历或指定日期的日历 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cal.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cal.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cal">cal</h1><p>显示当前日历或指定日期的日历</p> <h1>cal</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>cal命令</strong> 用于显示当前日历，或者指定日期的日历，如果没有指定参数，则显示当前月份。</p> <p>显示当前日历或指定日期的日历</p>
<h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>cal命令</strong> 用于显示当前日历，或者指定日期的日历，如果没有指定参数，则显示当前月份。</p>
<p>一个单一的参数指定要显示的年份 (1 - 9999) ; 注意年份必须被完全地指定: cal 89 不会 显示1989年的日历. 两个参数表示月份 (1 - 12) 和年份. 如果没有指定参数, <p>一个单一的参数指定要显示的年份 (1 - 9999) ; 注意年份必须被完全地指定: cal 89 不会 显示1989年的日历. 两个参数表示月份 (1 - 12) 和年份. 如果没有指定参数,
则显示当前月份的日历.</p> 则显示当前月份的日历.</p>
<p>一年从Jan 1 (1 月 1 日) 开始.</p> <p>一年从Jan 1 (1 月 1 日) 开始.</p>
<p>格里高利历法改革(Gregorian Reformation)被认为发生于 1752 年 9 月 3 日. 在此之前, 多数国家已经认可这项改革(尽管有一些直到 20 世纪初才认可它). 那天之后的 10 <p>格里高利历法改革(Gregorian Reformation)被认为发生于 1752 年 9 月 3 日. 在此之前, 多数国家已经认可这项改革(尽管有一些直到 20 世纪初才认可它). 那天之后的 10
天在这项改革被略去了, 所以那个月的日历有点不太寻常.</p> 天在这项改革被略去了, 所以那个月的日历有点不太寻常.</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cal</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -mjy <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> 月份 <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> 年份 <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cal</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -mjy <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> 月份 <span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> 年份 <span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-l <span class="token comment"># 显示单月输出；</span> <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-l <span class="token comment"># 显示单月输出；</span>
-3 <span class="token comment"># 显示临近三个月的日历；</span> -3 <span class="token comment"># 显示临近三个月的日历；</span>
-s <span class="token comment"># 将星期日作为月的第一天；</span> -s <span class="token comment"># 将星期日作为月的第一天；</span>
-m <span class="token comment"># 显示星期一作为一周的第一天.. (缺省为星期日.)</span> -m <span class="token comment"># 显示星期一作为一周的第一天.. (缺省为星期日.)</span>
-j <span class="token comment"># 显示儒略历的(Julian)日期 (以 1 为基的天数, 从 1 月 1 日开始计数) .</span> -j <span class="token comment"># 显示儒略历的(Julian)日期 (以 1 为基的天数, 从 1 月 1 日开始计数) .</span>
-y <span class="token comment"># 显示当前年份的日历..</span> -y <span class="token comment"># 显示当前年份的日历..</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">月：指定月份； <h3>参数</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">月：指定月份；
年：指定年份。 年：指定年份。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>单独执行cal命令会打印出日历：</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cal</span> <p>单独执行cal命令会打印出日历：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cal</span>
十二月 <span class="token number">2013</span> 十二月 <span class="token number">2013</span>
日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六
<span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">5</span> <span class="token number">6</span> <span class="token number">7</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">5</span> <span class="token number">6</span> <span class="token number">7</span>
@ -69,7 +75,7 @@
<span class="token number">22</span> <span class="token number">23</span> <span class="token number">24</span> <span class="token number">25</span> <span class="token number">26</span> <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">28</span> <span class="token number">22</span> <span class="token number">23</span> <span class="token number">24</span> <span class="token number">25</span> <span class="token number">26</span> <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">28</span>
<span class="token number">29</span> <span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">31</span> <span class="token number">29</span> <span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">31</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cal -j</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cal -j</span>
十二月 <span class="token number">2013</span> 十二月 <span class="token number">2013</span>
日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六
<span class="token number">335</span> <span class="token number">336</span> <span class="token number">337</span> <span class="token number">338</span> <span class="token number">339</span> <span class="token number">340</span> <span class="token number">341</span> <span class="token number">335</span> <span class="token number">336</span> <span class="token number">337</span> <span class="token number">338</span> <span class="token number">339</span> <span class="token number">340</span> <span class="token number">341</span>
@ -78,7 +84,7 @@
<span class="token number">356</span> <span class="token number">357</span> <span class="token number">358</span> <span class="token number">359</span> <span class="token number">360</span> <span class="token number">361</span> <span class="token number">362</span> <span class="token number">356</span> <span class="token number">357</span> <span class="token number">358</span> <span class="token number">359</span> <span class="token number">360</span> <span class="token number">361</span> <span class="token number">362</span>
<span class="token number">363</span> <span class="token number">364</span> <span class="token number">365</span> <span class="token number">363</span> <span class="token number">364</span> <span class="token number">365</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cal -3</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cal -3</span>
十一月 <span class="token number">2013</span> 十二月 <span class="token number">2013</span> 一月 <span class="token number">2014</span> 十一月 <span class="token number">2013</span> 十二月 <span class="token number">2013</span> 一月 <span class="token number">2014</span>
日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六
<span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">5</span> <span class="token number">6</span> <span class="token number">7</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">5</span> <span class="token number">6</span> <span class="token number">7</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">4</span>
@ -88,7 +94,6 @@
<span class="token number">24</span> <span class="token number">25</span> <span class="token number">26</span> <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">28</span> <span class="token number">29</span> <span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">29</span> <span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">31</span> <span class="token number">26</span> <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">28</span> <span class="token number">29</span> <span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">31</span> <span class="token number">24</span> <span class="token number">25</span> <span class="token number">26</span> <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">28</span> <span class="token number">29</span> <span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">29</span> <span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">31</span> <span class="token number">26</span> <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">28</span> <span class="token number">29</span> <span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">31</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cancel.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cancel.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cancel">cancel</h1><p>取消已存在的打印任务</p> <h1>cancel</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>cancel命令</strong> 用于取消已存在的打印任务。</p> <p>取消已存在的打印任务</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">cancel<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>cancel命令</strong> 用于取消已存在的打印任务。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cancel<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-a：取消所有打印任务； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-a：取消所有打印任务；
-E：当连接到服务器时强制使用加密； -E：当连接到服务器时强制使用加密；
-U：指定连接服务器时使用的用户名； -U：指定连接服务器时使用的用户名；
-u：指定打印任务所属的用户； -u：指定打印任务所属的用户；
-h：指定连接的服务器名和端口号。 -h：指定连接的服务器名和端口号。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>打印任务号：指定要取消的打印任务编号。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<p>打印任务号：指定要取消的打印任务编号。</p>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cat.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cat.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cat">cat</h1><p>连接多个文件并打印到标准输出。</p> <h1>cat</h1>
<h2 id="概要">概要</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cat</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>FILE<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <p>连接多个文件并打印到标准输出。</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cat</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>FILE<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<ul>
<li>显示文件内容，如果没有文件或文件为<code>-</code>则读取标准输入。</li> <li>显示文件内容，如果没有文件或文件为<code>-</code>则读取标准输入。</li>
<li>将多个文件的内容进行连接并打印到标准输出。</li> <li>将多个文件的内容进行连接并打印到标准输出。</li>
<li>显示文件内容中的不可见字符（控制字符、换行符、制表符等）。</li> <li>显示文件内容中的不可见字符（控制字符、换行符、制表符等）。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="参数">参数</h2><p>FILE（可选）：要处理的文件，可以为一或多个。</p> <h2>参数</h2>
<h2 id="选项">选项</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">长选项与短选项等价 <p>FILE（可选）：要处理的文件，可以为一或多个。</p>
<h2>选项</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">长选项与短选项等价
-A, --show-all 等价于<span class="token string">"-vET"</span>组合选项。 -A, --show-all 等价于<span class="token string">"-vET"</span>组合选项。
-b, --number-nonblank 只对非空行编号，从1开始编号，覆盖<span class="token string">"-n"</span>选项。 -b, --number-nonblank 只对非空行编号，从1开始编号，覆盖<span class="token string">"-n"</span>选项。
-e 等价于<span class="token string">"-vE"</span>组合选项。 -e 等价于<span class="token string">"-vE"</span>组合选项。
-E, --show-ends 在每行的结尾显示<span class="token string">'&#36;'</span>字符。 -E, --show-ends 在每行的结尾显示<span class="token string">'
-n, --number 对所有行编号，从1开始编号。
-s, --squeeze-blank 压缩连续的空行到一行。
-t 等价于<span class="token string">"-vT"</span>组合选项。
-T, --show-tabs 使用<span class="token string">"^I"</span>表示TAB（制表符）。
-u POSIX兼容性选项，无意义。
-v, --show-nonprinting 使用<span class="token string">"^"</span>和<span class="token string">"M-"</span>符号显示控制字符，除了LFD（line feed，即换行符<span class="token string">'<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>'</span>）和TAB（制表符）。
--help 显示帮助信息并退出。
--version 显示版本信息并退出。
</code></pre>
<h2 id="返回值">返回值</h2><p>返回状态为成功除非给出了非法选项或非法参数。</p>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 合并显示多个文件</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> ./1.log ./2.log ./3.log
<span class="token comment"># 显示文件中的非打印字符、tab、换行符</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> -A test.log
<span class="token comment"># 压缩文件的空行</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> -s test.log
<span class="token comment"># 显示文件并在所有行开头附加行号</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> -n test.log
<span class="token comment"># 显示文件并在所有非空行开头附加行号</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> -b test.log
<span class="token comment"># 将标准输入的内容和文件内容一并显示</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">'######'</span> <span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token function">cat</span> - test.log
</code></pre>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol>
<li>该命令是<code>GNU coreutils</code>包中的命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>man -s 1 cat</code>或<code>info coreutils &#39;cat invocation&#39;</code>。</li>
<li>当使用<code>cat</code>命令查看<strong>体积较大的文件</strong>时，文本在屏幕上迅速闪过（滚屏），用户往往看不清所显示的内容，为了控制滚屏，可以按<code>Ctrl+s</code>键停止滚屏；按<code>Ctrl+q</code>键恢复滚屏；按<code>Ctrl+c</code>（中断）键可以终止该命令的执行，返回Shell提示符状态。</li>
<li>建议您查看<strong>体积较大的文件</strong>时使用<code>less</code>、<code>more</code>命令或<code>emacs</code>、<code>vi</code>等文本编辑器。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="参考链接">参考链接</h3><ol>
<li><a href="https://superuser.com/questions/328054/is-there-an-lfd-key-on-my-keyboard">Question about LFD key</a></li>
</ol>
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</html></span>字符。
-n, --number 对所有行编号，从1开始编号。
-s, --squeeze-blank 压缩连续的空行到一行。
-t 等价于<span class="token string">"-vT"</span>组合选项。
-T, --show-tabs 使用<span class="token string">"^I"</span>表示TAB（制表符）。
-u POSIX兼容性选项，无意义。
-v, --show-nonprinting 使用<span class="token string">"^"</span>和<span class="token string">"M-"</span>符号显示控制字符，除了LFD（line feed，即换行符<span class="token string">'\n'</span>）和TAB（制表符）。
--help 显示帮助信息并退出。
--version 显示版本信息并退出。
</code></pre>
<h2>返回值</h2>
<p>返回状态为成功除非给出了非法选项或非法参数。</p>
<h2>例子</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 合并显示多个文件</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> ./1.log ./2.log ./3.log
<span class="token comment"># 显示文件中的非打印字符、tab、换行符</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> -A test.log
<span class="token comment"># 压缩文件的空行</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> -s test.log
<span class="token comment"># 显示文件并在所有行开头附加行号</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> -n test.log
<span class="token comment"># 显示文件并在所有非空行开头附加行号</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> -b test.log
<span class="token comment"># 将标准输入的内容和文件内容一并显示</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">'######'</span> <span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token function">cat</span> - test.log
</code></pre>
<h3>注意</h3>
<ol>
<li>该命令是<code>GNU coreutils</code>包中的命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>man -s 1 cat</code>或<code>info coreutils 'cat invocation'</code>。</li>
<li>当使用<code>cat</code>命令查看<strong>体积较大的文件</strong>时，文本在屏幕上迅速闪过（滚屏），用户往往看不清所显示的内容，为了控制滚屏，可以按<code>Ctrl+s</code>键停止滚屏；按<code>Ctrl+q</code>键恢复滚屏；按<code>Ctrl+c</code>（中断）键可以终止该命令的执行，返回Shell提示符状态。</li>
<li>建议您查看<strong>体积较大的文件</strong>时使用<code>less</code>、<code>more</code>命令或<code>emacs</code>、<code>vi</code>等文本编辑器。</li>
</ol>
<h3>参考链接</h3>
<ol>
<li><a href="https://superuser.com/questions/328054/is-there-an-lfd-key-on-my-keyboard">Question about LFD key</a></li>
</ol>
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<title>cd 命令，Linux cd 命令详解：切换用户当前工作目录。 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>cd 命令，Linux cd 命令详解：切换用户当前工作目录。 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cd.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cd.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cd">cd</h1><p>切换用户当前工作目录。</p> <h1>cd</h1>
<h2 id="概要">概要</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-L<span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-P <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-e<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>dir<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p>切换用户当前工作目录。</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-L<span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-P <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-e<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>dir<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<ul>
<li>切换工作目录至<code>dir</code>。其中<code>dir</code>的表示法可以是绝对路径或相对路径。</li> <li>切换工作目录至<code>dir</code>。其中<code>dir</code>的表示法可以是绝对路径或相对路径。</li>
<li>若参数<code>dir</code>省略，则默认为使用者的shell变量<code>HOME</code>。</li> <li>若参数<code>dir</code>省略，则默认为使用者的shell变量<code>HOME</code>。</li>
<li>如果<code>dir</code>指定为<code>~</code>时表示为使用者的shell变量<code>HOME</code>，<code>.</code>表示当前目录，<code>..</code>表示当前目录的上一级目录。</li> <li>如果<code>dir</code>指定为<code>~</code>时表示为使用者的shell变量<code>HOME</code>，<code>.</code>表示当前目录，<code>..</code>表示当前目录的上一级目录。</li>
<li>环境变量<code>CDPATH</code>是由冒号分割的一到多个目录，你可以将常去的目录的上一级加入到<code>CDPATH</code>以便方便访问它们；如果<code>dir</code>以<code>/</code>开头那么<code>CDPATH</code>不会被使用。</li> <li>环境变量<code>CDPATH</code>是由冒号分割的一到多个目录，你可以将常去的目录的上一级加入到<code>CDPATH</code>以便方便访问它们；如果<code>dir</code>以<code>/</code>开头那么<code>CDPATH</code>不会被使用。</li>
<li>当<code>shopt</code>选项<code>cdable_vars</code>打开时，如果<code>dir</code>在<code>CDPATH</code>及当前目录下均不存在，那么会把它当作变量，读取它的值作为要进入的目录。</li> <li>当<code>shopt</code>选项<code>cdable_vars</code>打开时，如果<code>dir</code>在<code>CDPATH</code>及当前目录下均不存在，那么会把它当作变量，读取它的值作为要进入的目录。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="参数">参数</h2><p>dir（可选）：指定要切换到的目录。</p> <h2>参数</h2>
<h2 id="选项">选项</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">-L （默认值）如果要切换到的目标目录是一个符号连接，那么切换到符号连接的目录。 <p>dir（可选）：指定要切换到的目录。</p>
<h2>选项</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-L （默认值）如果要切换到的目标目录是一个符号连接，那么切换到符号连接的目录。
-P 如果要切换到的目标目录是一个符号连接，那么切换到它指向的物理位置目录。 -P 如果要切换到的目标目录是一个符号连接，那么切换到它指向的物理位置目录。
- 当前工作目录将被切换到环境变量<span class="token environment constant">OLDPWD</span>所表示的目录，也就是前一个工作目录。 - 当前工作目录将被切换到环境变量<span class="token environment constant">OLDPWD</span>所表示的目录，也就是前一个工作目录。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="返回值">返回值</h2><p>返回状态为成功除非无法进入指定的目录。</p> <h2>返回值</h2>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token comment"># 进入用户主目录；</span> <p>返回状态为成功除非无法进入指定的目录。</p>
<h2>例子</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token comment"># 进入用户主目录；</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> / <span class="token comment"># 进入根目录</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> / <span class="token comment"># 进入根目录</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> ~ <span class="token comment"># 进入用户主目录；</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> ~ <span class="token comment"># 进入用户主目录；</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span> <span class="token comment"># 返回上级目录（若当前目录为“/“，则执行完后还在“/"；".."为上级目录的意思）；</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span> <span class="token comment"># 返回上级目录（若当前目录为“/“，则执行完后还在“/"；".."为上级目录的意思）；</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>/<span class="token punctuation">..</span> <span class="token comment"># 返回上两级目录；</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>/<span class="token punctuation">..</span> <span class="token comment"># 返回上两级目录；</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token operator">!</span>&#36; <span class="token comment"># 把上个命令的参数作为cd参数使用。</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token operator">!</span>$ <span class="token comment"># 把上个命令的参数作为cd参数使用。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>关于切换到上一个工作目录的说明</p> <p>关于切换到上一个工作目录的说明</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> - <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> -
<span class="token comment"># 命令会首先显示要切换到的目标目录，然后再进入。</span> <span class="token comment"># 命令会首先显示要切换到的目标目录，然后再进入。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;{<span class="token environment constant">OLDPWD</span>}</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token variable">${<span class="token environment constant">OLDPWD</span>}</span>
<span class="token comment"># 命令会直接切换到上一个工作目录。</span> <span class="token comment"># 命令会直接切换到上一个工作目录。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>关于<code>CDPATH</code></p> <p>关于<code>CDPATH</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 设置桌面文件夹作为CDPATH的值。</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 设置桌面文件夹作为CDPATH的值。</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">CDPATH</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'~/Desktop'</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">CDPATH</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'~/Desktop'</span>
<span class="token comment"># 假设我们接下来要演示涉及到的路径~和~/Desktop下没有test3文件夹，现在新建它们。</span> <span class="token comment"># 假设我们接下来要演示涉及到的路径~和~/Desktop下没有test3文件夹，现在新建它们。</span>
<span class="token function">mkdir</span> ~/test3 <span class="token function">mkdir</span> ~/test3
@ -83,7 +90,7 @@
<span class="token comment"># 如果CDPATH存在值，那么优先在CDPATH中查找并进入第一个匹配成功的，如果全部失败那么最后尝试当前目录。</span> <span class="token comment"># 如果CDPATH存在值，那么优先在CDPATH中查找并进入第一个匹配成功的，如果全部失败那么最后尝试当前目录。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>关于<code>cdable_vars</code></p> <p>关于<code>cdable_vars</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 打开选项。</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 打开选项。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">shopt</span> -s cdable_vars <span class="token builtin class-name">shopt</span> -s cdable_vars
<span class="token comment"># 假设当前路径以及CDPATH没有名为new_var的目录。</span> <span class="token comment"># 假设当前路径以及CDPATH没有名为new_var的目录。</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">new_var</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'~/Desktop'</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">new_var</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'~/Desktop'</span>
@ -92,14 +99,16 @@
<span class="token comment"># 关闭选项。</span> <span class="token comment"># 关闭选项。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">shopt</span> -u cdable_vars <span class="token builtin class-name">shopt</span> -u cdable_vars
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol> <h3>注意</h3>
<li><p>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</p> <ol>
<li>
<p>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</p>
</li> </li>
<li><p>建议您在编写脚本的过程中如有必要使用<code>cd</code>命令时，请增加必要的注释以用于提醒阅读者当前工作目录，以免出现诸如<code>找不到文件</code>这类问题的发生。</p> <li>
<p>建议您在编写脚本的过程中如有必要使用<code>cd</code>命令时，请增加必要的注释以用于提醒阅读者当前工作目录，以免出现诸如<code>找不到文件</code>这类问题的发生。</p>
</li> </li>
</ol> </ol>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cdrecord.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cdrecord.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cdrecord">cdrecord</h1><p>Linux系统下光盘刻录功能命令</p> <h1>cdrecord</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>cdrecord命令</strong> 用于Linux系统下光盘刻录，它支持cd和DVD格式。linux下一般都带有cdrecord软件。</p> <p>Linux系统下光盘刻录功能命令</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">cdrecord<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>cdrecord命令</strong> 用于Linux系统下光盘刻录，它支持cd和DVD格式。linux下一般都带有cdrecord软件。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cdrecord<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-v：显示刻录光盘的详细过程； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-v：显示刻录光盘的详细过程；
-eject：刻录完成后弹出光盘； -eject：刻录完成后弹出光盘；
<span class="token assign-left variable">speed</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>刻录倍速<span class="token operator">></span>：指定光盘刻录的倍速； <span class="token assign-left variable">speed</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>刻录倍速<span class="token operator">></span>：指定光盘刻录的倍速；
<span class="token assign-left variable">dev</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>刻录机设备号<span class="token operator">></span>：指定使用“-scanbus”参数扫描到的刻录机的设备号； <span class="token assign-left variable">dev</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>刻录机设备号<span class="token operator">></span>：指定使用“-scanbus”参数扫描到的刻录机的设备号；
-scanbus：扫描系统中可用的刻录机。 -scanbus：扫描系统中可用的刻录机。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>ISO文件：指定刻录光盘使用的ISO映像文件。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>查看系统所有 CD-R(w) 设备：</p> <p>ISO文件：指定刻录光盘使用的ISO映像文件。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">cdrecord -scanbus <h3>实例</h3>
<p>查看系统所有 CD-R(w) 设备：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cdrecord -scanbus
scsibus0: scsibus0:
<span class="token number">0,0</span>,0 <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> * <span class="token number">0,0</span>,0 <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> *
<span class="token number">0,1</span>,0 <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> * <span class="token number">0,1</span>,0 <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> *
@ -60,7 +66,7 @@ scsibus0:
<span class="token number">0,3</span>,0 <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token string">'HP '</span> <span class="token string">'CD-Writer+ 9200 '</span> <span class="token string">'1.0c'</span> Removable CD-ROM <span class="token number">0,3</span>,0 <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token string">'HP '</span> <span class="token string">'CD-Writer+ 9200 '</span> <span class="token string">'1.0c'</span> Removable CD-ROM
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>用iso文件刻录一张光盘：</p> <p>用iso文件刻录一张光盘：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">cdrecord -v -eject <span class="token assign-left variable">speed</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">dev</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0,3</span>,0 backup.iso <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cdrecord -v -eject <span class="token assign-left variable">speed</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">dev</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0,3</span>,0 backup.iso
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>参数解释</p> <p>参数解释</p>
<ul> <ul>
@ -69,7 +75,7 @@ scsibus0:
<li>speed=4 dev=0,3,0：四速刻录到HP CD-writer设备上。</li> <li>speed=4 dev=0,3,0：四速刻录到HP CD-writer设备上。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p>擦写光驱：</p> <p>擦写光驱：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">cdrecord --dev<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0,3</span>,0 --blank<span class="token operator">=</span>fast <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cdrecord --dev<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0,3</span>,0 --blank<span class="token operator">=</span>fast
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chage.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chage.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="chage">chage</h1><p>修改帐号和密码的有效期限</p> <h1>chage</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>chage命令</strong> 是用来修改帐号和密码的有效期限。</p> <p>修改帐号和密码的有效期限</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">chage <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span> 用户名 <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>chage命令</strong> 是用来修改帐号和密码的有效期限。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chage <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span> 用户名
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-m：密码可更改的最小天数。为零时代表任何时候都可以更改密码。 <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-m：密码可更改的最小天数。为零时代表任何时候都可以更改密码。
-M：密码保持有效的最大天数。 -M：密码保持有效的最大天数。
-w：用户密码到期前，提前收到警告信息的天数。 -w：用户密码到期前，提前收到警告信息的天数。
-E：帐号到期的日期。过了这天，此帐号将不可用。 -E：帐号到期的日期。过了这天，此帐号将不可用。
@ -52,14 +56,15 @@
-i：停滞时期。如果一个密码已过期这些天，那么此帐号将不可用。 -i：停滞时期。如果一个密码已过期这些天，那么此帐号将不可用。
-l：例出当前的设置。由非特权用户来确定他们的密码或帐号何时过期。 -l：例出当前的设置。由非特权用户来确定他们的密码或帐号何时过期。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>可以编辑<code>/etc/login.defs</code>来设定几个参数，以后设置口令默认就按照参数设定为准：</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">PASS_MAX_DAYS <span class="token number">99999</span> <p>可以编辑<code>/etc/login.defs</code>来设定几个参数，以后设置口令默认就按照参数设定为准：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">PASS_MAX_DAYS <span class="token number">99999</span>
PASS_MIN_DAYS <span class="token number">0</span> PASS_MIN_DAYS <span class="token number">0</span>
PASS_MIN_LEN <span class="token number">5</span> PASS_MIN_LEN <span class="token number">5</span>
PASS_WARN_AGE <span class="token number">7</span> PASS_WARN_AGE <span class="token number">7</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>当然在<code>/etc/default/useradd</code>可以找到如下2个参数进行设置：</p> <p>当然在<code>/etc/default/useradd</code>可以找到如下2个参数进行设置：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># useradd defaults file</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># useradd defaults file</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">GROUP</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">GROUP</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">100</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable"><span class="token environment constant">HOME</span></span><span class="token operator">=</span>/home <span class="token assign-left variable"><span class="token environment constant">HOME</span></span><span class="token operator">=</span>/home
<span class="token assign-left variable">INACTIVE</span><span class="token operator">=</span>-1 <span class="token assign-left variable">INACTIVE</span><span class="token operator">=</span>-1
@ -70,7 +75,7 @@ PASS_WARN_AGE <span class="token number">7</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>通过修改配置文件，能对之后新建用户起作用，而目前系统已经存在的用户，则直接用chage来配置。</p> <p>通过修改配置文件，能对之后新建用户起作用，而目前系统已经存在的用户，则直接用chage来配置。</p>
<p>我的服务器root帐户密码策略信息如下：</p> <p>我的服务器root帐户密码策略信息如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@linuxde ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chage -l root</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@linuxde ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chage -l root</span>
最近一次密码修改时间 ： <span class="token number">3</span>月 <span class="token number">12</span>, <span class="token number">2013</span> 最近一次密码修改时间 ： <span class="token number">3</span>月 <span class="token number">12</span>, <span class="token number">2013</span>
密码过期时间 ：从不 密码过期时间 ：从不
密码失效时间 ：从不 密码失效时间 ：从不
@ -80,7 +85,7 @@ PASS_WARN_AGE <span class="token number">7</span>
在密码过期之前警告的天数 ：7 在密码过期之前警告的天数 ：7
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>我可以通过如下命令修改我的密码过期时间：</p> <p>我可以通过如下命令修改我的密码过期时间：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@linuxde ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chage -M 60 root</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@linuxde ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chage -M 60 root</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@linuxde ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chage -l root</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@linuxde ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chage -l root</span>
最近一次密码修改时间 ： <span class="token number">3</span>月 <span class="token number">12</span>, <span class="token number">2013</span> 最近一次密码修改时间 ： <span class="token number">3</span>月 <span class="token number">12</span>, <span class="token number">2013</span>
密码过期时间 ： <span class="token number">5</span>月 <span class="token number">11</span>, <span class="token number">2013</span> 密码过期时间 ： <span class="token number">5</span>月 <span class="token number">11</span>, <span class="token number">2013</span>
@ -91,7 +96,7 @@ PASS_WARN_AGE <span class="token number">7</span>
在密码过期之前警告的天数 ：9 在密码过期之前警告的天数 ：9
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>然后通过如下命令设置密码失效时间：</p> <p>然后通过如下命令设置密码失效时间：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@linuxde ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chage -I 5 root</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@linuxde ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chage -I 5 root</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@linuxde ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chage -l root</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@linuxde ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chage -l root</span>
最近一次密码修改时间 ： <span class="token number">3</span>月 <span class="token number">12</span>, <span class="token number">2013</span> 最近一次密码修改时间 ： <span class="token number">3</span>月 <span class="token number">12</span>, <span class="token number">2013</span>
密码过期时间 ： <span class="token number">5</span>月 <span class="token number">11</span>, <span class="token number">2013</span> 密码过期时间 ： <span class="token number">5</span>月 <span class="token number">11</span>, <span class="token number">2013</span>
@ -125,7 +130,7 @@ PASS_WARN_AGE <span class="token number">7</span>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chattr.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chattr.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="chattr">chattr</h1><p>用来改变文件属性</p> <h1>chattr</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>chattr命令</strong> 用来改变文件属性。这项指令可改变存放在ext2文件系统上的文件或目录属性，这些属性共有以下8种模式：</p> <p>用来改变文件属性</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">chattr<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>chattr命令</strong> 用来改变文件属性。这项指令可改变存放在ext2文件系统上的文件或目录属性，这些属性共有以下8种模式：</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chattr<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">a：让文件或目录仅供附加用途； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">a：让文件或目录仅供附加用途；
b：不更新文件或目录的最后存取时间； b：不更新文件或目录的最后存取时间；
c：将文件或目录压缩后存放； c：将文件或目录压缩后存放；
d：将文件或目录排除在倾倒操作之外； d：将文件或目录排除在倾倒操作之外；
@ -53,19 +57,20 @@ s：保密性删除文件或目录；
S：即时更新文件或目录； S：即时更新文件或目录；
u：预防意外删除。 u：预防意外删除。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">-R：递归处理，将指令目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理； <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-R：递归处理，将指令目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理；
-v<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>版本编号<span class="token operator">></span>：设置文件或目录版本； -v<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>版本编号<span class="token operator">></span>：设置文件或目录版本；
-V：显示指令执行过程； -V：显示指令执行过程；
+<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>属性<span class="token operator">></span>：开启文件或目录的该项属性； +<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>属性<span class="token operator">></span>：开启文件或目录的该项属性；
-<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>属性<span class="token operator">></span>：关闭文件或目录的该项属性； -<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>属性<span class="token operator">></span>：关闭文件或目录的该项属性；
<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>属性<span class="token operator">></span>：指定文件或目录的该项属性。 <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>属性<span class="token operator">></span>：指定文件或目录的该项属性。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>用chattr命令防止系统中某个关键文件被修改：</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">chattr +i /etc/fstab <p>用chattr命令防止系统中某个关键文件被修改：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chattr +i /etc/fstab
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>然后试一下rm、mv、rename等命令操作于该文件，都是得到Operation not permitted的结果。</p> <p>然后试一下rm、mv、rename等命令操作于该文件，都是得到Operation not permitted的结果。</p>
<p>让某个文件只能往里面追加内容，不能删除，一些日志文件适用于这种操作：</p> <p>让某个文件只能往里面追加内容，不能删除，一些日志文件适用于这种操作：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">chattr +a /data1/user_act.log <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chattr +a /data1/user_act.log
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -90,7 +95,7 @@ u：预防意外删除。
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@ -40,13 +40,17 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chcon.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chcon.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="chcon">chcon</h1><p>修改对象（文件）的安全上下文</p> <h1>chcon</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>chcon命令</strong> 是修改对象（文件）的安全上下文，比如：用户、角色、类型、安全级别。也就是将每个文件的安全环境变更至指定环境。使用<code>--reference</code>选项时，把指定文件的安全环境设置为与参考文件相同。chcon命令位于<code>/usr/bin/chcon</code>。</p> <p>修改对象（文件）的安全上下文</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">chcon <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. 环境 文件<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>chcon命令</strong> 是修改对象（文件）的安全上下文，比如：用户、角色、类型、安全级别。也就是将每个文件的安全环境变更至指定环境。使用<code>--reference</code>选项时，把指定文件的安全环境设置为与参考文件相同。chcon命令位于<code>/usr/bin/chcon</code>。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chcon <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. 环境 文件<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
chcon <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-u 用户<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-r 角色<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-l 范围<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-t 类型<span class="token punctuation">]</span> 文件<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. chcon <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-u 用户<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-r 角色<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-l 范围<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-t 类型<span class="token punctuation">]</span> 文件<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
chcon <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. --reference<span class="token operator">=</span>参考文件 文件<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. chcon <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. --reference<span class="token operator">=</span>参考文件 文件<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-h, --no-dereference：影响符号连接而非引用的文件。 <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-h, --no-dereference：影响符号连接而非引用的文件。
--reference<span class="token operator">=</span>参考文件：使用指定参考文件的安全环境，而非指定值。 --reference<span class="token operator">=</span>参考文件：使用指定参考文件的安全环境，而非指定值。
-R, --recursive：递归处理所有的文件及子目录。 -R, --recursive：递归处理所有的文件及子目录。
-v, --verbose：为处理的所有文件显示诊断信息。 -v, --verbose：为处理的所有文件显示诊断信息。
@ -56,27 +60,28 @@ chcon <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuati
-l, --range<span class="token operator">=</span>范围：设置指定范围的目标安全环境。 -l, --range<span class="token operator">=</span>范围：设置指定范围的目标安全环境。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>以下选项是在指定了<code>-R</code>选项时被用于设置如何穿越目录结构体系。如果您指定了多于一个选项，那么只有最后一个会生效。</p> <p>以下选项是在指定了<code>-R</code>选项时被用于设置如何穿越目录结构体系。如果您指定了多于一个选项，那么只有最后一个会生效。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">-H：如果命令行参数是一个通到目录的符号链接，则遍历符号链接。 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-H：如果命令行参数是一个通到目录的符号链接，则遍历符号链接。
-L：遍历每一个遇到的通到目录的符号链接。 -L：遍历每一个遇到的通到目录的符号链接。
-P：不遍历任何符号链接（默认）。 -P：不遍历任何符号链接（默认）。
--help：显示此帮助信息并退出。 --help：显示此帮助信息并退出。
--version：显示版本信息并退出。 --version：显示版本信息并退出。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>如果你想把这个ftp共享给匿名用户的话，需要开启以下：</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">chcon -R -t public_content_t /var/ftp <p>如果你想把这个ftp共享给匿名用户的话，需要开启以下：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chcon -R -t public_content_t /var/ftp
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>如果你想让你设置的FTP目录可以上传文件的话，SELINUX需要设置：</p> <p>如果你想让你设置的FTP目录可以上传文件的话，SELINUX需要设置：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">chcon -t public_content_rw_t /var/ftp/incoming <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chcon -t public_content_rw_t /var/ftp/incoming
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>允许用户HHTP访问其家目录，该设定限仅于用户的家目录主页：</p> <p>允许用户HHTP访问其家目录，该设定限仅于用户的家目录主页：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">setsebool -P httpd_enable_homedirs <span class="token number">1</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">setsebool -P httpd_enable_homedirs <span class="token number">1</span>
chcon -R -t httpd_sys_content_t ~user/public_html chcon -R -t httpd_sys_content_t ~user/public_html
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>如果你希望将samba目录共享给其他用户，你需要设置：</p> <p>如果你希望将samba目录共享给其他用户，你需要设置：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">chcon -t samba_share_t /directory <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chcon -t samba_share_t /directory
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>共享rsync目录时：</p> <p>共享rsync目录时：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">chcon -t public_content_t /directories <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chcon -t public_content_t /directories
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -101,7 +106,7 @@ chcon -R -t httpd_sys_content_t ~user/public_html
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chfn.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chfn.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="chfn">chfn</h1><p>用来改变finger命令显示的信息</p> <h1>chfn</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>chfn命令</strong> 用来改变finger命令显示的信息。这些信息都存放在/etc目录里的passwd文件里。若不指定任何选项，则chfn命令会进入问答式界面。</p> <p>用来改变finger命令显示的信息</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">chfn<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>chfn命令</strong> 用来改变finger命令显示的信息。这些信息都存放在/etc目录里的passwd文件里。若不指定任何选项，则chfn命令会进入问答式界面。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chfn<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-f<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>真实姓名<span class="token operator">></span>或--full-name<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>真实姓名<span class="token operator">></span>：设置真实姓名； <h3>选项</h3>
-h<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>家中电话<span class="token operator">></span>或--home-phone<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>家中电话<span class="token operator">></span>：设置家中的电话号码； <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-f<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>真实姓名<span class="token operator">></span>或--full-name<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>真实姓名<span class="token operator">></span>：设置真实姓名；
-o<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>办公地址<span class="token operator">></span>或--office<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>办公地址<span class="token operator">></span>：设置办公室的地址； -h<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>家中电话<span class="token operator">></span>或--home-phone<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>家中电话<span class="token operator">></span>：设置家中的电话号码；
-p<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>办公电话<span class="token operator">></span>或--office-phone<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>办公电话<span class="token operator">></span>：设置办公室的电话号码； -o<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>办公地址<span class="token operator">></span>或--office<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>办公地址<span class="token operator">></span>：设置办公室的地址；
-p<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>办公电话<span class="token operator">></span>或--office-phone<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>办公电话<span class="token operator">></span>：设置办公室的电话号码；
-u或--help：在线帮助； -u或--help：在线帮助；
-v或-version：显示版本信息。 -v或-version：显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>用户名：指定要改变finger信息的用户名。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>范例1，改变finger信息：</p> <p>用户名：指定要改变finger信息的用户名。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost Desktop<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chfn</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>范例1，改变finger信息：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost Desktop<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chfn</span>
Changing finger information <span class="token keyword">for</span> root. Changing finger information <span class="token keyword">for</span> root.
Name <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root<span class="token punctuation">]</span>: jack Name <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root<span class="token punctuation">]</span>: jack
Office <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>: hn Office <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>: hn
@ -63,12 +69,12 @@ Home Phone <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuatio
Finger information changed. Finger information changed.
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>范例2，改变账号真实姓名：</p> <p>范例2，改变账号真实姓名：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost Desktop<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chfn -f jack</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost Desktop<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chfn -f jack</span>
Changing finger information <span class="token keyword">for</span> root. Changing finger information <span class="token keyword">for</span> root.
Finger information changed. Finger information changed.
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>范例3：</p> <p>范例3：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">shell<span class="token operator">>></span> chfn <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">shell<span class="token operator">>></span> chfn
Changing finger information <span class="token keyword">for</span> user Changing finger information <span class="token keyword">for</span> user
Password: <span class="token punctuation">[</span>del<span class="token punctuation">]</span> Password: <span class="token punctuation">[</span>del<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
Name<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>:linuxde <span class="token comment">### 提供 finger 时的资料</span> Name<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>:linuxde <span class="token comment">### 提供 finger 时的资料</span>
@ -99,7 +105,7 @@ Home Phone<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation
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<h1 id="chgrp">chgrp</h1><p>用来变更文件或目录的所属群组</p> <h1>chgrp</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>chgrp命令</strong> 用来改变文件或目录所属的用户组。该命令用来改变指定文件所属的用户组。其中，组名可以是用户组的id，也可以是用户组的组名。文件名可以 是由空格分开的要改变属组的文件列表，也可以是由通配符描述的文件集合。如果用户不是该文件的文件主或超级用户(root)，则不能改变该文件的组。</p> <p>用来变更文件或目录的所属群组</p>
<h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>chgrp命令</strong> 用来改变文件或目录所属的用户组。该命令用来改变指定文件所属的用户组。其中，组名可以是用户组的id，也可以是用户组的组名。文件名可以 是由空格分开的要改变属组的文件列表，也可以是由通配符描述的文件集合。如果用户不是该文件的文件主或超级用户(root)，则不能改变该文件的组。</p>
<p>在UNIX系统家族里，文件或目录权限的掌控以拥有者及所属群组来管理。您可以使用chgrp指令去变更文件与目录的所属群组，设置方式采用群组名称或群组识别码皆可。</p> <p>在UNIX系统家族里，文件或目录权限的掌控以拥有者及所属群组来管理。您可以使用chgrp指令去变更文件与目录的所属群组，设置方式采用群组名称或群组识别码皆可。</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chgrp</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>组群<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>文件<span class="token operator">|</span>目录<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chgrp</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>组群<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>文件<span class="token operator">|</span>目录<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-R 递归式地改变指定目录及其下的所有子目录和文件的所属的组 <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-R 递归式地改变指定目录及其下的所有子目录和文件的所属的组
-c或——changes：效果类似“-v”参数，但仅回报更改的部分； -c或——changes：效果类似“-v”参数，但仅回报更改的部分；
-f或--quiet或——silent：不显示错误信息； -f或--quiet或——silent：不显示错误信息；
-h或--no-dereference：只对符号连接的文件作修改，而不是该其他任何相关文件； -h或--no-dereference：只对符号连接的文件作修改，而不是该其他任何相关文件；
@ -54,20 +58,21 @@
-L遍历每一个遇到的通到目录的符号链接 -L遍历每一个遇到的通到目录的符号链接
-P不遍历任何符号链接（默认） -P不遍历任何符号链接（默认）
-v或——verbose：显示指令执行过程； -v或——verbose：显示指令执行过程；
--reference<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>参考文件或目录<span class="token operator">></span>：把指定文件或目录的所属群组全部设成和参考文件或目录的所属群组相同； --reference<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>参考文件或目录<span class="token operator">></span>：把指定文件或目录的所属群组全部设成和参考文件或目录的所属群组相同；
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<li> 组：指定新工作名称；</li> <ul>
<li> 文件：指定要改变所属组的文件列表。多个文件或者目录之间使用空格隔开。</li> <li>组：指定新工作名称；</li>
<li>文件：指定要改变所属组的文件列表。多个文件或者目录之间使用空格隔开。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>将<code>/usr/meng</code>及其子目录下的所有文件的用户组改为mengxin</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chgrp</span> -R mengxin /usr/meng <p>将<code>/usr/meng</code>及其子目录下的所有文件的用户组改为mengxin</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chgrp</span> -R mengxin /usr/meng
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>更改文件ah的组群所有者为 <code>newuser</code></p> <p>更改文件ah的组群所有者为 <code>newuser</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@rhel ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chgrp newuser ah</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@rhel ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># chgrp newuser ah</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<title>chkconfig 命令，Linux chkconfig 命令详解：检查或设置系统的各种服务 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>chkconfig 命令，Linux chkconfig 命令详解：检查或设置系统的各种服务 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chkconfig.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chkconfig.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="chkconfig">chkconfig</h1><p>检查或设置系统的各种服务</p> <h1>chkconfig</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>chkconfig命令</strong> 检查、设置系统的各种服务。这是Red Hat公司遵循GPL规则所开发的程序，它可查询操作系统在每一个执行等级中会执行哪些系统服务，其中包括各类常驻服务。谨记chkconfig不是立即自动禁止或激活一个服务，它只是简单的改变了符号连接。</p> <p>检查或设置系统的各种服务</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">chkconfig<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>chkconfig命令</strong> 检查、设置系统的各种服务。这是Red Hat公司遵循GPL规则所开发的程序，它可查询操作系统在每一个执行等级中会执行哪些系统服务，其中包括各类常驻服务。谨记chkconfig不是立即自动禁止或激活一个服务，它只是简单的改变了符号连接。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chkconfig<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">--add：增加所指定的系统服务，让chkconfig指令得以管理它，并同时在系统启动的叙述文件内增加相关数据； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">--add：增加所指定的系统服务，让chkconfig指令得以管理它，并同时在系统启动的叙述文件内增加相关数据；
--del：删除所指定的系统服务，不再由chkconfig指令管理，并同时在系统启动的叙述文件内删除相关数据； --del：删除所指定的系统服务，不再由chkconfig指令管理，并同时在系统启动的叙述文件内删除相关数据；
--level<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>等级代号<span class="token operator">></span>：指定读系统服务要在哪一个执行等级中开启或关毕。 --level<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>等级代号<span class="token operator">></span>：指定读系统服务要在哪一个执行等级中开启或关毕。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>缺省的运行级，RHS用到的级别如下：</p> <p>缺省的运行级，RHS用到的级别如下：</p>
<ul> <ul>
@ -62,7 +66,7 @@
<ul> <ul>
<li>0 为停机，机器关闭。</li> <li>0 为停机，机器关闭。</li>
<li>1 为单用户模式，就像Win9x下的安全模式类似。</li> <li>1 为单用户模式，就像Win9x下的安全模式类似。</li>
<li>2 为多用户模式，但是没有NFS支持。 </li> <li>2 为多用户模式，但是没有NFS支持。</li>
<li>3 为完整的多用户模式，是标准的运行级。</li> <li>3 为完整的多用户模式，是标准的运行级。</li>
<li>4 一般不用，在一些特殊情况下可以用它来做一些事情。例如在笔记本 电脑的电池用尽时，可以切换到这个模式来做一些设置。</li> <li>4 一般不用，在一些特殊情况下可以用它来做一些事情。例如在笔记本 电脑的电池用尽时，可以切换到这个模式来做一些设置。</li>
<li>5 就是X11，进到X Window系统了。</li> <li>5 就是X11，进到X Window系统了。</li>
@ -72,11 +76,12 @@
<p>运行级文件：</p> <p>运行级文件：</p>
<p>每个被chkconfig管理的服务需要在对应的init.d下的脚本加上两行或者更多行的注释。第一行告诉chkconfig缺省启动的运行级以及启动和停止的优先级。如果某服务缺省不在任何运行级启动，那么使用<code>-</code>代替运行级。第二行对服务进行描述，可以用<code>\</code>跨行注释。</p> <p>每个被chkconfig管理的服务需要在对应的init.d下的脚本加上两行或者更多行的注释。第一行告诉chkconfig缺省启动的运行级以及启动和停止的优先级。如果某服务缺省不在任何运行级启动，那么使用<code>-</code>代替运行级。第二行对服务进行描述，可以用<code>\</code>跨行注释。</p>
<p>例如random.init包含三行：</p> <p>例如random.init包含三行：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># chkconfig: 2345 20 80</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># chkconfig: 2345 20 80</span>
<span class="token comment"># description: Saves and restores system entropy pool for \</span> <span class="token comment"># description: Saves and restores system entropy pool for \</span>
<span class="token comment"># higher quality random number generation.</span> <span class="token comment"># higher quality random number generation.</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chkconfig</span> --list <span class="token comment">#列出所有的系统服务。</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chkconfig</span> --list <span class="token comment">#列出所有的系统服务。</span>
<span class="token function">chkconfig</span> --add httpd <span class="token comment">#增加httpd服务。</span> <span class="token function">chkconfig</span> --add httpd <span class="token comment">#增加httpd服务。</span>
<span class="token function">chkconfig</span> --del httpd <span class="token comment">#删除httpd服务。</span> <span class="token function">chkconfig</span> --del httpd <span class="token comment">#删除httpd服务。</span>
<span class="token function">chkconfig</span> --level httpd <span class="token number">2345</span> on <span class="token comment">#设置httpd在运行级别为2、3、4、5的情况下都是on（开启）的状态。</span> <span class="token function">chkconfig</span> --level httpd <span class="token number">2345</span> on <span class="token comment">#设置httpd在运行级别为2、3、4、5的情况下都是on（开启）的状态。</span>
@ -89,12 +94,11 @@
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>如何增加一个服务：</p> <p>如何增加一个服务：</p>
<ol> <ol>
<li> 服务脚本必须存放在<code>/etc/ini.d/</code>目录下；</li> <li>服务脚本必须存放在<code>/etc/ini.d/</code>目录下；</li>
<li> <code>chkconfig --add servicename</code>在chkconfig工具服务列表中增加此服务，此时服务会被在<code>/etc/rc.d/rcN.d</code>中赋予K/S入口了；</li> <li><code>chkconfig --add servicename</code>在chkconfig工具服务列表中增加此服务，此时服务会被在<code>/etc/rc.d/rcN.d</code>中赋予K/S入口了；</li>
<li> <code>chkconfig --level 35 mysqld on</code>修改服务的默认启动等级。</li> <li><code>chkconfig --level 35 mysqld on</code>修改服务的默认启动等级。</li>
</ol> </ol>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chmod.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chmod.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="chmod">chmod</h1><p>用来变更文件或目录的权限</p> <h1>chmod</h1>
<h2 id="概要">概要</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chmod</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. MODE<span class="token punctuation">[</span>,MODE<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. FILE<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <p>用来变更文件或目录的权限</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chmod</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. MODE<span class="token punctuation">[</span>,MODE<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. FILE<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
<span class="token function">chmod</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. OCTAL-MODE FILE<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token function">chmod</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. OCTAL-MODE FILE<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
<span class="token function">chmod</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. --reference<span class="token operator">=</span>RFILE FILE<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token function">chmod</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. --reference<span class="token operator">=</span>RFILE FILE<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<ul>
<li>通过符号组合的方式更改目标文件或目录的权限。</li> <li>通过符号组合的方式更改目标文件或目录的权限。</li>
<li>通过八进制数的方式更改目标文件或目录的权限。</li> <li>通过八进制数的方式更改目标文件或目录的权限。</li>
<li>通过参考文件的权限来更改目标文件或目录的权限。</li> <li>通过参考文件的权限来更改目标文件或目录的权限。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="参数">参数</h2><p>mode：八进制数或符号组合。</p> <h2>参数</h2>
<p>mode：八进制数或符号组合。</p>
<p>file：指定要更改权限的一到多个文件。</p> <p>file：指定要更改权限的一到多个文件。</p>
<h2 id="选项">选项</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">-c, --changes：当文件的权限更改时输出操作信息。 <h2>选项</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-c, --changes：当文件的权限更改时输出操作信息。
--no-preserve-root：不将<span class="token string">'/'</span>特殊化处理，默认选项。 --no-preserve-root：不将<span class="token string">'/'</span>特殊化处理，默认选项。
--preserve-root：不能在根目录下递归操作。 --preserve-root：不能在根目录下递归操作。
-f, --silent, --quiet：抑制多数错误消息的输出。 -f, --silent, --quiet：抑制多数错误消息的输出。
@ -62,8 +67,10 @@
--help：显示帮助信息并退出。 --help：显示帮助信息并退出。
--version：显示版本信息并退出。 --version：显示版本信息并退出。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="返回值">返回值</h2><p>返回状态为成功除非给出了非法选项或非法参数。</p> <h2>返回值</h2>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><blockquote> <p>返回状态为成功除非给出了非法选项或非法参数。</p>
<h2>例子</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>参考<code>man chmod</code>文档的<code>DESCRIPTION</code>段落得知：</p> <p>参考<code>man chmod</code>文档的<code>DESCRIPTION</code>段落得知：</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li><code>u</code>符号代表当前用户。</li> <li><code>u</code>符号代表当前用户。</li>
@ -81,7 +88,7 @@
<li><code>=</code>符号代表添加目标用户相应的权限，删除未提到的权限。</li> <li><code>=</code>符号代表添加目标用户相应的权限，删除未提到的权限。</li>
</ul> </ul>
</blockquote> </blockquote>
<pre><code class="language-shell">linux文件的用户权限说明： <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">linux文件的用户权限说明：
<span class="token comment"># 查看当前目录（包含隐藏文件）的长格式。</span> <span class="token comment"># 查看当前目录（包含隐藏文件）的长格式。</span>
<span class="token function">ls</span> -la <span class="token function">ls</span> -la
@ -93,7 +100,7 @@
<span class="token comment"># 第5到7位代表组用户的权限。</span> <span class="token comment"># 第5到7位代表组用户的权限。</span>
<span class="token comment"># 第8到10位代表其他用户的权限。</span> <span class="token comment"># 第8到10位代表其他用户的权限。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 添加组用户的写权限。</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 添加组用户的写权限。</span>
<span class="token function">chmod</span> g+w ./test.log <span class="token function">chmod</span> g+w ./test.log
<span class="token comment"># 删除其他用户的所有权限。</span> <span class="token comment"># 删除其他用户的所有权限。</span>
<span class="token function">chmod</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">o</span><span class="token operator">=</span> ./test.log <span class="token function">chmod</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">o</span><span class="token operator">=</span> ./test.log
@ -109,16 +116,19 @@
<span class="token comment"># 根据其他文件的权限设置文件权限。</span> <span class="token comment"># 根据其他文件的权限设置文件权限。</span>
<span class="token function">chmod</span> --reference<span class="token operator">=</span>./1.log ./test.log <span class="token function">chmod</span> --reference<span class="token operator">=</span>./1.log ./test.log
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol> <h3>注意</h3>
<li><p>该命令是<code>GNU coreutils</code>包中的命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>man chmod</code>或<code>info coreutils &#39;chmod invocation&#39;</code>。</p> <ol>
<li>
<p>该命令是<code>GNU coreutils</code>包中的命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>man chmod</code>或<code>info coreutils 'chmod invocation'</code>。</p>
</li> </li>
<li><p>符号连接的权限无法变更，如果用户对符号连接修改权限，其改变会作用在被连接的原始文件。</p> <li>
<p>符号连接的权限无法变更，如果用户对符号连接修改权限，其改变会作用在被连接的原始文件。</p>
</li> </li>
<li><p>使用<code>-R</code>选项一定要保留当前用户的执行和读取权限，否则会报错！</p> <li>
<p>使用<code>-R</code>选项一定要保留当前用户的执行和读取权限，否则会报错！</p>
</li> </li>
</ol> </ol>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chown.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chown.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="chown">chown</h1><p>用来变更文件或目录的拥有者或所属群组</p> <h1>chown</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>chown命令</strong> 改变某个文件或目录的所有者和所属的组，该命令可以向某个用户授权，使该用户变成指定文件的所有者或者改变文件所属的组。用户可以是用户或者是用户D，用户组可以是组名或组id。文件名可以使由空格分开的文件列表，在文件名中可以包含通配符。</p> <p>用来变更文件或目录的拥有者或所属群组</p>
<h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>chown命令</strong> 改变某个文件或目录的所有者和所属的组，该命令可以向某个用户授权，使该用户变成指定文件的所有者或者改变文件所属的组。用户可以是用户或者是用户D，用户组可以是组名或组id。文件名可以使由空格分开的文件列表，在文件名中可以包含通配符。</p>
<p>只有文件主和超级用户才可以便用该命令。</p> <p>只有文件主和超级用户才可以便用该命令。</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">chown<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chown<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-c或——changes：效果类似“-v”参数，但仅回报更改的部分； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-c或——changes：效果类似“-v”参数，但仅回报更改的部分；
-f或--quite或——silent：不显示错误信息； -f或--quite或——silent：不显示错误信息；
-h或--no-dereference：只对符号连接的文件作修改，而不更改其他任何相关文件； -h或--no-dereference：只对符号连接的文件作修改，而不更改其他任何相关文件；
-R或——recursive：递归处理，将指定目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理； -R或——recursive：递归处理，将指定目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理；
-v或——version：显示指令执行过程； -v或——version：显示指令执行过程；
--dereference：效果和“-h”参数相同； --dereference：效果和“-h”参数相同；
--help：在线帮助； --help：在线帮助；
--reference<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>参考文件或目录<span class="token operator">></span>：把指定文件或目录的拥有者与所属群组全部设成和参考文件或目录的拥有者与所属群组相同； --reference<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>参考文件或目录<span class="token operator">></span>：把指定文件或目录的拥有者与所属群组全部设成和参考文件或目录的拥有者与所属群组相同；
--version：显示版本信息。 --version：显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>用户：组：指定所有者和所属工作组。当省略“：组”，仅改变文件所有者；<br>文件：指定要改变所有者和工作组的文件列表。支持多个文件和目标，支持shell通配符。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>将目录<code>/usr/meng</code>及其下面的所有文件、子目录的文件主改成 liu：</p> <p>用户：组：指定所有者和所属工作组。当省略“：组”，仅改变文件所有者；<br>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chown</span> -R liu /usr/meng 文件：指定要改变所有者和工作组的文件列表。支持多个文件和目标，支持shell通配符。</p>
<h3>实例</h3>
<p>将目录<code>/usr/meng</code>及其下面的所有文件、子目录的文件主改成 liu：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chown</span> -R liu /usr/meng
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<title>chpasswd 命令，Linux chpasswd 命令详解：批量更新用户口令的工具 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>chpasswd 命令，Linux chpasswd 命令详解：批量更新用户口令的工具 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chpasswd.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chpasswd.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="chpasswd">chpasswd</h1><p>批量更新用户口令的工具</p> <h1>chpasswd</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>chpasswd命令</strong> 是批量更新用户口令的工具，是把一个文件内容重新定向添加到<code>/etc/shadow</code>中。</p> <p>批量更新用户口令的工具</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">chpasswd<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>chpasswd命令</strong> 是批量更新用户口令的工具，是把一个文件内容重新定向添加到<code>/etc/shadow</code>中。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chpasswd<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-e：输入的密码是加密后的密文； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-e：输入的密码是加密后的密文；
-h：显示帮助信息并退出； -h：显示帮助信息并退出；
-m：当被支持的密码未被加密时，使用MD5加密代替DES加密。 -m：当被支持的密码未被加密时，使用MD5加密代替DES加密。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>先创建用户密码对应文件，格式为<code>username:password</code>，如<code>abc:abc123</code>，必须以这种格式来书写，并且不能有空行，保存成文本文件user.txt，然后执行chpasswd命令：</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">chpasswd <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> user.txt <p>先创建用户密码对应文件，格式为<code>username:password</code>，如<code>abc:abc123</code>，必须以这种格式来书写，并且不能有空行，保存成文本文件user.txt，然后执行chpasswd命令：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chpasswd <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span> user.txt
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>以上是运用chpasswd命令来批量修改密码。是linux系统管理中的捷径。</p> <p>以上是运用chpasswd命令来批量修改密码。是linux系统管理中的捷径。</p>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chroot.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chroot.md">添加实例</a>
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<h1 id="chroot">chroot</h1><p>把根目录换成指定的目的目录</p> <h1>chroot</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>chroot命令</strong> 用来在指定的根目录下运行指令。chroot，即 change root directory （更改 root 目录）。在 linux 系统中，系统默认的目录结构都是以<code>/</code>，即是以根 (root) 开始的。而在使用 chroot 之后，系统的目录结构将以指定的位置作为<code>/</code>位置。</p> <p>把根目录换成指定的目的目录</p>
<h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>chroot命令</strong> 用来在指定的根目录下运行指令。chroot，即 change root directory （更改 root 目录）。在 linux 系统中，系统默认的目录结构都是以<code>/</code>，即是以根 (root) 开始的。而在使用 chroot 之后，系统的目录结构将以指定的位置作为<code>/</code>位置。</p>
<p>在经过 chroot 命令之后，系统读取到的目录和文件将不在是旧系统根下的而是新根下（即被指定的新的位置）的目录结构和文件，因此它带来的好处大致有以下3个：</p> <p>在经过 chroot 命令之后，系统读取到的目录和文件将不在是旧系统根下的而是新根下（即被指定的新的位置）的目录结构和文件，因此它带来的好处大致有以下3个：</p>
<p><strong>增加了系统的安全性，限制了用户的权力：</strong> </p> <p><strong>增加了系统的安全性，限制了用户的权力：</strong></p>
<p>在经过 chroot 之后，在新根下将访问不到旧系统的根目录结构和文件，这样就增强了系统的安全性。这个一般是在登录 (login) 前使用 chroot，以此达到用户不能访问一些特定的文件。</p> <p>在经过 chroot 之后，在新根下将访问不到旧系统的根目录结构和文件，这样就增强了系统的安全性。这个一般是在登录 (login) 前使用 chroot，以此达到用户不能访问一些特定的文件。</p>
<p><strong>建立一个与原系统隔离的系统目录结构，方便用户的开发：</strong> </p> <p><strong>建立一个与原系统隔离的系统目录结构，方便用户的开发：</strong></p>
<p>使用 chroot 后，系统读取的是新根下的目录和文件，这是一个与原系统根下文件不相关的目录结构。在这个新的环境中，可以用来测试软件的静态编译以及一些与系统不相关的独立开发。</p> <p>使用 chroot 后，系统读取的是新根下的目录和文件，这是一个与原系统根下文件不相关的目录结构。在这个新的环境中，可以用来测试软件的静态编译以及一些与系统不相关的独立开发。</p>
<p><strong>切换系统的根目录位置，引导 Linux 系统启动以及急救系统等：</strong> </p> <p><strong>切换系统的根目录位置，引导 Linux 系统启动以及急救系统等：</strong></p>
<p>chroot 的作用就是切换系统的根位置，而这个作用最为明显的是在系统初始引导磁盘的处理过程中使用，从初始 RAM 磁盘 (initrd) 切换系统的根位置并执行真正的 init。另外，当系统出现一些问题时，我们也可以使用 chroot 来切换到一个临时的系统。</p> <p>chroot 的作用就是切换系统的根位置，而这个作用最为明显的是在系统初始引导磁盘的处理过程中使用，从初始 RAM 磁盘 (initrd) 切换系统的根位置并执行真正的 init。另外，当系统出现一些问题时，我们也可以使用 chroot 来切换到一个临时的系统。</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">chroot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chroot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">--help：在线帮助； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">--help：在线帮助；
--version：显示版本信息。 --version：显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<li> 目录：指定新的根目录；</li> <ul>
<li> 指令：指定要执行的指令。</li> <li>目录：指定新的根目录；</li>
<li>指令：指定要执行的指令。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p><strong>将target作为根目录（运行其中的<code>/bin/sh</code>）:</strong> </p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chroot</span> target /bin/sh <p><strong>将target作为根目录（运行其中的<code>/bin/sh</code>）:</strong></p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chroot</span> target /bin/sh
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里,target是busybox安装好的路径，类似一个文件系统包含了许多工具。这样，将会进入一个shell界面，这个shell以target为根。运行exit退出该shell又返回原来的本机环境了，也可以使用Ctrl+D。</p> <p>这里,target是busybox安装好的路径，类似一个文件系统包含了许多工具。这样，将会进入一个shell界面，这个shell以target为根。运行exit退出该shell又返回原来的本机环境了，也可以使用Ctrl+D。</p>
<p>注意：</p> <p>注意：</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li> 根用户才行</li> <li>根用户才行</li>
<li> 如果直接chroot target默认寻找target的/bin/bash.这会以target作为根目录</li> <li>如果直接chroot target默认寻找target的/bin/bash.这会以target作为根目录</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p>将target作为根目录(运行其中的<code>/bin/ls</code>):</p> <p>将target作为根目录(运行其中的<code>/bin/ls</code>):</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chroot</span> target /bin/ls <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chroot</span> target /bin/ls
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里，target是busybox安装好的路径，类似一个文件系统包含了许多工具。这样运行的是target中的ls（不是本机的<code>/bin/ls</code>），然后返回立即本机的目录环境。</p> <p>这里，target是busybox安装好的路径，类似一个文件系统包含了许多工具。这样运行的是target中的ls（不是本机的<code>/bin/ls</code>），然后返回立即本机的目录环境。</p>
<p>注意，自己在本地编译一个程序生成a.out之后，拷进<code>target/bin/</code>中这样运行却不行,因为它包含了动态连接的库，需要用ldd查看a.out需要那些动态库，将这些库拷贝到新根的对应路径下才能执行。</p> <p>注意，自己在本地编译一个程序生成a.out之后，拷进<code>target/bin/</code>中这样运行却不行,因为它包含了动态连接的库，需要用ldd查看a.out需要那些动态库，将这些库拷贝到新根的对应路径下才能执行。</p>
<p> <strong>用chroot运行自己编译的一个程序：</strong> </p> <p><strong>用chroot运行自己编译的一个程序：</strong></p>
<p>准备chroot的根目录：</p> <p>准备chroot的根目录：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">mkdir</span> newRoot <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">mkdir</span> newRoot
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>编译自己的程序：</p> <p>编译自己的程序：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">gcc main.c <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">gcc main.c
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里main.c生成a.out，功能是输出hello。</p> <p>这里main.c生成a.out，功能是输出hello。</p>
<p>查看程序需要的库：</p> <p>查看程序需要的库：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">ldd a.out <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">ldd a.out
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>输入之后，输出如下：</p> <p>输入之后，输出如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">linux-gate.so.1 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>gt<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>0xb8034000<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">linux-gate.so.1 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&#x26;</span>gt<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>0xb8034000<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
libc.so.6 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>gt<span class="token punctuation">;</span> /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6 <span class="token punctuation">(</span>0xb7eab000<span class="token punctuation">)</span> libc.so.6 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&#x26;</span>gt<span class="token punctuation">;</span> /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6 <span class="token punctuation">(</span>0xb7eab000<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 <span class="token punctuation">(</span>0xb801a000<span class="token punctuation">)</span> /lib/ld-linux.so.2 <span class="token punctuation">(</span>0xb801a000<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>将程序需要的库和程序拷贝到新根目录下：</p> <p>将程序需要的库和程序拷贝到新根目录下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> a.out newRoot <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> a.out newRoot
<span class="token function">mkdir</span> newRoot/lib <span class="token function">mkdir</span> newRoot/lib
<span class="token function">cp</span> /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6 newRoot/lib <span class="token function">cp</span> /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6 newRoot/lib
<span class="token function">cp</span> /lib/ld-linux.so.2 newRoot/lib <span class="token function">cp</span> /lib/ld-linux.so.2 newRoot/lib
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里newRoot内容将如下：</p> <p>这里newRoot内容将如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">a.out lib/ <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">a.out lib/
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>使用chroot运行自己的程序：</p> <p>使用chroot运行自己的程序：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">su</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">su</span>
<span class="token function">chroot</span> newRoot /a.out <span class="token function">chroot</span> newRoot /a.out
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这样就能够正确运行a.out了，因为a.out使用到了其他的动态连接库，所以需要将库拷贝到newRoot中，如果没有其他库那么直接拷贝a.out就能运行。例如静态编译后的busybox，其安装目录中的<code>/bin/busybox</code>就没有依赖其他库。</p> <p>这样就能够正确运行a.out了，因为a.out使用到了其他的动态连接库，所以需要将库拷贝到newRoot中，如果没有其他库那么直接拷贝a.out就能运行。例如静态编译后的busybox，其安装目录中的<code>/bin/busybox</code>就没有依赖其他库。</p>
@ -125,7 +131,7 @@ libc.so.6 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&am
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chsh.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/chsh.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="chsh">chsh</h1><p>用来更换登录系统时使用的shell</p> <h1>chsh</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>chsh命令</strong> 用来更换登录系统时使用的shell。若不指定任何参数与用户名称，则chsh会以应答的方式进行设置。</p> <p>用来更换登录系统时使用的shell</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">chsh<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>chsh命令</strong> 用来更换登录系统时使用的shell。若不指定任何参数与用户名称，则chsh会以应答的方式进行设置。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">chsh<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-s<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>shell 名称<span class="token operator">></span>或--shell<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>shell 名称<span class="token operator">></span>：更改系统预设的shell环境。； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-s<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>shell 名称<span class="token operator">></span>或--shell<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>shell 名称<span class="token operator">></span>：更改系统预设的shell环境。；
-l或--list-shells：列出目前系统可用的shell清单； -l或--list-shells：列出目前系统可用的shell清单；
-u或--help：在线帮助； -u或--help：在线帮助；
-v或-version：显示版本信息。 -v或-version：显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>用户名：要改变默认shell的用户。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p> <strong>查看系统安装了哪些shell的两种方法：</strong> </p> <p>用户名：要改变默认shell的用户。</p>
<h3>实例</h3>
<p><strong>查看系统安装了哪些shell的两种方法：</strong></p>
<p>第一种：</p> <p>第一种：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>&#36; chsh -l <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ chsh -l
/bin/sh /bin/sh
/bin/bash /bin/bash
/sbin/nologin /sbin/nologin
/bin/zsh /bin/zsh
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>第二种：</p> <p>第二种：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>&#36; <span class="token function">cat</span> /etc/shells <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">cat</span> /etc/shells
/bin/sh /bin/sh
/bin/bash /bin/bash
/sbin/nologin /sbin/nologin
/bin/zsh /bin/zsh
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>其实<code>chsh -l</code>也是来查看这个文件。</p> <p>其实<code>chsh -l</code>也是来查看这个文件。</p>
<p> <strong>查看当前正在使用的shell：</strong> </p> <p><strong>查看当前正在使用的shell：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>&#36; <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token environment constant">&#36;SHELL</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token environment constant">$SHELL</span>
/bin/bash /bin/bash
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>注意SHELL一定要是大写。可以看到，目前使用的shell是<code>/bin/bash</code></p> <p>注意SHELL一定要是大写。可以看到，目前使用的shell是<code>/bin/bash</code></p>
<p> <strong>把我的shell改成zsh：</strong> </p> <p><strong>把我的shell改成zsh：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>&#36; chsh -s /bin/zsh <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ chsh -s /bin/zsh
Changing shell <span class="token keyword">for</span> rocrocket. Changing shell <span class="token keyword">for</span> rocrocket.
Password: Password:
Shell changed. Shell changed.
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>&#36; <span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>使用chsh加选项<code>-s</code>就可以修改登录的shell了！你会发现你现在执行<code>echo $SHELL</code>后仍然输出为<code>/bin/bash</code>，这是因为你需要重启你的shell才完全投入到zsh怀抱中去。<code>chsh -s</code>其实修改的就是<code>/etc/passwd</code>文件里和你的用户名相对应的那一行。现在来查看下：</p> <p>使用chsh加选项<code>-s</code>就可以修改登录的shell了！你会发现你现在执行<code>echo $SHELL</code>后仍然输出为<code>/bin/bash</code>，这是因为你需要重启你的shell才完全投入到zsh怀抱中去。<code>chsh -s</code>其实修改的就是<code>/etc/passwd</code>文件里和你的用户名相对应的那一行。现在来查看下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>&#36; <span class="token function">cat</span> /etc/passwd<span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token function">grep</span> ^rocrocket <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">cat</span> /etc/passwd<span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token function">grep</span> ^rocrocket
rocrocket:x:500:500:rocrocket,China:/rocrocket/PSB/home:/bin/zsh rocrocket:x:500:500:rocrocket,China:/rocrocket/PSB/home:/bin/zsh
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>你可以发现输出内容的最后部分已经变成了<code>/bin/zsh</code>了，下次重启的时候，linux就会读取这一命令来启动shell了！</p> <p>你可以发现输出内容的最后部分已经变成了<code>/bin/zsh</code>了，下次重启的时候，linux就会读取这一命令来启动shell了！</p>
<p> <strong>把shell修改回/bin/bash：</strong> </p> <p><strong>把shell修改回/bin/bash：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>&#36; chsh -s /bin/bash <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>rocrocket@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ chsh -s /bin/bash
Changing shell <span class="token keyword">for</span> rocrocket. Changing shell <span class="token keyword">for</span> rocrocket.
Password: Password:
Shell changed. Shell changed.
@ -112,7 +118,7 @@ Shell changed.
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cksum.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cksum.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cksum">cksum</h1><p>检查文件的CRC是否正确</p> <h1>cksum</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>cksum命令</strong> 是检查文件的CRC是否正确，确保文件从一个系统传输到另一个系统的过程中不被损坏。这种方法要求校验和在源系统中被计算出来，在目的系统中又被计算一次，两个数字进行比较，如果校验和相等，则该文件被认为是正确传输了。</p> <p>检查文件的CRC是否正确</p>
<h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>cksum命令</strong> 是检查文件的CRC是否正确，确保文件从一个系统传输到另一个系统的过程中不被损坏。这种方法要求校验和在源系统中被计算出来，在目的系统中又被计算一次，两个数字进行比较，如果校验和相等，则该文件被认为是正确传输了。</p>
<p>注意：CRC是指一种排错检查方法，即循环冗余校验法。</p> <p>注意：CRC是指一种排错检查方法，即循环冗余校验法。</p>
<p>指定文件交由cksum命令进行校验后，会返回校验结果供用户核对文件是否正确无误。若不指定任何文件名称或是所给予的文件名为&quot;-&quot;，则cksum命令会从标准输入设备中读取数据。</p> <p>指定文件交由cksum命令进行校验后，会返回校验结果供用户核对文件是否正确无误。若不指定任何文件名称或是所给予的文件名为"-"，则cksum命令会从标准输入设备中读取数据。</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">cksum<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cksum<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">--help：在线帮助； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">--help：在线帮助；
--version：显示版本信息。 --version：显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定要计算校验的版本信息。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>使用cksum命令计算文件&quot;testfile1&quot;的完整性，输入如下命令：</p> <p>文件：指定要计算校验的版本信息。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cksum</span> testfile1 <span class="token comment">#对指定文件进行CRC校验</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>使用cksum命令计算文件"testfile1"的完整性，输入如下命令：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cksum</span> testfile1 <span class="token comment">#对指定文件进行CRC校验</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>以上命令执行后，将输出校验码等相关的信息，具体输出信息如下所示：</p> <p>以上命令执行后，将输出校验码等相关的信息，具体输出信息如下所示：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">1263453430</span> <span class="token number">78</span> testfile1 <span class="token comment">#输出信息</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">1263453430</span> <span class="token number">78</span> testfile1 <span class="token comment">#输出信息</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>上面的输出信息中，&quot;1263453430&quot;表示校验码，&quot;78&quot;表示字节数。</p> <p>上面的输出信息中，"1263453430"表示校验码，"78"表示字节数。</p>
<p>注意：如果文件中有任何字符被修改，都将改变计算后CRC校验码的值。</p> <p>注意：如果文件中有任何字符被修改，都将改变计算后CRC校验码的值。</p>
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<title>clear 命令，Linux clear 命令详解：清除当前屏幕终端上的任何信息 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>clear 命令，Linux clear 命令详解：清除当前屏幕终端上的任何信息 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/clear.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/clear.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="clear">clear</h1><p>清除当前屏幕终端上的任何信息</p> <h1>clear</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>clear命令</strong> 用于清除当前屏幕终端上的任何信息。</p> <p>清除当前屏幕终端上的任何信息</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">clear</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>clear命令</strong> 用于清除当前屏幕终端上的任何信息。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">clear</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>直接输入clear命令当前终端上的任何信息就可被清除。</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>直接输入clear命令当前终端上的任何信息就可被清除。</p>
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<h1 id="clock">clock</h1><p>用于调整 RTC 时间</p> <h1>clock</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>clock命令</strong>用于调整 RTC 时间。 RTC 是电脑内建的硬件时间，执行这项指令可以显示现在时刻，调整硬件时钟的时间，将系统时间设成与硬件时钟之时间一致，或是把系统时间回存到硬件时钟。</p> <p>用于调整 RTC 时间</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">clock <span class="token punctuation">[</span>--adjust<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--debug<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--directisa<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--getepoch<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--hctosys<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--set --date<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"&lt;日期时间>"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>--setepoch --epoch<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--show<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--systohc<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--test<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--utc<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--version<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p><strong>clock命令</strong>用于调整 RTC 时间。 RTC 是电脑内建的硬件时间，执行这项指令可以显示现在时刻，调整硬件时钟的时间，将系统时间设成与硬件时钟之时间一致，或是把系统时间回存到硬件时钟。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">clock <span class="token punctuation">[</span>--adjust<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--debug<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--directisa<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--getepoch<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--hctosys<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--set --date<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"&#x3C;日期时间>"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>--setepoch --epoch<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span> <span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--show<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--systohc<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--test<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--utc<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--version<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">--adjust 　第一次使用<span class="token string">"--set"</span>或<span class="token string">"--systohc"</span>参数设置硬件时钟，会在/etc目录下产生一个名称为adjtime的文件。当再次使用这两个参数调整硬件时钟，此文件便会记录两次调整间之差异，日后执行clock指令加上<span class="token string">"--adjust"</span>参数时，程序会自动根 据记录文件的数值差异，计算出平均值，自动调整硬件时钟的时间。 <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">--adjust 　第一次使用<span class="token string">"--set"</span>或<span class="token string">"--systohc"</span>参数设置硬件时钟，会在/etc目录下产生一个名称为adjtime的文件。当再次使用这两个参数调整硬件时钟，此文件便会记录两次调整间之差异，日后执行clock指令加上<span class="token string">"--adjust"</span>参数时，程序会自动根 据记录文件的数值差异，计算出平均值，自动调整硬件时钟的时间。
--debug 　详细显示指令执行过程，便于排错或了解程序执行的情形。 --debug 　详细显示指令执行过程，便于排错或了解程序执行的情形。
--directisa 　告诉clock指令不要通过/dev/rtc设备文件，直接对硬件时钟进行存取。这个参数适用于仅有ISA总线结构的老式电脑。 --directisa 　告诉clock指令不要通过/dev/rtc设备文件，直接对硬件时钟进行存取。这个参数适用于仅有ISA总线结构的老式电脑。
--getepoch 　把系统核心内的硬件时钟新时代数值，呈现到标准输出设备。 --getepoch 　把系统核心内的硬件时钟新时代数值，呈现到标准输出设备。
--hctosys 　Hardware Clock to System Time，把系统时间设成和硬件时钟一致。由于这个动作将会造成系统全面更新文件的存取时间，所以最好在系统启动时就执行它。 --hctosys 　Hardware Clock to System Time，把系统时间设成和硬件时钟一致。由于这个动作将会造成系统全面更新文件的存取时间，所以最好在系统启动时就执行它。
--set--date 　设置硬件时钟的日期和时间。 --set--date 　设置硬件时钟的日期和时间。
--setepoch--epoch<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>年份<span class="token operator">></span> 　设置系统核心之硬件时钟的新时代数值，年份以四位树字表示。 --setepoch--epoch<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>年份<span class="token operator">></span> 　设置系统核心之硬件时钟的新时代数值，年份以四位树字表示。
--show 　读取硬件时钟的时间，并将其呈现至标准输出设备。 --show 　读取硬件时钟的时间，并将其呈现至标准输出设备。
--systohc 　System Time to Hardware Clock，将系统时间存回硬件时钟内。 --systohc 　System Time to Hardware Clock，将系统时间存回硬件时钟内。
--test 　仅作测试，并不真的将时间写入硬件时钟或系统时间。 --test 　仅作测试，并不真的将时间写入硬件时钟或系统时间。
--utc 　把硬件时钟上的时间时为CUT，有时也称为UTC或UCT。 --utc 　把硬件时钟上的时间时为CUT，有时也称为UTC或UCT。
--version 　显示版本信息。 --version 　显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>获取当前的时间</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">clock <span class="token comment"># 获取当前的时间</span> <p>获取当前的时间</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">clock <span class="token comment"># 获取当前的时间</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>显示UTC时间</p> <p>显示UTC时间</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">clock -utc <span class="token comment">#显示UTC时间</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">clock -utc <span class="token comment">#显示UTC时间</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<a href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command" target="_blank" class="github-corner"> <svg viewBox="0 0 250 250"><!-- kenny wang <wowohoo@qq.com> https://github.com/jaywcjlove --> <title>logo</title> <desc>Linux Command Logo. https://github.com/jaywcjlove</desc><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path></svg> </a> <a href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command" target="_blank" class="github-corner"> <svg viewBox="0 0 250 250"><!-- kenny wang <wowohoo@qq.com> https://github.com/jaywcjlove --> <title>logo</title> <desc>Linux Command Logo. https://github.com/jaywcjlove</desc><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path></svg> </a>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/clockdiff.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/clockdiff.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="clockdiff">clockdiff</h1><p>检测两台linux主机的时间差</p> <h1>clockdiff</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p>在ip报文的首部和ICMP报文的首部都可以放入时间戳数据。 <strong>clockdiff</strong> 程序正是使用时间戳来测算目的主机和本地主机的系统时间差。</p> <p>检测两台linux主机的时间差</p>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-o：使用IP时间戳选项来测量系统时间差。时间戳只用3个。 <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p>在ip报文的首部和ICMP报文的首部都可以放入时间戳数据。 <strong>clockdiff</strong> 程序正是使用时间戳来测算目的主机和本地主机的系统时间差。</p>
<h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-o：使用IP时间戳选项来测量系统时间差。时间戳只用3个。
-o1：使用IP时间戳选项来测量系统时间差。用4个时间戳。如果-o和-o1都没有设置，那么就是用ICMP时间戳来测试系统时间差。 -o1：使用IP时间戳选项来测量系统时间差。用4个时间戳。如果-o和-o1都没有设置，那么就是用ICMP时间戳来测试系统时间差。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">lixi@lixi-desktop:~&#36; <span class="token function">ping</span> -T tsandaddr www.ustc.edu.cn -c <span class="token number">1</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">lixi@lixi-desktop:~$ <span class="token function">ping</span> -T tsandaddr www.ustc.edu.cn -c <span class="token number">1</span>
PING www.ustc.edu.cn <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">202.38</span>.64.9<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token number">56</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">124</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> bytes of data. PING www.ustc.edu.cn <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">202.38</span>.64.9<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token number">56</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">124</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> bytes of data.
<span class="token number">64</span> bytes from <span class="token number">202.38</span>.64.9: <span class="token assign-left variable">icmp_seq</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">ttl</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">62</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">time</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0.823</span> ms <span class="token number">64</span> bytes from <span class="token number">202.38</span>.64.9: <span class="token assign-left variable">icmp_seq</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">ttl</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">62</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">time</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0.823</span> ms
TS: lixi-desktop.local <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">210.45</span>.74.25<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token number">12522473</span> absolute TS: lixi-desktop.local <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">210.45</span>.74.25<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token number">12522473</span> absolute
@ -59,16 +63,16 @@ Unrecorded hops: <span class="token number">3</span>
rtt min/avg/max/mdev <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0.823</span>/0.823/0.823/0.000 ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0.823</span>/0.823/0.823/0.000 ms
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>首先由上面的得出在RRT不大的时候，几个ICMP时间戳的关系。本地主机和202.38.64.9之间的时间差约为：-857514+248-251=-857517。分别用-o（IP选项中时间戳）和不带选项（ICMP路由时间戳）上述路由的系统时间进行测试。得到的结果：</p> <p>首先由上面的得出在RRT不大的时候，几个ICMP时间戳的关系。本地主机和202.38.64.9之间的时间差约为：-857514+248-251=-857517。分别用-o（IP选项中时间戳）和不带选项（ICMP路由时间戳）上述路由的系统时间进行测试。得到的结果：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">lixi@lixi-desktop:~<span class="token comment"># ./clockdiff -o 202.38.64.9 </span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">lixi@lixi-desktop:~<span class="token comment"># ./clockdiff -o 202.38.64.9 </span>
<span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">host</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">202.38</span>.64.9 <span class="token assign-left variable">rtt</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>ms/1ms <span class="token assign-left variable">delta</span><span class="token operator">=</span>-857517ms/-857517ms Wed Dec <span class="token number">17</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:28:30 <span class="token number">2008</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">host</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">202.38</span>.64.9 <span class="token assign-left variable">rtt</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>ms/1ms <span class="token assign-left variable">delta</span><span class="token operator">=</span>-857517ms/-857517ms Wed Dec <span class="token number">17</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:28:30 <span class="token number">2008</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">lixi@lixi-desktop:~<span class="token comment"># ./clockdiff 202.38.64.9</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">lixi@lixi-desktop:~<span class="token comment"># ./clockdiff 202.38.64.9</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">host</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">202.38</span>.64.9 <span class="token assign-left variable">rtt</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">750</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">187</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>ms/0ms <span class="token assign-left variable">delta</span><span class="token operator">=</span>-857517ms/-857517ms Wed Dec <span class="token number">17</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:28:35 <span class="token number">2008</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">host</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">202.38</span>.64.9 <span class="token assign-left variable">rtt</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">750</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">187</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>ms/0ms <span class="token assign-left variable">delta</span><span class="token operator">=</span>-857517ms/-857517ms Wed Dec <span class="token number">17</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:28:35 <span class="token number">2008</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>两种方法测试的都比较准确。</p> <p>两种方法测试的都比较准确。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">lixi@lixi-desktop:~<span class="token comment">#./clockdiff gigagate1.Princeton.EDU</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">lixi@lixi-desktop:~<span class="token comment">#./clockdiff gigagate1.Princeton.EDU</span>
<span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">host</span><span class="token operator">=</span>gigagate1.Princeton.EDU <span class="token assign-left variable">rtt</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">307</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">21</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>ms/271ms <span class="token assign-left variable">delta</span><span class="token operator">=</span>-5ms/-5ms Wed Dec <span class="token number">17</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:50:16 <span class="token number">2008</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">host</span><span class="token operator">=</span>gigagate1.Princeton.EDU <span class="token assign-left variable">rtt</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">307</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">21</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>ms/271ms <span class="token assign-left variable">delta</span><span class="token operator">=</span>-5ms/-5ms Wed Dec <span class="token number">17</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:50:16 <span class="token number">2008</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
@ -96,7 +100,7 @@ rtt min/avg/max/mdev <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token nu
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<title>cmp 命令，Linux cmp 命令详解：比较两个文件是否有差异 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>cmp 命令，Linux cmp 命令详解：比较两个文件是否有差异 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cmp.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cmp.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cmp">cmp</h1><p>比较两个文件是否有差异</p> <h1>cmp</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>cmp命令</strong> 用来比较两个文件是否有差异。当相互比较的两个文件完全一样时，则该指令不会显示任何信息。若发现有差异，预设会标示出第一个不通之处的字符和列数编号。若不指定任何文件名称或是所给予的文件名为“-”，则cmp指令会从标准输入设备读取数据。</p> <p>比较两个文件是否有差异</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">cmp<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>cmp命令</strong> 用来比较两个文件是否有差异。当相互比较的两个文件完全一样时，则该指令不会显示任何信息。若发现有差异，预设会标示出第一个不通之处的字符和列数编号。若不指定任何文件名称或是所给予的文件名为“-”，则cmp指令会从标准输入设备读取数据。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cmp<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-c或--print-chars：除了标明差异处的十进制字码之外，一并显示该字符所对应字符； <h3>选项</h3>
-i<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>字符数目<span class="token operator">></span>或--ignore-initial<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>字符数目<span class="token operator">></span>：指定一个数目； <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-c或--print-chars：除了标明差异处的十进制字码之外，一并显示该字符所对应字符；
-i<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>字符数目<span class="token operator">></span>或--ignore-initial<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>字符数目<span class="token operator">></span>：指定一个数目；
-l或——verbose：标示出所有不一样的地方； -l或——verbose：标示出所有不一样的地方；
-s或--quiet或——silent：不显示错误信息； -s或--quiet或——silent：不显示错误信息；
-v或——version：显示版本信息； -v或——version：显示版本信息；
--help：在线帮助。 --help：在线帮助。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>目录：比较两个文件的差异。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>使用cmp命令比较文件&quot;testfile&quot;和文件&quot;testfile1&quot;两个文件，则输入下面的命令：</p> <p>目录：比较两个文件的差异。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cmp</span> testfile testfile1 <span class="token comment">#比较两个指定的文件</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>使用cmp命令比较文件"testfile"和文件"testfile1"两个文件，则输入下面的命令：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cmp</span> testfile testfile1 <span class="token comment">#比较两个指定的文件</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>在上述指令执行之前，使用cat命令查看两个指定的文件内容，如下所示：</p> <p>在上述指令执行之前，使用cat命令查看两个指定的文件内容，如下所示：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cat</span> testfile <span class="token comment">#查看文件内容 </span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cat</span> testfile <span class="token comment">#查看文件内容 </span>
Absncn <span class="token number">50</span> <span class="token comment">#显示文件“testfile” </span> Absncn <span class="token number">50</span> <span class="token comment">#显示文件“testfile” </span>
Asldssja <span class="token number">60</span> Asldssja <span class="token number">60</span>
Jslkadjls <span class="token number">85</span> Jslkadjls <span class="token number">85</span>
@ -67,7 +73,7 @@ AsldssjE <span class="token number">62</span>
Jslkadjls <span class="token number">85</span> Jslkadjls <span class="token number">85</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>然后，再执行cmp命令，并返回比较结果，具体如下所示：</p> <p>然后，再执行cmp命令，并返回比较结果，具体如下所示：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cmp</span> testfile testfile1 <span class="token comment">#比较两个文件 </span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cmp</span> testfile testfile1 <span class="token comment">#比较两个文件 </span>
testfile testfile1 <span class="token comment">#有差异：第8字节，第2行 </span> testfile testfile1 <span class="token comment">#有差异：第8字节，第2行 </span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>注意：在比较结果中，只能够显示第一比较结果。</p> <p>注意：在比较结果中，只能够显示第一比较结果。</p>
@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ testfile testfile1 <span class="token comment">#有差异：第8字节
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<h1 id="col">col</h1><p>过滤控制字符</p> <h1>col</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>col命令</strong> 是一个标准输入文本过滤器，它从标注输入设备读取文本内容，并把内容显示到标注输出设备。在许多UNIX说明文件里，都有RLF控制字符。当我们运用shell特殊字符<code>&gt;</code>和<code>&gt;&gt;</code>，把说明文件的内容输出成纯文本文件时，控制字符会变成乱码，col命令则能有效滤除这些控制字符。</p> <p>过滤控制字符</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">col<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>col命令</strong> 是一个标准输入文本过滤器，它从标注输入设备读取文本内容，并把内容显示到标注输出设备。在许多UNIX说明文件里，都有RLF控制字符。当我们运用shell特殊字符<code>></code>和<code>>></code>，把说明文件的内容输出成纯文本文件时，控制字符会变成乱码，col命令则能有效滤除这些控制字符。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">col<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-b：过滤掉所有的控制字符，包括RLF和HRLF； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-b：过滤掉所有的控制字符，包括RLF和HRLF；
-f：滤掉RLF字符，但允许将HRLF字符呈现出来； -f：滤掉RLF字符，但允许将HRLF字符呈现出来；
-x：以多个空格字符来表示跳格字符； -x：以多个空格字符来表示跳格字符；
-l<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>缓冲区列数<span class="token operator">></span>：预设的内存缓冲区有128列，用户可以自行指定缓冲区的大小。 -l<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>缓冲区列数<span class="token operator">></span>：预设的内存缓冲区有128列，用户可以自行指定缓冲区的大小。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/colrm.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/colrm.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="colrm">colrm</h1><p>删除文件中的指定列</p> <h1>colrm</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>colrm命令</strong> 用于删除文件中的指定列。colrm命令从标准输入设备读取书记，转而输出到标准输出设备。如果不加任何参数，则colrm命令不会过滤任何一行。</p> <p>删除文件中的指定列</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">colrm<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>colrm命令</strong> 用于删除文件中的指定列。colrm命令从标准输入设备读取书记，转而输出到标准输出设备。如果不加任何参数，则colrm命令不会过滤任何一行。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">colrm<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<li> 起始列号：指定要删除的指定列；</li> <ul>
<li> 结尾列号：指定要删除的结尾列。</li> <li>起始列号：指定要删除的指定列；</li>
<li>结尾列号：指定要删除的结尾列。</li>
</ul> </ul>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/comm.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/comm.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="comm">comm</h1><p>按行比较两个已排序的文件。</p> <h1>comm</h1>
<h2 id="概要">概要</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">comm</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. FILE1 FILE2 <p>按行比较两个已排序的文件。</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">comm</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. FILE1 FILE2
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<ul>
<li>按行比较两个已排序的文件。</li> <li>按行比较两个已排序的文件。</li>
<li>当<code>FILE1</code>或<code>FILE2</code>为<code>-</code>时，读取标准输入。</li> <li>当<code>FILE1</code>或<code>FILE2</code>为<code>-</code>时，读取标准输入。</li>
<li>无选项时输出三列，第一列为<code>FILE1</code>独有的行，第二列为<code>FILE2</code>独有的行，第三列为<code>FILE1</code>，<code>FILE2</code>共有的行。</li> <li>无选项时输出三列，第一列为<code>FILE1</code>独有的行，第二列为<code>FILE2</code>独有的行，第三列为<code>FILE1</code>，<code>FILE2</code>共有的行。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="选项">选项</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">-1 不输出第一列。 <h2>选项</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-1 不输出第一列。
-2 不输出第二列。 -2 不输出第二列。
-3 不输出第三列。 -3 不输出第三列。
--check-order 检查输入行是否正确的排序，即使它们确实是已排序过的。 --check-order 检查输入行是否正确的排序，即使它们确实是已排序过的。
@ -59,9 +63,11 @@
--help 显示帮助信息并退出。 --help 显示帮助信息并退出。
--version 显示版本信息并退出。 --version 显示版本信息并退出。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="返回值">返回值</h2><p>返回0表示成功，返回非0值表示失败。</p> <h2>返回值</h2>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><p>文本 <code>aaa.txt</code> 内容</p> <p>返回0表示成功，返回非0值表示失败。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat aaa.txt </span> <h2>例子</h2>
<p>文本 <code>aaa.txt</code> 内容</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat aaa.txt </span>
aaa aaa
bbb bbb
ccc ccc
@ -71,7 +77,7 @@ eee
<span class="token number">222</span> <span class="token number">222</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>文本 <code>bbb.txt</code> 内容</p> <p>文本 <code>bbb.txt</code> 内容</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat bbb.txt </span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat bbb.txt </span>
bbb bbb
ccc ccc
aaa aaa
@ -80,7 +86,7 @@ ttt
jjj jjj
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>比较结果</p> <p>比较结果</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># comm --nocheck-order aaa.txt bbb.txt </span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># comm --nocheck-order aaa.txt bbb.txt </span>
aaa aaa
bbb bbb
ccc ccc
@ -94,12 +100,13 @@ eee
jjj jjj
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>输出的第一列只包含在aaa.txt中出现的行，第二列包含在bbb.txt中出现的行，第三列包含在aaa.txt和bbb.txt中相同的行。各列之间以制表符（\t）作为分隔符。</p> <p>输出的第一列只包含在aaa.txt中出现的行，第二列包含在bbb.txt中出现的行，第三列包含在aaa.txt和bbb.txt中相同的行。各列之间以制表符（\t）作为分隔符。</p>
<h3 id="比较排序过的文档">比较排序过的文档</h3><p>先通过 sort 将文件内容排序：</p> <h3>比较排序过的文档</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># sort aaa.txt > aaa1.txt</span> <p>先通过 sort 将文件内容排序：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># sort aaa.txt > aaa1.txt</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># sort bbb.txt > bbb1.txt</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># sort bbb.txt > bbb1.txt</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>比较结果：</p> <p>比较结果：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># comm aaa1.txt bbb1.txt</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># comm aaa1.txt bbb1.txt</span>
<span class="token number">111</span> <span class="token number">111</span>
<span class="token number">222</span> <span class="token number">222</span>
aaa aaa
@ -111,14 +118,16 @@ eee
jjj jjj
ttt ttt
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="交集">交集</h3><p>打印两个文件的交集，需要删除第一列和第二列：</p> <h3>交集</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># comm aaa.txt bbb.txt -1 -2</span> <p>打印两个文件的交集，需要删除第一列和第二列：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># comm aaa.txt bbb.txt -1 -2</span>
bbb bbb
ccc ccc
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="差集">差集</h3><p>通过删除不需要的列，可以得到aaa.txt和bbb.txt的差集：</p> <h3>差集</h3>
<p>通过删除不需要的列，可以得到aaa.txt和bbb.txt的差集：</p>
<p>aaa.txt的差集</p> <p>aaa.txt的差集</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># comm aaa.txt bbb.txt -2 -3</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># comm aaa.txt bbb.txt -2 -3</span>
aaa aaa
ddd ddd
eee eee
@ -126,17 +135,17 @@ eee
<span class="token number">222</span> <span class="token number">222</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>bbb.txt的差集</p> <p>bbb.txt的差集</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># comm aaa.txt bbb.txt -1 -3</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># comm aaa.txt bbb.txt -1 -3</span>
aaa aaa
hhh hhh
ttt ttt
jjj jjj
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol> <h3>注意</h3>
<li>该命令是<code>GNU coreutils</code>包中的命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>man -s 1 comm</code>，<code>info coreutils &#39;comm invocation&#39;</code>。</li> <ol>
<li>该命令是<code>GNU coreutils</code>包中的命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>man -s 1 comm</code>，<code>info coreutils 'comm invocation'</code>。</li>
</ol> </ol>
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</span> </span>
<h1 id="command">command</h1><p>调用并执行指定的命令</p> <h1>command</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>command命令</strong> 调用指定的指令并执行，命令执行时不查询shell函数。command命令只能够执行shell内部的命令。</p> <p>调用并执行指定的命令</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">command<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>command命令</strong> 调用指定的指令并执行，命令执行时不查询shell函数。command命令只能够执行shell内部的命令。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">command<span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>指令：需要调用的指令及参数。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>使用command命令调用执行<code>echo Linux</code>，输入如下命令：</p> <p>指令：需要调用的指令及参数。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">command</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> Linux <span class="token comment">#调用执行shell内部指令</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>使用command命令调用执行<code>echo Linux</code>，输入如下命令：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">command</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> Linux <span class="token comment">#调用执行shell内部指令</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>上面的命令执行后，将调用执行命令<code>echo Linux</code>，其执行结果如下：</p> <p>上面的命令执行后，将调用执行命令<code>echo Linux</code>，其执行结果如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">Linux <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">Linux
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<h1 id="compress">compress</h1><p>使用Lempress-Ziv编码压缩数据文件</p> <h1>compress</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>compress命令</strong> 使用“Lempress-Ziv”编码压缩数据文件。compress是个历史悠久的压缩程序，文件经它压缩后，其名称后面会多出&quot;.Z&quot;的扩展名。当要解压缩时，可执行uncompress指令。事实上uncompress是指向compress的符号连接，因此不论是压缩或解压缩，都可通过compress指令单独完成。</p> <p>使用Lempress-Ziv编码压缩数据文件</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">compress<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>compress命令</strong> 使用“Lempress-Ziv”编码压缩数据文件。compress是个历史悠久的压缩程序，文件经它压缩后，其名称后面会多出".Z"的扩展名。当要解压缩时，可执行uncompress指令。事实上uncompress是指向compress的符号连接，因此不论是压缩或解压缩，都可通过compress指令单独完成。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">compress<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-f：不提示用户，强制覆盖掉目标文件； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-f：不提示用户，强制覆盖掉目标文件；
-c：将结果送到标准输出，无文件被改变； -c：将结果送到标准输出，无文件被改变；
-r：递归的操作方式； -r：递归的操作方式；
-b<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>压缩效率<span class="token operator">></span>：压缩效率是一个介于9~16的数值，预设值为<span class="token string">"16"</span>，指定愈大的数值，压缩效率就愈高； -b<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>压缩效率<span class="token operator">></span>：压缩效率是一个介于9~16的数值，预设值为<span class="token string">"16"</span>，指定愈大的数值，压缩效率就愈高；
-d：对文件进行解压缩而非压缩； -d：对文件进行解压缩而非压缩；
-v：显示指令执行过程； -v：显示指令执行过程；
-V：显示指令版本及程序预设值。 -V：显示指令版本及程序预设值。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定要压缩的文件列表。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>将<code>/etc/man.config</code>复到<code>/tmp</code> ，并加以压缩</p> <p>文件：指定要压缩的文件列表。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cd /tmp</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>将<code>/etc/man.config</code>复到<code>/tmp</code> ，并加以压缩</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cd /tmp</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cp /etc/man.config .</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cp /etc/man.config .</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># compress man.config</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># compress man.config</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ls -l</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ls -l</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">-rw-r--r-- <span class="token number">1</span> root root <span class="token number">2605</span> Jul <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:43 man.config.Z <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-rw-r--r-- <span class="token number">1</span> root root <span class="token number">2605</span> Jul <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:43 man.config.Z
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>将刚刚的压缩档解开</p> <p>将刚刚的压缩档解开</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># compress -d man.config.Z</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># compress -d man.config.Z</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>将 man.config 压缩成另外一个文件来备份</p> <p>将 man.config 压缩成另外一个文件来备份</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># compress -c man.config > man.config.back.Z</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># compress -c man.config > man.config.back.Z</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ll man.config*</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost tmp<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ll man.config*</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">-rw-r--r-- <span class="token number">1</span> root root <span class="token number">4506</span> Jul <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:43 man.config <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-rw-r--r-- <span class="token number">1</span> root root <span class="token number">4506</span> Jul <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:43 man.config
-rw-r--r-- <span class="token number">1</span> root root <span class="token number">2605</span> Jul <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:46 man.config.back.Z -rw-r--r-- <span class="token number">1</span> root root <span class="token number">2605</span> Jul <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">11</span>:46 man.config.back.Z
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这个<code>-c</code>的选项比较有趣！会将压缩过程的资料输出到屏幕上，而不是写入成为file.Z文件。所以，我们可以透过资料流重导向的方法将资料输出成为另一个档名。</p> <p>这个<code>-c</code>的选项比较有趣！会将压缩过程的资料输出到屏幕上，而不是写入成为file.Z文件。所以，我们可以透过资料流重导向的方法将资料输出成为另一个档名。</p>
@ -95,7 +101,7 @@
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<title>consoletype 命令，Linux consoletype 命令详解：输出已连接的终端类型 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>consoletype 命令，Linux consoletype 命令详解：输出已连接的终端类型 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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@ -40,11 +40,15 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/consoletype.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/consoletype.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="consoletype">consoletype</h1><p>输出已连接的终端类型</p> <h1>consoletype</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>consoletype命令</strong> 用于打印已连接的终端类型到标准输出，并能够检查已连接的终端是当前终端还是虚拟终端。</p> <p>输出已连接的终端类型</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">consoletype <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>consoletype命令</strong> 用于打印已连接的终端类型到标准输出，并能够检查已连接的终端是当前终端还是虚拟终端。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">consoletype
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># consoletype</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># consoletype</span>
pty pty
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -70,7 +74,7 @@ pty
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<title>continue 命令，Linux continue 命令详解：结束本次循环，继续执行下一个for，while或until循环。 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>continue 命令，Linux continue 命令详解：结束本次循环，继续执行下一个for，while或until循环。 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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@ -40,15 +40,21 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/continue.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/continue.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="continue">continue</h1><p>结束本次循环，继续执行下一个for，while或until循环。</p> <h1>continue</h1>
<h2 id="概要">概要</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">continue</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>n<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p>结束本次循环，继续执行下一个for，while或until循环。</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">continue</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>n<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<ul>
<li>结束本次循环，继续执行下一个for，while或until循环；可指定从第几层循环继续执行。</li> <li>结束本次循环，继续执行下一个for，while或until循环；可指定从第几层循环继续执行。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="参数">参数</h2><p>n（可选）：大于等于1的整数，用于指定从第几层循环继续执行。</p> <h2>参数</h2>
<h2 id="返回值">返回值</h2><p>返回状态为成功除非n小于1。</p> <p>n（可选）：大于等于1的整数，用于指定从第几层循环继续执行。</p>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># continue的可选参数n缺省值为1。</span> <h2>返回值</h2>
<p>返回状态为成功除非n小于1。</p>
<h2>例子</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># continue的可选参数n缺省值为1。</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>i<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>i<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
<span class="token comment"># 跳到内层for循环继续执行。</span> <span class="token comment"># 跳到内层for循环继续执行。</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
@ -56,7 +62,7 @@
<span class="token comment"># 换成continue 1时结果一样</span> <span class="token comment"># 换成continue 1时结果一样</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">continue</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">continue</span>
<span class="token keyword">fi</span> <span class="token keyword">fi</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">printf</span> <span class="token string">"%s %s<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>"</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;{i}</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;{j}</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">printf</span> <span class="token string">"%s %s<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>"</span> <span class="token variable">${i}</span> <span class="token variable">${j}</span>
<span class="token keyword">done</span> <span class="token keyword">done</span>
<span class="token keyword">done</span> <span class="token keyword">done</span>
<span class="token comment"># 输出结果</span> <span class="token comment"># 输出结果</span>
@ -67,14 +73,14 @@
<span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">3</span>
<span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 当n为2时：</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 当n为2时：</span>
<span class="token comment"># 跳到外层for循环继续执行。</span> <span class="token comment"># 跳到外层for循环继续执行。</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>i<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>i<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>i<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>j<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">==</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">then</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token punctuation">((</span>j<span class="token operator">==</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">))</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">then</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">continue</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">continue</span> <span class="token number">2</span>
<span class="token keyword">fi</span> <span class="token keyword">fi</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">printf</span> <span class="token string">"%s %s<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>"</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;{i}</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;{j}</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">printf</span> <span class="token string">"%s %s<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>"</span> <span class="token variable">${i}</span> <span class="token variable">${j}</span>
<span class="token keyword">done</span> <span class="token keyword">done</span>
<span class="token keyword">done</span> <span class="token keyword">done</span>
<span class="token comment"># 输出结果</span> <span class="token comment"># 输出结果</span>
@ -82,11 +88,11 @@
<span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">3</span>
<span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token number">3</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol> <h3>注意</h3>
<ol>
<li>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</li> <li>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</li>
</ol> </ol>
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<title>convertquota 命令，Linux convertquota 命令详解：把老的配额文件转换为新的格式 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>convertquota 命令，Linux convertquota 命令详解：把老的配额文件转换为新的格式 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/convertquota.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/convertquota.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="convertquota">convertquota</h1><p>把老的配额文件转换为新的格式</p> <h1>convertquota</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>convertquota命令</strong> 用于将老的磁盘额数据文件（“quota.user”和“quota.group”）转换为新格式的文件（“quota.user”和“quota.group”）。</p> <p>把老的配额文件转换为新的格式</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">convertquota<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>convertquota命令</strong> 用于将老的磁盘额数据文件（“quota.user”和“quota.group”）转换为新格式的文件（“quota.user”和“quota.group”）。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">convertquota<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-u：仅转换用户磁盘配额数据文件； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-u：仅转换用户磁盘配额数据文件；
-g：仅转换组磁盘配额数据文件； -g：仅转换组磁盘配额数据文件；
-f：将老的磁盘配额文件转换为新的格式； -f：将老的磁盘配额文件转换为新的格式；
-e：将新的文件格式从大字节序换为小字节序。 -e：将新的文件格式从大字节序换为小字节序。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件系统：指定要转换磁盘配额数据文件格式的文件系统（硬盘分区）。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>使用convertquota指令转换指定文件系统<code>/data</code>的磁盘配额数据文件。在命令行中输入下面的命令：</p> <p>文件系统：指定要转换磁盘配额数据文件格式的文件系统（硬盘分区）。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">convertquota -u /data //转换文件系统<span class="token string">"/data"</span>上的用户磁盘配额文件 <h3>实例</h3>
<p>使用convertquota指令转换指定文件系统<code>/data</code>的磁盘配额数据文件。在命令行中输入下面的命令：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">convertquota -u /data //转换文件系统<span class="token string">"/data"</span>上的用户磁盘配额文件
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<title>cp 命令，Linux cp 命令详解：将源文件或目录复制到目标文件或目录中 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>cp 命令，Linux cp 命令详解：将源文件或目录复制到目标文件或目录中 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cp.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cp.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cp">cp</h1><p>将源文件或目录复制到目标文件或目录中</p> <h1>cp</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>cp命令</strong> 用来将一个或多个源文件或者目录复制到指定的目的文件或目录。它可以将单个源文件复制成一个指定文件名的具体的文件或一个已经存在的目录下。cp命令还支持同时复制多个文件，当一次复制多个文件时，目标文件参数必须是一个已经存在的目录，否则将出现错误。</p> <p>将源文件或目录复制到目标文件或目录中</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">cp<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>cp命令</strong> 用来将一个或多个源文件或者目录复制到指定的目的文件或目录。它可以将单个源文件复制成一个指定文件名的具体的文件或一个已经存在的目录下。cp命令还支持同时复制多个文件，当一次复制多个文件时，目标文件参数必须是一个已经存在的目录，否则将出现错误。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cp<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-a：此参数的效果和同时指定<span class="token string">"-dpR"</span>参数相同； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-a：此参数的效果和同时指定<span class="token string">"-dpR"</span>参数相同；
-d：当复制符号连接时，把目标文件或目录也建立为符号连接，并指向与源文件或目录连接的原始文件或目录； -d：当复制符号连接时，把目标文件或目录也建立为符号连接，并指向与源文件或目录连接的原始文件或目录；
-f：强行复制文件或目录，不论目标文件或目录是否已存在； -f：强行复制文件或目录，不论目标文件或目录是否已存在；
-i：覆盖既有文件之前先询问用户； -i：覆盖既有文件之前先询问用户；
@ -57,34 +61,36 @@
-b：覆盖已存在的文件目标前将目标文件备份； -b：覆盖已存在的文件目标前将目标文件备份；
-v：详细显示命令执行的操作。 -v：详细显示命令执行的操作。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<li> 源文件：制定源文件列表。默认情况下，cp命令不能复制目录，如果要复制目录，则必须使用<code>-R</code>选项；</li> <ul>
<li> 目标文件：指定目标文件。当“源文件”为多个文件时，要求“目标文件”为指定的目录。</li> <li>源文件：制定源文件列表。默认情况下，cp命令不能复制目录，如果要复制目录，则必须使用<code>-R</code>选项；</li>
<li>目标文件：指定目标文件。当“源文件”为多个文件时，要求“目标文件”为指定的目录。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>下面的第一行中是 cp 命令和具体的参数（-r 是“递归”， -u 是“更新”，-v 是“详细”）。接下来的三行显示被复制文件的信息，最后一行显示命令行提示符。这样，只拷贝新的文件到我的存储设备上，我就使用 cp 的“更新”和“详细”选项。</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>下面的第一行中是 cp 命令和具体的参数（-r 是“递归”， -u 是“更新”，-v 是“详细”）。接下来的三行显示被复制文件的信息，最后一行显示命令行提示符。这样，只拷贝新的文件到我的存储设备上，我就使用 cp 的“更新”和“详细”选项。</p>
<p>通常来说，参数 <code>-r</code> 也可用更详细的风格 <code>--recursive</code>。但是以简短的方式，也可以这么连用 <code>-ruv</code>。</p> <p>通常来说，参数 <code>-r</code> 也可用更详细的风格 <code>--recursive</code>。但是以简短的方式，也可以这么连用 <code>-ruv</code>。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> -r -u -v /usr/men/tmp ~/men/tmp <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> -r -u -v /usr/men/tmp ~/men/tmp
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>版本备份 <code>--backup=numbered</code> 参数意思为“我要做个备份，而且是带编号的连续备份”。所以一个备份就是 1 号，第二个就是 2 号，等等。</p> <p>版本备份 <code>--backup=numbered</code> 参数意思为“我要做个备份，而且是带编号的连续备份”。所以一个备份就是 1 号，第二个就是 2 号，等等。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">&#36; <span class="token function">cp</span> --force --backup<span class="token operator">=</span>numbered test1.py test1.py <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">$ <span class="token function">cp</span> --force --backup<span class="token operator">=</span>numbered test1.py test1.py
&#36; <span class="token function">ls</span> $ <span class="token function">ls</span>
test1.py test1.py.~1~ test1.py.~2~ test1.py test1.py.~1~ test1.py.~2~
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>如果把一个文件复制到一个目标文件中，而目标文件已经存在，那么，该目标文件的内容将被破坏。此命令中所有参数既可以是绝对路径名，也可以是相对路径名。通常会用到点<code>.</code>或点点<code>..</code>的形式。例如，下面的命令将指定文件复制到当前目录下：</p> <p>如果把一个文件复制到一个目标文件中，而目标文件已经存在，那么，该目标文件的内容将被破坏。此命令中所有参数既可以是绝对路径名，也可以是相对路径名。通常会用到点<code>.</code>或点点<code>..</code>的形式。例如，下面的命令将指定文件复制到当前目录下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>/mary/homework/assign <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>/mary/homework/assign <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>所有目标文件指定的目录必须是己经存在的，cp命令不能创建目录。如果没有文件复制的权限，则系统会显示出错信息。</p> <p>所有目标文件指定的目录必须是己经存在的，cp命令不能创建目录。如果没有文件复制的权限，则系统会显示出错信息。</p>
<p>将文件file复制到目录<code>/usr/men/tmp</code>下，并改名为file1</p> <p>将文件file复制到目录<code>/usr/men/tmp</code>下，并改名为file1</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> <span class="token function">file</span> /usr/men/tmp/file1 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> <span class="token function">file</span> /usr/men/tmp/file1
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>将目录<code>/usr/men</code>下的所有文件及其子目录复制到目录<code>/usr/zh</code>中</p> <p>将目录<code>/usr/men</code>下的所有文件及其子目录复制到目录<code>/usr/zh</code>中</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> -r /usr/men /usr/zh <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> -r /usr/men /usr/zh
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>交互式地将目录<code>/usr/men</code>中的以m打头的所有.c文件复制到目录<code>/usr/zh</code>中</p> <p>交互式地将目录<code>/usr/men</code>中的以m打头的所有.c文件复制到目录<code>/usr/zh</code>中</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> -i /usr/men m*.c /usr/zh <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> -i /usr/men m*.c /usr/zh
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>我们在Linux下使用cp命令复制文件时候，有时候会需要覆盖一些同名文件，覆盖文件的时候都会有提示：需要不停的按Y来确定执行覆盖。文件数量不多还好，但是要是几百个估计按Y都要吐血了，于是折腾来半天总结了一个方法：</p> <p>我们在Linux下使用cp命令复制文件时候，有时候会需要覆盖一些同名文件，覆盖文件的时候都会有提示：需要不停的按Y来确定执行覆盖。文件数量不多还好，但是要是几百个估计按Y都要吐血了，于是折腾来半天总结了一个方法：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> aaa/* /bbb <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> aaa/* /bbb
<span class="token comment"># 复制目录aaa下所有到/bbb目录下，这时如果/bbb目录下有和aaa同名的文件，需要按Y来确认并且会略过aaa目录下的子目录。</span> <span class="token comment"># 复制目录aaa下所有到/bbb目录下，这时如果/bbb目录下有和aaa同名的文件，需要按Y来确认并且会略过aaa目录下的子目录。</span>
<span class="token function">cp</span> -r aaa/* /bbb <span class="token function">cp</span> -r aaa/* /bbb
@ -97,19 +103,19 @@ test1.py test1.py.~1~ test1.py.~2~
<span class="token comment"># 成功，没有提示按Y、传递了目录属性、没有略过目录。</span> <span class="token comment"># 成功，没有提示按Y、传递了目录属性、没有略过目录。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>递归强制复制目录到指定目录中覆盖已存在文件</p> <p>递归强制复制目录到指定目录中覆盖已存在文件</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> -rfb ./* <span class="token punctuation">..</span>/backup <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> -rfb ./* <span class="token punctuation">..</span>/backup
<span class="token comment"># 将当前目录下所有文件，复制到当前目录的兄弟目录 backup 文件夹中</span> <span class="token comment"># 将当前目录下所有文件，复制到当前目录的兄弟目录 backup 文件夹中</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>拷贝目录下的隐藏文件如 <code>.babelrc</code></p> <p>拷贝目录下的隐藏文件如 <code>.babelrc</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> -r aaa/.* ./bbb <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> -r aaa/.* ./bbb
<span class="token comment"># 将 aaa 目录下的，所有`.`开头的文件，复制到 bbb 目录中。</span> <span class="token comment"># 将 aaa 目录下的，所有`.`开头的文件，复制到 bbb 目录中。</span>
<span class="token function">cp</span> -a aaa ./bbb/ <span class="token function">cp</span> -a aaa ./bbb/
<span class="token comment"># 记住后面目录最好的'/' 带上 `-a` 参数</span> <span class="token comment"># 记住后面目录最好的'/' 带上 `-a` 参数</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>复制到当前目录</p> <p>复制到当前目录</p>
<pre><code class="language-sh">cp aaa<span class="token punctuation">.</span>conf <span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token operator">/</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cp</span> aaa.conf ./
# 将 aaa<span class="token punctuation">.</span>conf 复制到当前目录 <span class="token comment"># 将 aaa.conf 复制到当前目录</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cpio.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cpio.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cpio">cpio</h1><p>用来建立、还原备份档的工具程序</p> <h1>cpio</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>cpio命令</strong> 主要是用来建立或者还原备份档的工具程序，cpio命令可以复制文件到归档包中，或者从归档包中复制文件。</p> <p>用来建立、还原备份档的工具程序</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">cpio<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>cpio命令</strong> 主要是用来建立或者还原备份档的工具程序，cpio命令可以复制文件到归档包中，或者从归档包中复制文件。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cpio<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-0或--null：接受新增列控制字符，通常配合find指令的“-print0”参数使用； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-0或--null：接受新增列控制字符，通常配合find指令的“-print0”参数使用；
-a或--rest-access-time：重新设置文件的存取时间； -a或--rest-access-time：重新设置文件的存取时间；
-A或--append：附加到已存在的备份文档中，且这个备份文档必须存放在磁盘上，而不能放置于磁带机里； -A或--append：附加到已存在的备份文档中，且这个备份文档必须存放在磁盘上，而不能放置于磁带机里；
-b或--awap：此参数的效果和同时指定“-ss”参数相同； -b或--awap：此参数的效果和同时指定“-ss”参数相同；
-B：将输入/输出的区块大小改成5210Bytes； -B：将输入/输出的区块大小改成5210Bytes；
-c：使用旧ASCII备份格式； -c：使用旧ASCII备份格式；
-C<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>区块大小<span class="token operator">></span>或--io-size<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>区块大小<span class="token operator">></span>：设置输入/输出的区块大小，单位是Byte； -C<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>区块大小<span class="token operator">></span>或--io-size<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>区块大小<span class="token operator">></span>：设置输入/输出的区块大小，单位是Byte；
-d或--make-directories：如有需要cpio会自行建立目录； -d或--make-directories：如有需要cpio会自行建立目录；
-E<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>范本文件<span class="token operator">></span>或--pattern-file<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>范本文件<span class="token operator">></span>：指定范本文件，其内含有一个或多个范本样式，让cpio解开符合范本条件的文件，格式为每列一个范本样式； -E<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>范本文件<span class="token operator">></span>或--pattern-file<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>范本文件<span class="token operator">></span>：指定范本文件，其内含有一个或多个范本样式，让cpio解开符合范本条件的文件，格式为每列一个范本样式；
-f或--nonmatching：让cpio解开所有不符合范本条件的文件； -f或--nonmatching：让cpio解开所有不符合范本条件的文件；
-F<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>备份档<span class="token operator">></span>或--file<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>备份档<span class="token operator">></span>：指定备份档的名称，用来取代标准输入或输出，也能借此通过网络使用另一台主机的保存设备存取备份档； -F<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>备份档<span class="token operator">></span>或--file<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>备份档<span class="token operator">></span>：指定备份档的名称，用来取代标准输入或输出，也能借此通过网络使用另一台主机的保存设备存取备份档；
-H<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>备份格式<span class="token operator">></span>：指定备份时欲使用的文件格式； -H<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>备份格式<span class="token operator">></span>：指定备份时欲使用的文件格式；
-i或--extract：执行copy-in模式，还原备份档； -i或--extract：执行copy-in模式，还原备份档；
-l<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>备份档<span class="token operator">></span>：指定备份档的名称，用来取代标准输入，也能借此通过网络使用另一台主机的保存设备读取备份档； -l<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>备份档<span class="token operator">></span>：指定备份档的名称，用来取代标准输入，也能借此通过网络使用另一台主机的保存设备读取备份档；
-k：此参数将忽略不予处理，仅负责解决cpio不同版本间的兼容性问题； -k：此参数将忽略不予处理，仅负责解决cpio不同版本间的兼容性问题；
-l或--link：以硬连接的方式取代复制文件，可在copy-pass模式下运用； -l或--link：以硬连接的方式取代复制文件，可在copy-pass模式下运用；
-L或--dereference：不建立符号连接，直接复制该连接所指向的原始文件； -L或--dereference：不建立符号连接，直接复制该连接所指向的原始文件；
-m或preserve-modification-time：不去更改文件的更改时间； -m或preserve-modification-time：不去更改文件的更改时间；
-M<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>回传信息<span class="token operator">></span>或--message<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>回传信息<span class="token operator">></span>：设置更换保存媒体的信息； -M<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>回传信息<span class="token operator">></span>或--message<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>回传信息<span class="token operator">></span>：设置更换保存媒体的信息；
-n或--numeric-uid-gid：使用“-tv”参数列出备份档的内容时，若再加上参数“-n”，则会以用户识别和群组识别码替代拥有者和群组名称列出文件清单； -n或--numeric-uid-gid：使用“-tv”参数列出备份档的内容时，若再加上参数“-n”，则会以用户识别和群组识别码替代拥有者和群组名称列出文件清单；
-o或--create：执行copy-out模式，建立备份档； -o或--create：执行copy-out模式，建立备份档；
-O<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>备份档<span class="token operator">></span>：指定备份档的名称，用来取代标准输出，也能借此通过网络使用另一台主机的保存设备存放备份档； -O<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>备份档<span class="token operator">></span>：指定备份档的名称，用来取代标准输出，也能借此通过网络使用另一台主机的保存设备存放备份档；
-p或--pass-through：执行copy-pass模式，略过备份步骤，直接将文件复制到目的目录； -p或--pass-through：执行copy-pass模式，略过备份步骤，直接将文件复制到目的目录；
-r或--rename：当有文件名称需要更改时，采用互动模式； -r或--rename：当有文件名称需要更改时，采用互动模式；
-R<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>拥有者<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>:/.<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>所属群组<span class="token operator">></span>或----owner<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>拥有者<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>:/.<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>所属群组<span class="token operator">></span> 在copy-in模式还原备份档，或copy-pass模式复制文件时，可指定这些备份，复制的文件的拥有者与所属群组； -R<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>拥有者<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>:/.<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>所属群组<span class="token operator">></span>或----owner<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>拥有者<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>:/.<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>所属群组<span class="token operator">></span> 在copy-in模式还原备份档，或copy-pass模式复制文件时，可指定这些备份，复制的文件的拥有者与所属群组；
-s或--swap-bytes：交换每队字节的内容； -s或--swap-bytes：交换每队字节的内容；
-S或--swap-halfwords：交换每半个字节的内容； -S或--swap-halfwords：交换每半个字节的内容；
-t或--list：将输入的内容呈现出来； -t或--list：将输入的内容呈现出来；
-u或--unconditional：置换所有文件，不论日期时间的新旧与否，皆不予询问而直接覆盖； -u或--unconditional：置换所有文件，不论日期时间的新旧与否，皆不予询问而直接覆盖；
-v或--verbose：详细显示指令的执行过程； -v或--verbose：详细显示指令的执行过程；
-V或--dot：执行指令时。在每个文件的执行程序前面加上“.”号； -V或--dot：执行指令时。在每个文件的执行程序前面加上“.”号；
--block-size<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>区块大小<span class="token operator">></span>：设置输入/输出的区块大小，假如设置数值为5，则区块大小为2500，若设置成10，则区块大小为5120，以此类推； --block-size<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>区块大小<span class="token operator">></span>：设置输入/输出的区块大小，假如设置数值为5，则区块大小为2500，若设置成10，则区块大小为5120，以此类推；
--force-local：强制将备份档存放在本地主机； --force-local：强制将备份档存放在本地主机；
--help：在线帮助； --help：在线帮助；
--no-absolute-filenames：使用相对路径建立文件名称； --no-absolute-filenames：使用相对路径建立文件名称；
@ -85,19 +89,20 @@
--sparse：倘若一个文件内含有大量的连续0字节，则将此文件存在稀疏文件； --sparse：倘若一个文件内含有大量的连续0字节，则将此文件存在稀疏文件；
--version：显示版本信息。 --version：显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p><strong>将<code>/etc</code>下的所有普通文件都备份到<code>/opt/etc.cpio</code>，使用以下命令：</strong> </p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">find</span> /etc –type f <span class="token operator">|</span> cpio –ocvB <span class="token operator">></span>/opt/etc.cpio <p><strong>将<code>/etc</code>下的所有普通文件都备份到<code>/opt/etc.cpio</code>，使用以下命令：</strong></p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">find</span> /etc –type f <span class="token operator">|</span> cpio –ocvB <span class="token operator">></span>/opt/etc.cpio
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>将系统上所有资料备份到磁带机内，使用以下命令：</strong> </p> <p><strong>将系统上所有资料备份到磁带机内，使用以下命令：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">find</span> / -print <span class="token operator">|</span> cpio -covB <span class="token operator">></span> /dev/st0 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">find</span> / -print <span class="token operator">|</span> cpio -covB <span class="token operator">></span> /dev/st0
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这里的<code>/dev/st0</code>是磁带的设备名，代表SCSI磁带机。</p> <p>这里的<code>/dev/st0</code>是磁带的设备名，代表SCSI磁带机。</p>
<p><strong>查看上例磁带机上备份的文件，使用以下命令：</strong> </p> <p><strong>查看上例磁带机上备份的文件，使用以下命令：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">cpio -icdvt <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> /dev/st0 <span class="token operator">></span> /tmp/st_content <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cpio -icdvt <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span> /dev/st0 <span class="token operator">></span> /tmp/st_content
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>有时可能因为备份的文件过多，一个屏幕无法显示完毕，此时我们利用下面命令，让磁带机的文件信息输出到文件。</p> <p>有时可能因为备份的文件过多，一个屏幕无法显示完毕，此时我们利用下面命令，让磁带机的文件信息输出到文件。</p>
<p><strong>将示例1中的备份包还原到相应的位置，如果有相同文件进行覆盖，使用以下命令：</strong> </p> <p><strong>将示例1中的备份包还原到相应的位置，如果有相同文件进行覆盖，使用以下命令：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">cpio –icduv <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> /opt/etc.cpio <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cpio –icduv <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span> /opt/etc.cpio
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>注意，cpio恢复的路径，如果cpio在打包备份的时候用的是绝对路径，那么在恢复的时候会自动恢复到这些绝对路径下，本例就会将备份文件全部还原到/etc路径下对应的目录中。同理，如果在打包备份用的是相对路径，还原时也将恢复到相对路径下。</p> <p>注意，cpio恢复的路径，如果cpio在打包备份的时候用的是绝对路径，那么在恢复的时候会自动恢复到这些绝对路径下，本例就会将备份文件全部还原到/etc路径下对应的目录中。同理，如果在打包备份用的是相对路径，还原时也将恢复到相对路径下。</p>
<p>通过上面的示例，可以看出，cpio无法直接读取文件，它需要每个文件或者目录的完整路径名才能识别读取，而find命令的输出刚好做到了这点，因此，cpio命令一般和find命令配合使用。其实，上面的示例我们已经看到了它们的组合用法。</p> <p>通过上面的示例，可以看出，cpio无法直接读取文件，它需要每个文件或者目录的完整路径名才能识别读取，而find命令的输出刚好做到了这点，因此，cpio命令一般和find命令配合使用。其实，上面的示例我们已经看到了它们的组合用法。</p>
@ -124,7 +129,7 @@
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/crontab.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/crontab.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="crontab">crontab</h1><p>提交和管理用户的需要周期性执行的任务</p> <h1>crontab</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>crontab命令</strong> 被用来提交和管理用户的需要周期性执行的任务，与windows下的计划任务类似，当安装完成操作系统后，默认会安装此服务工具，并且会自动启动crond进程，crond进程每分钟会定期检查是否有要执行的任务，如果有要执行的任务，则自动执行该任务。</p> <p>提交和管理用户的需要周期性执行的任务</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">crontab<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>crontab命令</strong> 被用来提交和管理用户的需要周期性执行的任务，与windows下的计划任务类似，当安装完成操作系统后，默认会安装此服务工具，并且会自动启动crond进程，crond进程每分钟会定期检查是否有要执行的任务，如果有要执行的任务，则自动执行该任务。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">crontab<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-e：编辑该用户的计时器设置； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-e：编辑该用户的计时器设置；
-l：列出该用户的计时器设置； -l：列出该用户的计时器设置；
-r：删除该用户的计时器设置； -r：删除该用户的计时器设置；
-u<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>用户名称<span class="token operator">></span>：指定要设定计时器的用户名称。 -u<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>用户名称<span class="token operator">></span>：指定要设定计时器的用户名称。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>crontab文件：指定包含待执行任务的crontab文件。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="知识扩展">知识扩展</h3><p>Linux下的任务调度分为两类： <strong>系统任务调度</strong> 和 <strong>用户任务调度</strong> 。</p> <p>crontab文件：指定包含待执行任务的crontab文件。</p>
<p> <strong>系统任务调度：</strong> 系统周期性所要执行的工作，比如写缓存数据到硬盘、日志清理等。在<code>/etc</code>目录下有一个crontab文件，这个就是系统任务调度的配置文件。</p> <h3>知识扩展</h3>
<p>Linux下的任务调度分为两类： <strong>系统任务调度</strong> 和 <strong>用户任务调度</strong> 。</p>
<p><strong>系统任务调度：</strong> 系统周期性所要执行的工作，比如写缓存数据到硬盘、日志清理等。在<code>/etc</code>目录下有一个crontab文件，这个就是系统任务调度的配置文件。</p>
<p><code>/etc/crontab</code>文件包括下面几行：</p> <p><code>/etc/crontab</code>文件包括下面几行：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token assign-left variable"><span class="token environment constant">SHELL</span></span><span class="token operator">=</span>/bin/bash <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token assign-left variable"><span class="token environment constant">SHELL</span></span><span class="token operator">=</span>/bin/bash
<span class="token assign-left variable"><span class="token environment constant">PATH</span></span><span class="token operator">=</span>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin <span class="token assign-left variable"><span class="token environment constant">PATH</span></span><span class="token operator">=</span>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
<span class="token assign-left variable">MAILTO</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">""</span><span class="token environment constant">HOME</span><span class="token operator">=</span>/ <span class="token assign-left variable">MAILTO</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">""</span><span class="token environment constant">HOME</span><span class="token operator">=</span>/
@ -64,92 +70,93 @@
<span class="token number">42</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">1</span> * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly <span class="token number">42</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">1</span> * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>前四行是用来配置crond任务运行的环境变量，第一行SHELL变量指定了系统要使用哪个shell，这里是bash，第二行PATH变量指定了系统执行命令的路径，第三行MAILTO变量指定了crond的任务执行信息将通过电子邮件发送给root用户，如果MAILTO变量的值为空，则表示不发送任务执行信息给用户，第四行的HOME变量指定了在执行命令或者脚本时使用的主目录。</p> <p>前四行是用来配置crond任务运行的环境变量，第一行SHELL变量指定了系统要使用哪个shell，这里是bash，第二行PATH变量指定了系统执行命令的路径，第三行MAILTO变量指定了crond的任务执行信息将通过电子邮件发送给root用户，如果MAILTO变量的值为空，则表示不发送任务执行信息给用户，第四行的HOME变量指定了在执行命令或者脚本时使用的主目录。</p>
<p> <strong>用户任务调度：</strong> 用户定期要执行的工作，比如用户数据备份、定时邮件提醒等。用户可以使用 crontab 工具来定制自己的计划任务。所有用户定义的crontab文件都被保存在<code>/var/spool/cron</code>目录中。其文件名与用户名一致，使用者权限文件如下：</p> <p><strong>用户任务调度：</strong> 用户定期要执行的工作，比如用户数据备份、定时邮件提醒等。用户可以使用 crontab 工具来定制自己的计划任务。所有用户定义的crontab文件都被保存在<code>/var/spool/cron</code>目录中。其文件名与用户名一致，使用者权限文件如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">/etc/cron.deny 该文件中所列用户不允许使用crontab命令 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">/etc/cron.deny 该文件中所列用户不允许使用crontab命令
/etc/cron.allow 该文件中所列用户允许使用crontab命令 /etc/cron.allow 该文件中所列用户允许使用crontab命令
/var/spool/cron/ 所有用户crontab文件存放的目录,以用户名命名 /var/spool/cron/ 所有用户crontab文件存放的目录,以用户名命名
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>crontab文件的含义：用户所建立的crontab文件中，每一行都代表一项任务，每行的每个字段代表一项设置，它的格式共分为六个字段，前五段是时间设定段，第六段是要执行的命令段，格式如下：</p> <p>crontab文件的含义：用户所建立的crontab文件中，每一行都代表一项任务，每行的每个字段代表一项设置，它的格式共分为六个字段，前五段是时间设定段，第六段是要执行的命令段，格式如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">minute hour day month week <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span> 顺序：分 时 日 月 周 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">minute hour day month week <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span> 顺序：分 时 日 月 周
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>其中：</p> <p>其中：</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li> minute： 表示分钟，可以是从0到59之间的任何整数。</li> <li>minute： 表示分钟，可以是从0到59之间的任何整数。</li>
<li> hour：表示小时，可以是从0到23之间的任何整数。</li> <li>hour：表示小时，可以是从0到23之间的任何整数。</li>
<li> day：表示日期，可以是从1到31之间的任何整数。</li> <li>day：表示日期，可以是从1到31之间的任何整数。</li>
<li> month：表示月份，可以是从1到12之间的任何整数。</li> <li>month：表示月份，可以是从1到12之间的任何整数。</li>
<li> week：表示星期几，可以是从0到7之间的任何整数，这里的0或7代表星期日。</li> <li>week：表示星期几，可以是从0到7之间的任何整数，这里的0或7代表星期日。</li>
<li> command：要执行的命令，可以是系统命令，也可以是自己编写的脚本文件。</li> <li>command：要执行的命令，可以是系统命令，也可以是自己编写的脚本文件。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p>在以上各个字段中，还可以使用以下特殊字符：</p> <p>在以上各个字段中，还可以使用以下特殊字符：</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li> 星号（*）：代表所有可能的值，例如month字段如果是星号，则表示在满足其它字段的制约条件后每月都执行该命令操作。</li> <li>星号（*）：代表所有可能的值，例如month字段如果是星号，则表示在满足其它字段的制约条件后每月都执行该命令操作。</li>
<li> 逗号（,）：可以用逗号隔开的值指定一个列表范围，例如，“1,2,5,7,8,9”</li> <li>逗号（,）：可以用逗号隔开的值指定一个列表范围，例如，“1,2,5,7,8,9”</li>
<li> 中杠（-）：可以用整数之间的中杠表示一个整数范围，例如“2-6”表示“2,3,4,5,6”</li> <li>中杠（-）：可以用整数之间的中杠表示一个整数范围，例如“2-6”表示“2,3,4,5,6”</li>
<li> 正斜线（/）：可以用正斜线指定时间的间隔频率，例如“0-23/2”表示每两小时执行一次。同时正斜线可以和星号一起使用，例如*/10，如果用在minute字段，表示每十分钟执行一次。</li> <li>正斜线（/）：可以用正斜线指定时间的间隔频率，例如“0-23/2”表示每两小时执行一次。同时正斜线可以和星号一起使用，例如*/10，如果用在minute字段，表示每十分钟执行一次。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p><strong>crond服务</strong> </p> <p><strong>crond服务</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">/sbin/service crond start <span class="token comment"># 启动服务</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">/sbin/service crond start <span class="token comment"># 启动服务</span>
/sbin/service crond stop <span class="token comment"># 关闭服务</span> /sbin/service crond stop <span class="token comment"># 关闭服务</span>
/sbin/service crond restart <span class="token comment"># 重启服务</span> /sbin/service crond restart <span class="token comment"># 重启服务</span>
/sbin/service crond reload <span class="token comment"># 重新载入配置</span> /sbin/service crond reload <span class="token comment"># 重新载入配置</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>查看crontab服务状态：</p> <p>查看crontab服务状态：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">service</span> crond status <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">service</span> crond status
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>手动启动crontab服务：</p> <p>手动启动crontab服务：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">service</span> crond start <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">service</span> crond start
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>查看crontab服务是否已设置为开机启动，执行命令：</p> <p>查看crontab服务是否已设置为开机启动，执行命令：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">ntsysv <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">ntsysv
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>加入开机自动启动：</p> <p>加入开机自动启动：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chkconfig</span> –level <span class="token number">35</span> crond on <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">chkconfig</span> –level <span class="token number">35</span> crond on
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>每1分钟执行一次command</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">* * * * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span> <p>每1分钟执行一次command</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">* * * * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>每小时的第3和第15分钟执行</p> <p>每小时的第3和第15分钟执行</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">3,15</span> * * * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">3,15</span> * * * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>在上午8点到11点的第3和第15分钟执行</p> <p>在上午8点到11点的第3和第15分钟执行</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 * * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 * * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>每隔两天的上午8点到11点的第3和第15分钟执行</p> <p>每隔两天的上午8点到11点的第3和第15分钟执行</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 */2 * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 */2 * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>每个星期一的上午8点到11点的第3和第15分钟执行</p> <p>每个星期一的上午8点到11点的第3和第15分钟执行</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 * * <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 * * <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>每晚的21:30重启smb </p> <p>每晚的21:30重启smb </p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">21</span> * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">21</span> * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>每月1、10、22日的4 : 45重启smb </p> <p>每月1、10、22日的4 : 45重启smb </p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">45</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">1,10</span>,22 * * /etc/init.d/smb restart <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">45</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">1,10</span>,22 * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>每周六、周日的1:10重启smb</p> <p>每周六、周日的1:10重启smb</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token number">1</span> * * <span class="token number">6,0</span> /etc/init.d/smb restart <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token number">1</span> * * <span class="token number">6,0</span> /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>每天18 : 00至23 : 00之间每隔30分钟重启smb </p> <p>每天18 : 00至23 : 00之间每隔30分钟重启smb </p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0,30</span> <span class="token number">18</span>-23 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0,30</span> <span class="token number">18</span>-23 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>每星期六的晚上11:00 pm重启smb </p> <p>每星期六的晚上11:00 pm重启smb </p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">23</span> * * <span class="token number">6</span> /etc/init.d/smb restart <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">23</span> * * <span class="token number">6</span> /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>每一小时重启smb </p> <p>每一小时重启smb </p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">* */1 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">* */1 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>晚上11点到早上7点之间，每隔一小时重启smb</p> <p>晚上11点到早上7点之间，每隔一小时重启smb</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">* <span class="token number">23</span>-7/1 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">* <span class="token number">23</span>-7/1 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>每月的4号与每周一到周三的11点重启smb </p> <p>每月的4号与每周一到周三的11点重启smb </p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">11</span> <span class="token number">4</span> * mon-wed /etc/init.d/smb restart <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">11</span> <span class="token number">4</span> * mon-wed /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>一月一号的4点重启smb</p> <p>一月一号的4点重启smb</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">1</span> jan * /etc/init.d/smb restart <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">1</span> jan * /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>每小时执行<code>/etc/cron.hourly</code>目录内的脚本</p> <p>每小时执行<code>/etc/cron.hourly</code>目录内的脚本</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/csplit.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/csplit.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="csplit">csplit</h1><p>将一个大文件分割成小的碎片文件</p> <h1>csplit</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>csplit命令</strong> 用于将一个大文件分割成小的碎片，并且将分割后的每个碎片保存成一个文件。碎片文件的命名类似“xx00”，“xx01”。csplit命令是split的一个变体，split只能够根据文件大小或行数来分割，但csplit能够根据文件本身特点来分割文件。</p> <p>将一个大文件分割成小的碎片文件</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">csplit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>csplit命令</strong> 用于将一个大文件分割成小的碎片，并且将分割后的每个碎片保存成一个文件。碎片文件的命名类似“xx00”，“xx01”。csplit命令是split的一个变体，split只能够根据文件大小或行数来分割，但csplit能够根据文件本身特点来分割文件。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">csplit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-b<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>输出格式<span class="token operator">></span>或--suffix-format<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>输出格式<span class="token operator">></span>：预设的输出格式其文件名称为xx00，xx01等，用户可以通过改变<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>输出格式<span class="token operator">></span>来改变输出的文件名； <h3>选项</h3>
-f<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>输出字首字符串<span class="token operator">></span>或--prefix<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>输出字首字符串<span class="token operator">></span>：预设的输出字首字符串其文件名为xx00，xx01等，如果制定输出字首字符串为“hello”，则输出的文件名称会变成hello00，hello、01<span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-b<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>输出格式<span class="token operator">></span>或--suffix-format<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>输出格式<span class="token operator">></span>：预设的输出格式其文件名称为xx00，xx01等，用户可以通过改变<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>输出格式<span class="token operator">></span>来改变输出的文件名；
-f<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>输出字首字符串<span class="token operator">></span>或--prefix<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>输出字首字符串<span class="token operator">></span>：预设的输出字首字符串其文件名为xx00，xx01等，如果制定输出字首字符串为“hello”，则输出的文件名称会变成hello00，hello、01<span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>
-k或--keep-files：保留文件，就算发生错误或中断执行，与不能删除已经输出保存的文件； -k或--keep-files：保留文件，就算发生错误或中断执行，与不能删除已经输出保存的文件；
-n<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>输出文件名位数<span class="token operator">></span>或--digits<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>输出文件名位数<span class="token operator">></span>：预设的输出文件名位数其文件名称为xx00，xx01<span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>如果用户指定输出文件名位数为“3”，则输出的文件名称会变成xx000，xx001等； -n<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>输出文件名位数<span class="token operator">></span>或--digits<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>输出文件名位数<span class="token operator">></span>：预设的输出文件名位数其文件名称为xx00，xx01<span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>如果用户指定输出文件名位数为“3”，则输出的文件名称会变成xx000，xx001等；
-q或-s或--quiet或——silent：不显示指令执行过程； -q或-s或--quiet或——silent：不显示指令执行过程；
-z或--elide-empty-files：删除长度为0 Byte文件。 -z或--elide-empty-files：删除长度为0 Byte文件。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<li> 文件：指定要分割的原文件；</li> <ul>
<li> 模式：指定要分割文件时的匹配模式。</li> <li>文件：指定要分割的原文件；</li>
<li>模式：指定要分割文件时的匹配模式。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>示例测试文件 server.log</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cat</span> server.log <p>示例测试文件 server.log</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cat</span> server.log
SERVER-1 SERVER-1
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>con<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token number">10.10</span>.10.1 suc <span class="token punctuation">[</span>con<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token number">10.10</span>.10.1 suc
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>con<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token number">10.10</span>.10.2 fai <span class="token punctuation">[</span>con<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token number">10.10</span>.10.2 fai
@ -74,12 +80,12 @@ SERVER-3
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>con<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token number">10.10</span>.10.12 suc <span class="token punctuation">[</span>con<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token number">10.10</span>.10.12 suc
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>需要将server.log分割成server1.log、server2.log、server3.log，这些文件的内容分别取自原文件中不同的SERVER部分：</p> <p>需要将server.log分割成server1.log、server2.log、server3.log，这些文件的内容分别取自原文件中不同的SERVER部分：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost split<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># csplit server.log /SERVER/ -n2 -s {*} -f server -b "%02d.log"; rm server00.log</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost split<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># csplit server.log /SERVER/ -n2 -s {*} -f server -b "%02d.log"; rm server00.log</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost split<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ls</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost split<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ls</span>
server01.log server02.log server03.log server.log server01.log server02.log server03.log server.log
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p> <strong>命令详细说明：</strong> </p> <p><strong>命令详细说明：</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">/<span class="token punctuation">[</span>正则表达式<span class="token punctuation">]</span>/ <span class="token comment">#匹配文本样式，比如/SERVER/，从第一行到包含SERVER的匹配行。</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">/<span class="token punctuation">[</span>正则表达式<span class="token punctuation">]</span>/ <span class="token comment">#匹配文本样式，比如/SERVER/，从第一行到包含SERVER的匹配行。</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>*<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token comment">#表示根据匹配重复执行分割，直到文件尾停止，使用{整数}的形式指定分割执行的次数。</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>*<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token comment">#表示根据匹配重复执行分割，直到文件尾停止，使用{整数}的形式指定分割执行的次数。</span>
-s <span class="token comment">#静默模式，不打印其他信息。</span> -s <span class="token comment">#静默模式，不打印其他信息。</span>
-n <span class="token comment">#指定分割后的文件名后缀的数字个数。比如01、02、03等。</span> -n <span class="token comment">#指定分割后的文件名后缀的数字个数。比如01、02、03等。</span>
@ -110,7 +116,7 @@ server01.log server02.log server03.log server.log
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cu.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cu.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cu">cu</h1><p>用于连接另一个系统主机</p> <h1>cu</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>cu命令</strong> 用于连接另一个系统主机。cu(call up)指令可连接另一台主机，并采用类似拨号终端机的接口工作，也可执行简易的文件传输作业。</p> <p>用于连接另一个系统主机</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">cu <span class="token punctuation">[</span>dehnotv<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-a<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>通信端口<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-c<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>电话号码<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-E<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>脱离字符<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-I<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>设置文件<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-l<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>外围设备代号<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>-s<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>连线速率<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-x<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>排错模式<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-z<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>系统主机<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--help<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-nostop<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--parity<span class="token operator">=</span>none<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>系统主机<span class="token operator">></span>/<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>电话号码<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p><strong>cu命令</strong> 用于连接另一个系统主机。cu(call up)指令可连接另一台主机，并采用类似拨号终端机的接口工作，也可执行简易的文件传输作业。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cu <span class="token punctuation">[</span>dehnotv<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-a<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>通信端口<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-c<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>电话号码<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-E<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>脱离字符<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-I<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>设置文件<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-l<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>外围设备代号<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>-s<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>连线速率<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-x<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>排错模式<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-z<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>系统主机<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--help<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-nostop<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>--parity<span class="token operator">=</span>none<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>系统主机<span class="token operator">></span>/<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>电话号码<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-a<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>通信端口<span class="token operator">></span>或-p<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>通信端口<span class="token operator">></span>或--port<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>通信端口<span class="token operator">></span> 使用指定的通信端口进行连线。 <h3>选项</h3>
-c<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>电话号码<span class="token operator">></span>或--phone<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>电话号码<span class="token operator">></span> 拨打该电话号码。 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-a<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>通信端口<span class="token operator">></span>或-p<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>通信端口<span class="token operator">></span>或--port<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>通信端口<span class="token operator">></span> 使用指定的通信端口进行连线。
-c<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>电话号码<span class="token operator">></span>或--phone<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>电话号码<span class="token operator">></span> 拨打该电话号码。
-d 进入排错模式。 -d 进入排错模式。
-e或--parity<span class="token operator">=</span>even 使用双同位检查。 -e或--parity<span class="token operator">=</span>even 使用双同位检查。
-E<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>脱离字符<span class="token operator">></span>或--escape<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>脱离字符<span class="token operator">></span> 设置脱离字符。 -E<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>脱离字符<span class="token operator">></span>或--escape<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>脱离字符<span class="token operator">></span> 设置脱离字符。
-h或--halfduple 使用半双工模式。 -h或--halfduple 使用半双工模式。
-I<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>配置文件<span class="token operator">></span>或--config<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>配置文件<span class="token operator">></span> 指定要使用的配置文件。 -I<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>配置文件<span class="token operator">></span>或--config<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>配置文件<span class="token operator">></span> 指定要使用的配置文件。
-l<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>外围设备代号<span class="token operator">></span>或--line<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>外围设备代号<span class="token operator">></span> 指定某项外围设备，作为连接的设备。 -l<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>外围设备代号<span class="token operator">></span>或--line<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>外围设备代号<span class="token operator">></span> 指定某项外围设备，作为连接的设备。
-n或--prompt 拨号时等待用户输入电话号码。 -n或--prompt 拨号时等待用户输入电话号码。
-o或--parity<span class="token operator">=</span>odd 使用单同位检查。 -o或--parity<span class="token operator">=</span>odd 使用单同位检查。
-s<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>连线速率<span class="token operator">></span>或--speed<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>连线速率<span class="token operator">></span>或--baud<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>连线速率<span class="token operator">></span>或-<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>连线速率<span class="token operator">></span> 设置连线的速率，单位以鲍率计算。 -s<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>连线速率<span class="token operator">></span>或--speed<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>连线速率<span class="token operator">></span>或--baud<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>连线速率<span class="token operator">></span>或-<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>连线速率<span class="token operator">></span> 设置连线的速率，单位以鲍率计算。
-t或--maper 把CR字符置换成LF+CR字符。 -t或--maper 把CR字符置换成LF+CR字符。
-v或--version 显示版本信息。 -v或--version 显示版本信息。
-x<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>排错模式<span class="token operator">></span>或--debug<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>排错模式<span class="token operator">></span> 使用排错模式。 -x<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>排错模式<span class="token operator">></span>或--debug<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>排错模式<span class="token operator">></span> 使用排错模式。
-z<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>系统主机<span class="token operator">></span>或--system<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>系统主机<span class="token operator">></span> 连接该系统主机。 -z<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>系统主机<span class="token operator">></span>或--system<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>系统主机<span class="token operator">></span> 连接该系统主机。
--help 在线帮助。 --help 在线帮助。
--nostop 关闭Xon/Xoff软件流量控制。 --nostop 关闭Xon/Xoff软件流量控制。
--parity<span class="token operator">=</span>none 不使用同位检查。 --parity<span class="token operator">=</span>none 不使用同位检查。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>与远程主机连接</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell">cu -c 0102377765 <p>与远程主机连接</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cu -c 0102377765
cu -s <span class="token number">38400</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">9</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">12015551234</span> cu -s <span class="token number">38400</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">9</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">12015551234</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -92,7 +96,7 @@ cu -s <span class="token number">38400</span> <span class="token assign-left var
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cupsdisable.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cupsdisable.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cupsdisable">cupsdisable</h1><p>停止指定的打印机</p> <h1>cupsdisable</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>cupsdisable命令</strong> 用于停止指定的打印机。</p> <p>停止指定的打印机</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">cupsdisable<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>cupsdisable命令</strong> 用于停止指定的打印机。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cupsdisable<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-E：当连接到服务器时强制使用加密； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-E：当连接到服务器时强制使用加密；
-U：指定连接服务器时使用的用户名； -U：指定连接服务器时使用的用户名；
-u：指定打印任务所属的用户； -u：指定打印任务所属的用户；
-c：取消指定打印机的所有打印任务； -c：取消指定打印机的所有打印任务；
-h：指定连接的服务器名和端口号； -h：指定连接的服务器名和端口号；
-r：停止打印机的原因。 -r：停止打印机的原因。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>目标：指定目标打印机。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<p>目标：指定目标打印机。</p>
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<title>cupsenable 命令，Linux cupsenable 命令详解：启动指定的打印机 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>cupsenable 命令，Linux cupsenable 命令详解：启动指定的打印机 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cupsenable.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cupsenable.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cupsenable">cupsenable</h1><p>启动指定的打印机</p> <h1>cupsenable</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>cupsenable命令</strong> 用于启动指定的打印机。</p> <p>启动指定的打印机</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">cupsenable<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>cupsenable命令</strong> 用于启动指定的打印机。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cupsenable<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-E：当连接到服务器时强制使用加密； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-E：当连接到服务器时强制使用加密；
-U：指定连接服务器时使用的用户名； -U：指定连接服务器时使用的用户名；
-u：指定打印任务所属的用户； -u：指定打印任务所属的用户；
-h：指定连接的服务器名和端口号； -h：指定连接的服务器名和端口号；
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>目标：指定目标打印机。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<p>目标：指定目标打印机。</p>
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<h1 id="curl">curl</h1><p>利用URL规则在命令行下工作的文件传输工具</p> <h1>curl</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>curl命令</strong> 是一个利用URL规则在命令行下工作的文件传输工具。它支持文件的上传和下载，所以是综合传输工具，但按传统，习惯称curl为下载工具。作为一款强力工具，curl支持包括HTTP、HTTPS、ftp等众多协议，还支持POST、cookies、认证、从指定偏移处下载部分文件、用户代理字符串、限速、文件大小、进度条等特征。做网页处理流程和数据检索自动化，curl可以祝一臂之力。</p> <p>利用URL规则在命令行下工作的文件传输工具</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">curl<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>curl命令</strong> 是一个利用URL规则在命令行下工作的文件传输工具。它支持文件的上传和下载，所以是综合传输工具，但按传统，习惯称curl为下载工具。作为一款强力工具，curl支持包括HTTP、HTTPS、ftp等众多协议，还支持POST、cookies、认证、从指定偏移处下载部分文件、用户代理字符串、限速、文件大小、进度条等特征。做网页处理流程和数据检索自动化，curl可以祝一臂之力。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">curl<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <h3>选项</h3>
<tbody>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td>-a/--append</td><td>上传文件时，附加到目标文件</td></tr> <tr><td>-a/--append</td><td>上传文件时，附加到目标文件</td></tr>
<tr><td>-A/--user-agent <string></td><td>设置用户代理发送给服务器</td></tr> <tr><td>-A/--user-agent <string></string></td><td>设置用户代理发送给服务器</td></tr>
<tr><td>-anyauth</td><td>可以使用“任何”身份验证方法</td></tr> <tr><td>-anyauth</td><td>可以使用“任何”身份验证方法</td></tr>
<tr><td>-b/--cookie <name=string/file></td><td>cookie字符串或文件读取位置</td></tr> <tr><td>-b/--cookie <name=string file=""></name=string></td><td>cookie字符串或文件读取位置</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --basic</td><td>使用HTTP基本验证</td></tr> <tr><td>     --basic</td><td>使用HTTP基本验证</td></tr>
<tr><td>-B/--use-ascii</td><td>使用ASCII /文本传输</td></tr> <tr><td>-B/--use-ascii</td><td>使用ASCII /文本传输</td></tr>
<tr><td>-c/--cookie-jar <file></td><td>操作结束后把cookie写入到这个文件中</td></tr> <tr><td>-c/--cookie-jar <file></file></td><td>操作结束后把cookie写入到这个文件中</td></tr>
<tr><td>-C/--continue-at <offset></td><td>断点续传</td></tr> <tr><td>-C/--continue-at <offset></offset></td><td>断点续传</td></tr>
<tr><td>-d/--data <data></td><td>HTTP POST方式传送数据</td></tr> <tr><td>-d/--data <data></data></td><td>HTTP POST方式传送数据</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --data-ascii <data></td><td>以ascii的方式post数据</td></tr> <tr><td>     --data-ascii <data></data></td><td>以ascii的方式post数据</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --data-binary <data></td><td>以二进制的方式post数据</td></tr> <tr><td>     --data-binary <data></data></td><td>以二进制的方式post数据</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --negotiate</td><td>使用HTTP身份验证</td></tr> <tr><td>     --negotiate</td><td>使用HTTP身份验证</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --digest</td><td>使用数字身份验证</td></tr> <tr><td>     --digest</td><td>使用数字身份验证</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --disable-eprt</td><td>禁止使用EPRT或LPRT</td></tr> <tr><td>     --disable-eprt</td><td>禁止使用EPRT或LPRT</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --disable-epsv</td><td>禁止使用EPSV</td></tr> <tr><td>     --disable-epsv</td><td>禁止使用EPSV</td></tr>
<tr><td>-D/--dump-header <file></td><td>把header信息写入到该文件中</td></tr> <tr><td>-D/--dump-header <file></file></td><td>把header信息写入到该文件中</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --egd-file <file></td><td>为随机数据(SSL)设置EGD socket路径</td></tr> <tr><td>     --egd-file <file></file></td><td>为随机数据(SSL)设置EGD socket路径</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --tcp-nodelay</td><td>使用TCP_NODELAY选项</td></tr> <tr><td>     --tcp-nodelay</td><td>使用TCP_NODELAY选项</td></tr>
<tr><td>-e/--referer</td><td>来源网址</td></tr> <tr><td>-e/--referer</td><td>来源网址</td></tr>
<tr><td>-E/--cert <cert:[passwd]></td><td>客户端证书文件和密码 (SSL)</td></tr> <tr><td>-E/--cert <cert:[passwd]></cert:[passwd]></td><td>客户端证书文件和密码 (SSL)</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --cert-type <type></td><td>证书文件类型 (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)</td></tr> <tr><td>     --cert-type <type></type></td><td>证书文件类型 (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --key <key></td><td>私钥文件名 (SSL)</td></tr> <tr><td>     --key <key></key></td><td>私钥文件名 (SSL)</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --key-type <type></td><td>私钥文件类型 (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)</td></tr> <tr><td>     --key-type <type></type></td><td>私钥文件类型 (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --pass <pass></td><td>私钥密码 (SSL)</td></tr> <tr><td>     --pass <pass></pass></td><td>私钥密码 (SSL)</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --engine <eng></td><td>加密引擎使用 (SSL). "--engine list" for list</td></tr> <tr><td>     --engine <eng></eng></td><td>加密引擎使用 (SSL). "--engine list" for list</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --cacert <file></td><td>CA证书 (SSL)</td></tr> <tr><td>     --cacert <file></file></td><td>CA证书 (SSL)</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --capath <directory></td><td>CA目录 (made using c_rehash) to verify peer against (SSL)</td></tr> <tr><td>     --capath <directory></directory></td><td>CA目录 (made using c_rehash) to verify peer against (SSL)</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --ciphers <list></td><td>SSL密码</td></tr> <tr><td>     --ciphers <list></list></td><td>SSL密码</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --compressed</td><td>要求返回是压缩的形势 (using deflate or gzip)</td></tr> <tr><td>     --compressed</td><td>要求返回是压缩的形势 (using deflate or gzip)</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --connect-timeout <seconds></td><td>设置最大请求时间</td></tr> <tr><td>     --connect-timeout <seconds></seconds></td><td>设置最大请求时间</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --create-dirs</td><td>建立本地目录的目录层次结构</td></tr> <tr><td>     --create-dirs</td><td>建立本地目录的目录层次结构</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --crlf</td><td>上传是把LF转变成CRLF</td></tr> <tr><td>     --crlf</td><td>上传是把LF转变成CRLF</td></tr>
<tr><td>-f/--fail</td><td>连接失败时不显示http错误</td></tr> <tr><td>-f/--fail</td><td>连接失败时不显示http错误</td></tr>
@ -86,25 +90,25 @@
<tr><td>     --ftp-skip-pasv-ip</td><td>使用PASV的时候,忽略该IP地址</td></tr> <tr><td>     --ftp-skip-pasv-ip</td><td>使用PASV的时候,忽略该IP地址</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --ftp-ssl</td><td>尝试用 SSL/TLS 来进行ftp数据传输</td></tr> <tr><td>     --ftp-ssl</td><td>尝试用 SSL/TLS 来进行ftp数据传输</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --ftp-ssl-reqd</td><td>要求用 SSL/TLS 来进行ftp数据传输</td></tr> <tr><td>     --ftp-ssl-reqd</td><td>要求用 SSL/TLS 来进行ftp数据传输</td></tr>
<tr><td>-F/--form <name=content></td><td>模拟http表单提交数据</td></tr> <tr><td>-F/--form <name=content></name=content></td><td>模拟http表单提交数据</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --form-string <name=string></td><td>模拟http表单提交数据</td></tr> <tr><td>     --form-string <name=string></name=string></td><td>模拟http表单提交数据</td></tr>
<tr><td>-g/--globoff</td><td>禁用网址序列和范围使用{}和[]</td></tr> <tr><td>-g/--globoff</td><td>禁用网址序列和范围使用{}和[]</td></tr>
<tr><td>-G/--get</td><td>以get的方式来发送数据</td></tr> <tr><td>-G/--get</td><td>以get的方式来发送数据</td></tr>
<tr><td>-H/--header <line></td><td>自定义头信息传递给服务器</td></tr> <tr><td>-H/--header <line></line></td><td>自定义头信息传递给服务器</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --ignore-content-length</td><td>忽略的HTTP头信息的长度</td></tr> <tr><td>     --ignore-content-length</td><td>忽略的HTTP头信息的长度</td></tr>
<tr><td>-i/--include</td><td>输出时包括protocol头信息</td></tr> <tr><td>-i/--include</td><td>输出时包括protocol头信息</td></tr>
<tr><td>-I/--head</td><td>只显示请求头信息</td></tr> <tr><td>-I/--head</td><td>只显示请求头信息</td></tr>
<tr><td>-j/--junk-session-cookies</td><td>读取文件进忽略session cookie</td></tr> <tr><td>-j/--junk-session-cookies</td><td>读取文件进忽略session cookie</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --interface <interface></td><td>使用指定网络接口/地址</td></tr> <tr><td>     --interface <interface></interface></td><td>使用指定网络接口/地址</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --krb4 <level></td><td>使用指定安全级别的krb4</td></tr> <tr><td>     --krb4 <level></level></td><td>使用指定安全级别的krb4</td></tr>
<tr><td>-k/--insecure</td><td>允许不使用证书到SSL站点</td></tr> <tr><td>-k/--insecure</td><td>允许不使用证书到SSL站点</td></tr>
<tr><td>-K/--config</td><td>指定的配置文件读取</td></tr> <tr><td>-K/--config</td><td>指定的配置文件读取</td></tr>
<tr><td>-l/--list-only</td><td>列出ftp目录下的文件名称</td></tr> <tr><td>-l/--list-only</td><td>列出ftp目录下的文件名称</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --limit-rate <rate></td><td>设置传输速度</td></tr> <tr><td>     --limit-rate <rate></rate></td><td>设置传输速度</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --local-port<NUM></td><td>强制使用本地端口号</td></tr> <tr><td>     --local-port<num></num></td><td>强制使用本地端口号</td></tr>
<tr><td>-m/--max-time <seconds></td><td>设置最大传输时间</td></tr> <tr><td>-m/--max-time <seconds></seconds></td><td>设置最大传输时间</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --max-redirs <num></td><td>设置最大读取的目录数</td></tr> <tr><td>     --max-redirs <num></num></td><td>设置最大读取的目录数</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --max-filesize <bytes></td><td>设置最大下载的文件总量</td></tr> <tr><td>     --max-filesize <bytes></bytes></td><td>设置最大下载的文件总量</td></tr>
<tr><td>-M/--manual</td><td>显示全手动</td></tr> <tr><td>-M/--manual</td><td>显示全手动</td></tr>
<tr><td>-n/--netrc</td><td>从netrc文件中读取用户名和密码</td></tr> <tr><td>-n/--netrc</td><td>从netrc文件中读取用户名和密码</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --netrc-optional</td><td>使用 .netrc 或者 URL来覆盖-n</td></tr> <tr><td>     --netrc-optional</td><td>使用 .netrc 或者 URL来覆盖-n</td></tr>
@ -117,60 +121,58 @@
<tr><td>     --proxy-basic</td><td>在代理上使用基本身份验证</td></tr> <tr><td>     --proxy-basic</td><td>在代理上使用基本身份验证</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --proxy-digest</td><td>在代理上使用数字身份验证</td></tr> <tr><td>     --proxy-digest</td><td>在代理上使用数字身份验证</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --proxy-ntlm</td><td>在代理上使用ntlm身份验证</td></tr> <tr><td>     --proxy-ntlm</td><td>在代理上使用ntlm身份验证</td></tr>
<tr><td>-P/--ftp-port <address></td><td>使用端口地址，而不是使用PASV</td></tr> <tr><td>-P/--ftp-port <address></address></td><td>使用端口地址，而不是使用PASV</td></tr>
<tr><td>-q</td><td>作为第一个参数，关闭 .curlrc</td></tr> <tr><td>-q</td><td>作为第一个参数，关闭 .curlrc</td></tr>
<tr><td>-Q/--quote <cmd></td><td>文件传输前，发送命令到服务器</td></tr> <tr><td>-Q/--quote <cmd></cmd></td><td>文件传输前，发送命令到服务器</td></tr>
<tr><td>-r/--range <range></td><td>检索来自HTTP/1.1或FTP服务器字节范围</td></tr> <tr><td>-r/--range <range></range></td><td>检索来自HTTP/1.1或FTP服务器字节范围</td></tr>
<tr><td>--range-file</td><td>读取（SSL）的随机文件</td></tr> <tr><td>--range-file</td><td>读取（SSL）的随机文件</td></tr>
<tr><td>-R/--remote-time</td><td>在本地生成文件时，保留远程文件时间</td></tr> <tr><td>-R/--remote-time</td><td>在本地生成文件时，保留远程文件时间</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --retry <num></td><td>传输出现问题时，重试的次数</td></tr> <tr><td>     --retry <num></num></td><td>传输出现问题时，重试的次数</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --retry-delay <seconds></td><td>传输出现问题时，设置重试间隔时间</td></tr> <tr><td>     --retry-delay <seconds></seconds></td><td>传输出现问题时，设置重试间隔时间</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --retry-max-time <seconds></td><td>传输出现问题时，设置最大重试时间</td></tr> <tr><td>     --retry-max-time <seconds></seconds></td><td>传输出现问题时，设置最大重试时间</td></tr>
<tr><td>-s/--silent</td><td>静默模式。不输出任何东西</td></tr> <tr><td>-s/--silent</td><td>静默模式。不输出任何东西</td></tr>
<tr><td>-S/--show-error</td><td>显示错误</td></tr> <tr><td>-S/--show-error</td><td>显示错误</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --socks4 <host[:port]></td><td>用socks4代理给定主机和端口</td></tr> <tr><td>     --socks4 <host[:port]></host[:port]></td><td>用socks4代理给定主机和端口</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --socks5 <host[:port]></td><td>用socks5代理给定主机和端口</td></tr> <tr><td>     --socks5 <host[:port]></host[:port]></td><td>用socks5代理给定主机和端口</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --stderr <file></td><td> </td></tr> <tr><td>     --stderr <file></file></td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>-t/--telnet-option <OPT=val></td><td>Telnet选项设置</td></tr> <tr><td>-t/--telnet-option <opt=val></opt=val></td><td>Telnet选项设置</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --trace <file></td><td>对指定文件进行debug</td></tr> <tr><td>     --trace <file></file></td><td>对指定文件进行debug</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --trace-ascii <file></td><td>Like --跟踪但没有hex输出</td></tr> <tr><td>     --trace-ascii <file></file></td><td>Like --跟踪但没有hex输出</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --trace-time</td><td>跟踪/详细输出时，添加时间戳</td></tr> <tr><td>     --trace-time</td><td>跟踪/详细输出时，添加时间戳</td></tr>
<tr><td>-T/--upload-file <file></td><td>上传文件</td></tr> <tr><td>-T/--upload-file <file></file></td><td>上传文件</td></tr>
<tr><td>     --url <URL></td><td>Spet URL to work with</td></tr> <tr><td>     --url <url></url></td><td>Spet URL to work with</td></tr>
<tr><td>-u/--user <user[:password]></td><td>设置服务器的用户和密码</td></tr> <tr><td>-u/--user <user[:password]></user[:password]></td><td>设置服务器的用户和密码</td></tr>
<tr><td>-U/--proxy-user <user[:password]></td><td>设置代理用户名和密码</td></tr> <tr><td>-U/--proxy-user <user[:password]></user[:password]></td><td>设置代理用户名和密码</td></tr>
<tr><td>-w/--write-out [format]</td><td>什么输出完成后</td></tr> <tr><td>-w/--write-out [format]</td><td>什么输出完成后</td></tr>
<tr><td>-x/--proxy <host[:port]></td><td>在给定的端口上使用HTTP代理</td></tr> <tr><td>-x/--proxy <host[:port]></host[:port]></td><td>在给定的端口上使用HTTP代理</td></tr>
<tr><td>-X/--request <command></td><td>指定什么命令</td></tr> <tr><td>-X/--request <command></td><td>指定什么命令</td></tr>
<tr><td>-y/--speed-time</td><td>放弃限速所要的时间，默认为30</td></tr> <tr><td>-y/--speed-time</td><td>放弃限速所要的时间，默认为30</td></tr>
<tr><td>-Y/--speed-limit</td><td>停止传输速度的限制，速度时间</td></tr> <tr><td>-Y/--speed-limit</td><td>停止传输速度的限制，速度时间</td></tr>
</tbody> </tbody></table>
<h3>实例</h3>
</table> <p><strong>文件下载</strong></p>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p><strong>文件下载</strong></p>
<p>curl命令可以用来执行下载、发送各种HTTP请求，指定HTTP头部等操作。如果系统没有curl可以使用<code>yum install curl</code>安装，也可以下载安装。curl是将下载文件输出到stdout，将进度信息输出到stderr，不显示进度信息使用<code>--silent</code>选项。</p> <p>curl命令可以用来执行下载、发送各种HTTP请求，指定HTTP头部等操作。如果系统没有curl可以使用<code>yum install curl</code>安装，也可以下载安装。curl是将下载文件输出到stdout，将进度信息输出到stderr，不显示进度信息使用<code>--silent</code>选项。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL --silent <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL --silent
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>这条命令是将下载文件输出到终端，所有下载的数据都被写入到stdout。</p> <p>这条命令是将下载文件输出到终端，所有下载的数据都被写入到stdout。</p>
<p>使用选项<code>-O</code>将下载的数据写入到文件，必须使用文件的绝对地址：</p> <p>使用选项<code>-O</code>将下载的数据写入到文件，必须使用文件的绝对地址：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> http://example.com/text.iso --silent -O <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> http://example.com/text.iso --silent -O
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>选项<code>-o</code>将下载数据写入到指定名称的文件中，并使用<code>--progress</code>显示进度条：</p> <p>选项<code>-o</code>将下载数据写入到指定名称的文件中，并使用<code>--progress</code>显示进度条：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> http://example.com/test.iso -o filename.iso --progress <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> http://example.com/test.iso -o filename.iso --progress
<span class="token comment">######################################### 100.0%</span> <span class="token comment">######################################### 100.0%</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>不输出错误和进度信息</strong></p> <p><strong>不输出错误和进度信息</strong></p>
<p><code>-s</code> 参数将不输出错误和进度信息。</p> <p><code>-s</code> 参数将不输出错误和进度信息。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -s https://www.example.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -s https://www.example.com
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令一旦发生错误，不会显示错误信息。不发生错误的话，会正常显示运行结果。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令一旦发生错误，不会显示错误信息。不发生错误的话，会正常显示运行结果。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>如果想让 curl 不产生任何输出，可以使用下面的命令。</p> <p>如果想让 curl 不产生任何输出，可以使用下面的命令。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -s -o /dev/null https://google.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -s -o /dev/null https://google.com
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>断点续传</strong></p> <p><strong>断点续传</strong></p>
<p>curl能够从特定的文件偏移处继续下载，它可以通过指定一个便宜量来下载部分文件：</p> <p>curl能够从特定的文件偏移处继续下载，它可以通过指定一个便宜量来下载部分文件：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL/File -C 偏移量 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL/File -C 偏移量
<span class="token comment">#偏移量是以字节为单位的整数，如果让curl自动推断出正确的续传位置使用-C -：</span> <span class="token comment">#偏移量是以字节为单位的整数，如果让curl自动推断出正确的续传位置使用-C -：</span>
<span class="token function">curl</span> -C -URL <span class="token function">curl</span> -C -URL
@ -178,36 +180,36 @@
<p><strong>使用curl设置参照页字符串</strong></p> <p><strong>使用curl设置参照页字符串</strong></p>
<p>参照页是位于HTTP头部中的一个字符串，用来表示用户是从哪个页面到达当前页面的，如果用户点击网页A中的某个连接，那么用户就会跳转到B网页，网页B头部的参照页字符串就包含网页A的URL。</p> <p>参照页是位于HTTP头部中的一个字符串，用来表示用户是从哪个页面到达当前页面的，如果用户点击网页A中的某个连接，那么用户就会跳转到B网页，网页B头部的参照页字符串就包含网页A的URL。</p>
<p>使用<code>--referer</code>选项指定参照页字符串：</p> <p>使用<code>--referer</code>选项指定参照页字符串：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> --referer http://www.google.com http://wangchujiang.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> --referer http://www.google.com http://wangchujiang.com
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>用curl设置用户代理字符串</strong></p> <p><strong>用curl设置用户代理字符串</strong></p>
<p>有些网站访问会提示只能使用IE浏览器来访问，这是因为这些网站设置了检查用户代理，可以使用curl把用户代理设置为IE，这样就可以访问了。使用<code>--user-agent</code>或者<code>-A</code>选项：</p> <p>有些网站访问会提示只能使用IE浏览器来访问，这是因为这些网站设置了检查用户代理，可以使用curl把用户代理设置为IE，这样就可以访问了。使用<code>--user-agent</code>或者<code>-A</code>选项：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL --user-agent <span class="token string">"Mozilla/5.0"</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL --user-agent <span class="token string">"Mozilla/5.0"</span>
<span class="token function">curl</span> URL -A <span class="token string">"Mozilla/5.0"</span> <span class="token function">curl</span> URL -A <span class="token string">"Mozilla/5.0"</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>其他HTTP头部信息也可以使用curl来发送，使用<code>-H</code>&quot;头部信息&quot; 传递多个头部信息，例如：</p> <p>其他HTTP头部信息也可以使用curl来发送，使用<code>-H</code>"头部信息" 传递多个头部信息，例如：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -H <span class="token string">"Host:wangchujiang.com"</span> -H <span class="token string">"accept-language:zh-cn"</span> URL <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -H <span class="token string">"Host:wangchujiang.com"</span> -H <span class="token string">"accept-language:zh-cn"</span> URL
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>curl的带宽控制和下载配额</strong></p> <p><strong>curl的带宽控制和下载配额</strong></p>
<p>使用<code>--limit-rate</code>限制curl的下载速度：</p> <p>使用<code>--limit-rate</code>限制curl的下载速度：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL --limit-rate 50k <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL --limit-rate 50k
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>命令中用k（千字节）和m（兆字节）指定下载速度限制。</p> <p>命令中用k（千字节）和m（兆字节）指定下载速度限制。</p>
<p>使用<code>--max-filesize</code>指定可下载的最大文件大小：</p> <p>使用<code>--max-filesize</code>指定可下载的最大文件大小：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL --max-filesize bytes <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL --max-filesize bytes
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>如果文件大小超出限制，命令则返回一个非0退出码，如果命令正常则返回0。</p> <p>如果文件大小超出限制，命令则返回一个非0退出码，如果命令正常则返回0。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> --limit-rate 200k https://example.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> --limit-rate 200k https://example.com
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令将带宽限制在每秒 200K 字节。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令将带宽限制在每秒 200K 字节。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>用curl进行认证</strong></p> <p><strong>用curl进行认证</strong></p>
<p>使用curl选项 -u 可以完成HTTP或者FTP的认证，可以指定密码，也可以不指定密码在后续操作中输入密码：</p> <p>使用curl选项 -u 可以完成HTTP或者FTP的认证，可以指定密码，也可以不指定密码在后续操作中输入密码：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -u user:pwd http://wangchujiang.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -u user:pwd http://wangchujiang.com
<span class="token function">curl</span> -u user http://wangchujiang.com <span class="token function">curl</span> -u user http://wangchujiang.com
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>只打印响应头部信息</strong></p> <p><strong>只打印响应头部信息</strong></p>
<p>通过<code>-I</code>或者<code>-head</code>可以只打印出HTTP头部信息：</p> <p>通过<code>-I</code>或者<code>-head</code>可以只打印出HTTP头部信息：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># curl -I http://wangchujiang.com</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># curl -I http://wangchujiang.com</span>
HTTP/1.1 <span class="token number">200</span> OK HTTP/1.1 <span class="token number">200</span> OK
Server: nginx/1.2.5 Server: nginx/1.2.5
date: Mon, <span class="token number">10</span> Dec <span class="token number">2012</span> 09:24:34 GMT date: Mon, <span class="token number">10</span> Dec <span class="token number">2012</span> 09:24:34 GMT
@ -217,41 +219,41 @@ Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Pingback: http://wangchujiang.com/xmlrpc.php X-Pingback: http://wangchujiang.com/xmlrpc.php
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>get请求</strong></p> <p><strong>get请求</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> <span class="token string">"http://www.wangchujiang.com"</span> <span class="token comment"># 如果这里的URL指向的是一个文件或者一幅图都可以直接下载到本地</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> <span class="token string">"http://www.wangchujiang.com"</span> <span class="token comment"># 如果这里的URL指向的是一个文件或者一幅图都可以直接下载到本地</span>
<span class="token function">curl</span> -i <span class="token string">"http://www.wangchujiang.com"</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示全部信息</span> <span class="token function">curl</span> -i <span class="token string">"http://www.wangchujiang.com"</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示全部信息</span>
<span class="token function">curl</span> -l <span class="token string">"http://www.wangchujiang.com"</span> <span class="token comment"># 只显示头部信息</span> <span class="token function">curl</span> -l <span class="token string">"http://www.wangchujiang.com"</span> <span class="token comment"># 只显示头部信息</span>
<span class="token function">curl</span> -v <span class="token string">"http://www.wangchujiang.com"</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示get请求全过程解析</span> <span class="token function">curl</span> -v <span class="token string">"http://www.wangchujiang.com"</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示get请求全过程解析</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>post请求</strong></p> <p><strong>post请求</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">&#36; <span class="token function">curl</span> -d <span class="token string">"param1=value1&amp;param2=value2"</span> <span class="token string">"http://www.wangchujiang.com/login"</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">$ <span class="token function">curl</span> -d <span class="token string">"param1=value1&#x26;param2=value2"</span> <span class="token string">"http://www.wangchujiang.com/login"</span>
<span class="token function">curl</span> -d<span class="token string">'login=emma＆password=123'</span> -X POST https://wangchujiang.com/login <span class="token function">curl</span> -d<span class="token string">'login=emma＆password=123'</span> -X POST https://wangchujiang.com/login
<span class="token comment"># 或者</span> <span class="token comment"># 或者</span>
&#36; <span class="token function">curl</span> -d <span class="token string">'login=emma'</span> -d <span class="token string">'password=123'</span> -X POST https://wangchujiang.com/login $ <span class="token function">curl</span> -d <span class="token string">'login=emma'</span> -d <span class="token string">'password=123'</span> -X POST https://wangchujiang.com/login
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><code>--data-urlencode</code> 参数等同于 <code>-d</code>，发送 <code>POST</code> 请求的数据体，区别在于会自动将发送的数据进行 <code>URL</code> 编码。</p> <p><code>--data-urlencode</code> 参数等同于 <code>-d</code>，发送 <code>POST</code> 请求的数据体，区别在于会自动将发送的数据进行 <code>URL</code> 编码。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> --data-urlencode <span class="token string">'comment=hello world'</span> https://wangchujiang.com/login <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> --data-urlencode <span class="token string">'comment=hello world'</span> https://wangchujiang.com/login
<span class="token comment"># 上面代码中，发送的数据hello world之间有一个空格，需要进行 URL 编码。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面代码中，发送的数据hello world之间有一个空格，需要进行 URL 编码。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>读取本地文本文件的数据，向服务器发送</strong></p> <p><strong>读取本地文本文件的数据，向服务器发送</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -d <span class="token string">'@data.txt'</span> https://wangchujiang.com/upload <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -d <span class="token string">'@data.txt'</span> https://wangchujiang.com/upload
<span class="token comment"># 读取data.txt文件的内容，作为数据体向服务器发送。</span> <span class="token comment"># 读取data.txt文件的内容，作为数据体向服务器发送。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>json格式的post请求</strong></p> <p><strong>json格式的post请求</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -l -H <span class="token string">"Content-type: application/json"</span> -X POST -d <span class="token string">'{"phone":"13521389587","password":"test"}'</span> http://wangchujiang.com/apis/users.json <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -l -H <span class="token string">"Content-type: application/json"</span> -X POST -d <span class="token string">'{"phone":"13521389587","password":"test"}'</span> http://wangchujiang.com/apis/users.json
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>向服务器发送 Cookie</strong></p> <p><strong>向服务器发送 Cookie</strong></p>
<p>使用<code>--cookie &quot;COKKIES&quot;</code>选项来指定cookie，多个cookie使用分号分隔：</p> <p>使用<code>--cookie "COKKIES"</code>选项来指定cookie，多个cookie使用分号分隔：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> http://wangchujiang.com --cookie <span class="token string">"user=root;pass=123456"</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> http://wangchujiang.com --cookie <span class="token string">"user=root;pass=123456"</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>将cookie另存为一个文件，使用<code>--cookie-jar</code>选项：</p> <p>将cookie另存为一个文件，使用<code>--cookie-jar</code>选项：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL --cookie-jar cookie_file <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> URL --cookie-jar cookie_file
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><code>-b</code> 参数用来向服务器发送 Cookie。</p> <p><code>-b</code> 参数用来向服务器发送 Cookie。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -b <span class="token string">'foo=bar'</span> https://taobao.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -b <span class="token string">'foo=bar'</span> https://taobao.com
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令会生成一个标头Cookie: foo=bar，向服务器发送一个名为foo、值为bar的 Cookie。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令会生成一个标头Cookie: foo=bar，向服务器发送一个名为foo、值为bar的 Cookie。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -b <span class="token string">'foo1=bar'</span> -b <span class="token string">'foo2=baz'</span> https://taobao.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -b <span class="token string">'foo1=bar'</span> -b <span class="token string">'foo2=baz'</span> https://taobao.com
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令发送两个 Cookie。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令发送两个 Cookie。</span>
```shell ```shell
@ -259,63 +261,63 @@ X-Pingback: http://wangchujiang.com/xmlrpc.php
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令读取本地文件 cookies.txt，里面是服务器设置的 Cookie（参见-c参数），将其发送到服务器。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令读取本地文件 cookies.txt，里面是服务器设置的 Cookie（参见-c参数），将其发送到服务器。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>Cookie 写入一个文件</strong></p> <p><strong>Cookie 写入一个文件</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -c cookies.txt https://www.taobao.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -c cookies.txt https://www.taobao.com
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令将服务器的 HTTP 回应所设置 Cookie 写入文本文件cookies.txt。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令将服务器的 HTTP 回应所设置 Cookie 写入文本文件cookies.txt。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>请求的来源</strong></p> <p><strong>请求的来源</strong></p>
<p><code>-e</code> 参数用来设置 <code>HTTP</code> 的标头 <code>Referer</code>，表示请求的来源。</p> <p><code>-e</code> 参数用来设置 <code>HTTP</code> 的标头 <code>Referer</code>，表示请求的来源。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -e <span class="token string">'https://taobao.com?q=example'</span> https://www.example.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -e <span class="token string">'https://taobao.com?q=example'</span> https://www.example.com
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令将Referer标头设为 https://taobao.com?q=example。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令将Referer标头设为 https://taobao.com?q=example。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><code>-H</code> 参数可以通过直接添加标头 <code>Referer</code>，达到同样效果。</p> <p><code>-H</code> 参数可以通过直接添加标头 <code>Referer</code>，达到同样效果。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -H <span class="token string">'Referer: https://taobao.com?q=example'</span> https://www.example.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -H <span class="token string">'Referer: https://taobao.com?q=example'</span> https://www.example.com
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>上传二进制文件</strong></p> <p><strong>上传二进制文件</strong></p>
<p><code>-F</code> 参数用来向服务器上传二进制文件。</p> <p><code>-F</code> 参数用来向服务器上传二进制文件。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -F <span class="token string">'file=@photo.png'</span> https://taobao.com/profile <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -F <span class="token string">'file=@photo.png'</span> https://taobao.com/profile
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令会给 HTTP 请求加上标头 Content-Type: multipart/form-data ，然后将文件photo.png作为file字段上传。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令会给 HTTP 请求加上标头 Content-Type: multipart/form-data ，然后将文件photo.png作为file字段上传。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><code>-F</code> 参数可以指定 <code>MIME</code> 类型。</p> <p><code>-F</code> 参数可以指定 <code>MIME</code> 类型。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -F <span class="token string">'file=@photo.png;type=image/png'</span> https://taobao.com/profile <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -F <span class="token string">'file=@photo.png;type=image/png'</span> https://taobao.com/profile
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令指定 MIME 类型为image/png，否则 curl 会把 MIME 类型设为 application/octet-stream。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令指定 MIME 类型为image/png，否则 curl 会把 MIME 类型设为 application/octet-stream。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><code>-F</code> 参数也可以指定文件名。</p> <p><code>-F</code> 参数也可以指定文件名。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -F <span class="token string">'file=@photo.png;filename=me.png'</span> https://taobao.com/profile <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -F <span class="token string">'file=@photo.png;filename=me.png'</span> https://taobao.com/profile
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令中，原始文件名为photo.png，但是服务器接收到的文件名为me.png。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令中，原始文件名为photo.png，但是服务器接收到的文件名为me.png。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>设置请求头</strong></p> <p><strong>设置请求头</strong></p>
<p><code>-H</code> 参数添加 <code>HTTP</code> 请求的标头。</p> <p><code>-H</code> 参数添加 <code>HTTP</code> 请求的标头。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -H <span class="token string">'Accept-Language: en-US'</span> https://google.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -H <span class="token string">'Accept-Language: en-US'</span> https://google.com
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令添加 HTTP 标头 Accept-Language: en-US。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令添加 HTTP 标头 Accept-Language: en-US。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -H <span class="token string">'Accept-Language: en-US'</span> -H <span class="token string">'Secret-Message: xyzzy'</span> https://google.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -H <span class="token string">'Accept-Language: en-US'</span> -H <span class="token string">'Secret-Message: xyzzy'</span> https://google.com
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令添加两个 HTTP 标头。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令添加两个 HTTP 标头。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -d <span class="token string">'{"login": "emma", "pass": "123"}'</span> -H <span class="token string">'Content-Type: application/json'</span> https://google.com/login <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -d <span class="token string">'{"login": "emma", "pass": "123"}'</span> -H <span class="token string">'Content-Type: application/json'</span> https://google.com/login
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令添加 HTTP 请求的标头是 Content-Type: application/json，然后用 -d 参数发送 JSON 数据。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令添加 HTTP 请求的标头是 Content-Type: application/json，然后用 -d 参数发送 JSON 数据。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>跳过 SSL 检测</strong></p> <p><strong>跳过 SSL 检测</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -k https://www.example.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -k https://www.example.com
<span class="token comment"># 上面命令不会检查服务器的 SSL 证书是否正确。</span> <span class="token comment"># 上面命令不会检查服务器的 SSL 证书是否正确。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>请求跟随服务器的重定向</strong></p> <p><strong>请求跟随服务器的重定向</strong></p>
<p><code>-L</code> 参数会让 <code>HTTP</code> 请求跟随服务器的重定向。<code>curl</code> 默认不跟随重定向。</p> <p><code>-L</code> 参数会让 <code>HTTP</code> 请求跟随服务器的重定向。<code>curl</code> 默认不跟随重定向。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -L -d <span class="token string">'tweet=hi'</span> https://api.example.com/tweet <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -L -d <span class="token string">'tweet=hi'</span> https://api.example.com/tweet
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>调试参数</strong></p> <p><strong>调试参数</strong></p>
<p><code>-v</code> 参数输出通信的整个过程，用于调试。</p> <p><code>-v</code> 参数输出通信的整个过程，用于调试。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -v https://www.example.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> -v https://www.example.com
<span class="token comment"># --trace参数也可以用于调试，还会输出原始的二进制数据。</span> <span class="token comment"># --trace参数也可以用于调试，还会输出原始的二进制数据。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">&#36; <span class="token function">curl</span> --trace - https://www.example.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">$ <span class="token function">curl</span> --trace - https://www.example.com
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>获取本机外网ip</strong></p> <p><strong>获取本机外网ip</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> ipecho.net/plain <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">curl</span> ipecho.net/plain
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>使用 curl 测试网站加载速度</strong></p> <p><strong>使用 curl 测试网站加载速度</strong></p>
<p>命令有一个鲜为人知的选项，<code>-w</code>，该选项在请求结束之后打印本次请求的统计数据到标准输出。</p> <p>命令有一个鲜为人知的选项，<code>-w</code>，该选项在请求结束之后打印本次请求的统计数据到标准输出。</p>
<p>首先，我们定义控制打印行为的格式化字符串。新建文本文件 <code>fmt.txt</code>，并填入下面的内容：</p> <p>首先，我们定义控制打印行为的格式化字符串。新建文本文件 <code>fmt.txt</code>，并填入下面的内容：</p>
<pre><code class="language-ruby">\n <pre class="language-ruby"><code class="language-ruby">\n
<span class="token constant">Response</span> <span class="token builtin">Time</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">%{url_effective}</span>\n\n <span class="token constant">Response</span> <span class="token builtin">Time</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">%{url_effective}</span>\n\n
<span class="token constant">DNS</span> <span class="token constant">Lookup</span> <span class="token builtin">Time</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>\t\t<span class="token string">%{time_namelookup}</span>s\n <span class="token constant">DNS</span> <span class="token constant">Lookup</span> <span class="token builtin">Time</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>\t\t<span class="token string">%{time_namelookup}</span>s\n
<span class="token constant">Redirection</span> <span class="token builtin">Time</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>\t\t<span class="token string">%{time_redirect}</span>s\n <span class="token constant">Redirection</span> <span class="token builtin">Time</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>\t\t<span class="token string">%{time_redirect}</span>s\n
@ -337,10 +339,10 @@ X-Pingback: http://wangchujiang.com/xmlrpc.php
<li><code>time_total</code>: 完整耗时。</li> <li><code>time_total</code>: 完整耗时。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p>然后执行请求，通过 @filename 指定保存了格式化字符串的文件：</p> <p>然后执行请求，通过 @filename 指定保存了格式化字符串的文件：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">&#36; <span class="token function">curl</span> -L -s -w @fmt.txt -o /dev/null http://www.google.com <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">$ <span class="token function">curl</span> -L -s -w @fmt.txt -o /dev/null http://www.google.com
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>输出：</p> <p>输出：</p>
<pre><code class="language-c">Response Time <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token operator">:</span> http<span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token comment">//www.google.co.jp/?gfe_rd=cr&amp;dcr=0&amp;ei=cjIaWpTkHeiQ8QfnxYzoBA</span> <pre class="language-c"><code class="language-c">Response Time <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token operator">:</span> http<span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token comment">//www.google.co.jp/?gfe_rd=cr&#x26;dcr=0&#x26;ei=cjIaWpTkHeiQ8QfnxYzoBA</span>
DNS Lookup Time<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">0.000038</span>s DNS Lookup Time<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">0.000038</span>s
Redirection Time<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">0.207271</span>s Redirection Time<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">0.207271</span>s
@ -351,7 +353,8 @@ Start<span class="token operator">-</span>transfer Time<span class="token operat
Total Time<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">0.467691</span>s Total Time<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">0.467691</span>s
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="要求返回是压缩的状态">要求返回是压缩的状态</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">▶ <span class="token function">curl</span> --compressed -o- -L https://yarnpkg.com/install.sh <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bash</span> <h3>要求返回是压缩的状态</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">▶ <span class="token function">curl</span> --compressed -o- -L https://yarnpkg.com/install.sh <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">bash</span>
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
<span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token number">54</span> <span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token number">54</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">42</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span>:00:01 <span class="token number">0</span>:00:01 --:--:-- <span class="token number">42</span> <span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token number">54</span> <span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token number">54</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">42</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span>:00:01 <span class="token number">0</span>:00:01 --:--:-- <span class="token number">42</span>
@ -374,7 +377,6 @@ Installing Yarn<span class="token operator">!</span>
<span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token number">832</span> <span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token number">832</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">1107</span> <span class="token number">0</span> --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 812k <span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token number">832</span> <span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token number">832</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">1107</span> <span class="token number">0</span> --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 812k
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -397,7 +399,7 @@ Installing Yarn<span class="token operator">!</span>
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
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@ -40,13 +40,17 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cut.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/cut.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="cut">cut</h1><p>连接文件并打印到标准输出设备上</p> <h1>cut</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>cut 命令</strong> 用来显示行中的指定部分，删除文件中指定字段。cut 经常用来显示文件的内容，类似于 type 命令。</p> <p>连接文件并打印到标准输出设备上</p>
<p>说明：该命令有两项功能，其一是用来显示文件的内容，它依次读取由参数 file 所指 明的文件，将它们的内容输出到标准输出上；其二是连接两个或多个文件，如<code>cut fl f2 &gt; f3</code>将把文件 fl 和 f2 的内容合并起来，然后通过输出重定向符“&gt;”的作用，将它们放入文件 f3 中。</p> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>cut 命令</strong> 用来显示行中的指定部分，删除文件中指定字段。cut 经常用来显示文件的内容，类似于 type 命令。</p>
<p>说明：该命令有两项功能，其一是用来显示文件的内容，它依次读取由参数 file 所指 明的文件，将它们的内容输出到标准输出上；其二是连接两个或多个文件，如<code>cut fl f2 > f3</code>将把文件 fl 和 f2 的内容合并起来，然后通过输出重定向符“>”的作用，将它们放入文件 f3 中。</p>
<p>当文件较大时，文本在屏幕上迅速闪过（滚屏），用户往往看不清所显示的内容。因此，一般用 more 等命令分屏显示。为了控制滚屏，可以按 Ctrl+S 键，停止滚屏；按 Ctrl+Q 键可以恢复滚屏。按 Ctrl+C（中断）键可以终止该命令的执行，并且返回 Shell 提示符状态。</p> <p>当文件较大时，文本在屏幕上迅速闪过（滚屏），用户往往看不清所显示的内容。因此，一般用 more 等命令分屏显示。为了控制滚屏，可以按 Ctrl+S 键，停止滚屏；按 Ctrl+Q 键可以恢复滚屏。按 Ctrl+C（中断）键可以终止该命令的执行，并且返回 Shell 提示符状态。</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">cut（选项）（参数） <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">cut（选项）（参数）
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-b：仅显示行中指定直接范围的内容； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-b：仅显示行中指定直接范围的内容；
-c：仅显示行中指定范围的字符； -c：仅显示行中指定范围的字符；
-d：指定字段的分隔符，默认的字段分隔符为“TAB”； -d：指定字段的分隔符，默认的字段分隔符为“TAB”；
-f：显示指定字段的内容； -f：显示指定字段的内容；
@ -56,48 +60,54 @@
--help：显示指令的帮助信息； --help：显示指令的帮助信息；
--version：显示指令的版本信息。 --version：显示指令的版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定要进行内容过滤的文件。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>例如有一个学生报表信息，包含 No、Name、Mark、Percent：</p> <p>文件：指定要进行内容过滤的文件。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat test.txt</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>例如有一个学生报表信息，包含 No、Name、Mark、Percent：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat test.txt</span>
No Name Mark Percent No Name Mark Percent
01 tom <span class="token number">69</span> <span class="token number">91</span> 01 tom <span class="token number">69</span> <span class="token number">91</span>
02 jack <span class="token number">71</span> <span class="token number">87</span> 02 jack <span class="token number">71</span> <span class="token number">87</span>
03 alex <span class="token number">68</span> <span class="token number">98</span> 03 alex <span class="token number">68</span> <span class="token number">98</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>使用 <strong>-f</strong> 选项提取指定字段（这里的 f 参数可以简单记忆为 <code>--fields</code>的缩写）：</p> <p>使用 <strong>-f</strong> 选项提取指定字段（这里的 f 参数可以简单记忆为 <code>--fields</code>的缩写）：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -f 1 test.txt</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -f 1 test.txt</span>
No No
01 01
02 02
03 03
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -f2,3 test.txt</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -f2,3 test.txt</span>
Name Mark Name Mark
tom <span class="token number">69</span> tom <span class="token number">69</span>
jack <span class="token number">71</span> jack <span class="token number">71</span>
alex <span class="token number">68</span> alex <span class="token number">68</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p> <strong>--complement</strong> 选项提取指定字段之外的列（打印除了第二列之外的列）：</p> <p><strong>--complement</strong> 选项提取指定字段之外的列（打印除了第二列之外的列）：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -f2 --complement test.txt</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -f2 --complement test.txt</span>
No Mark Percent No Mark Percent
01 <span class="token number">69</span> <span class="token number">91</span> 01 <span class="token number">69</span> <span class="token number">91</span>
02 <span class="token number">71</span> <span class="token number">87</span> 02 <span class="token number">71</span> <span class="token number">87</span>
03 <span class="token number">68</span> <span class="token number">98</span> 03 <span class="token number">68</span> <span class="token number">98</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>使用 <strong>-d</strong> 选项指定字段分隔符：</p> <p>使用 <strong>-d</strong> 选项指定字段分隔符：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat test2.txt</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat test2.txt</span>
No<span class="token punctuation">;</span>Name<span class="token punctuation">;</span>Mark<span class="token punctuation">;</span>Percent No<span class="token punctuation">;</span>Name<span class="token punctuation">;</span>Mark<span class="token punctuation">;</span>Percent
01<span class="token punctuation">;</span>tom<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">69</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">91</span> 01<span class="token punctuation">;</span>tom<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">69</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">91</span>
02<span class="token punctuation">;</span>jack<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">71</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">87</span> 02<span class="token punctuation">;</span>jack<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">71</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">87</span>
03<span class="token punctuation">;</span>alex<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">68</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">98</span> 03<span class="token punctuation">;</span>alex<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">68</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token number">98</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -f2 -d";" test2.txt</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -f2 -d";" test2.txt</span>
Name Name
tom tom
jack jack
alex alex
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="指定字段的字符或者字节范围">指定字段的字符或者字节范围</h3><p>cut 命令可以将一串字符作为列来显示，字符字段的记法：</p> <h3>指定字段的字符或者字节范围</h3>
<p>cut 命令可以将一串字符作为列来显示，字符字段的记法：</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li><strong>N-</strong> ：从第 N 个字节、字符、字段到结尾；</li> <li><strong>N-</strong> ：从第 N 个字节、字符、字段到结尾；</li>
<li><strong>N-M</strong> ：从第 N 个字节、字符、字段到第 M 个（包括 M 在内）字节、字符、字段；</li> <li><strong>N-M</strong> ：从第 N 个字节、字符、字段到第 M 个（包括 M 在内）字节、字符、字段；</li>
@ -110,31 +120,34 @@ alex
<li><strong>-f</strong> 表示定义字段。</li> <li><strong>-f</strong> 表示定义字段。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p><strong>示例</strong></p> <p><strong>示例</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat test.txt</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat test.txt</span>
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>打印第 1 个到第 3 个字符：</p> <p>打印第 1 个到第 3 个字符：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -c1-3 test.txt</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -c1-3 test.txt</span>
abc abc
abc abc
abc abc
abc abc
abc abc
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>打印前 2 个字符：</p> <p>打印前 2 个字符：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -c-2 test.txt</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -c-2 test.txt</span>
ab ab
ab ab
ab ab
ab ab
ab ab
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>打印从第 5 个字符开始到结尾：</p> <p>打印从第 5 个字符开始到结尾：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -c5- test.txt</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cut -c5- test.txt</span>
efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
@ -142,7 +155,6 @@ efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<title>date 命令，Linux date 命令详解：显示或设置系统时间与日期 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>date 命令，Linux date 命令详解：显示或设置系统时间与日期 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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@ -40,16 +40,20 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/date.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/date.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="date">date</h1><p>显示或设置系统时间与日期</p> <h1>date</h1>
<h2 id="概要">概要</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">date</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>+FORMAT<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p>显示或设置系统时间与日期</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">date</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>+FORMAT<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-u<span class="token operator">|</span>--utc<span class="token operator">|</span>--universal<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>MMDDhhmm<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>CC<span class="token punctuation">]</span>YY<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>.ss<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token function">date</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-u<span class="token operator">|</span>--utc<span class="token operator">|</span>--universal<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>MMDDhhmm<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>CC<span class="token punctuation">]</span>YY<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>.ss<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<ul>
<li>转换时间到选定的格式，默认为当前。</li> <li>转换时间到选定的格式，默认为当前。</li>
<li>设置系统时间。</li> <li>设置系统时间。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="参数">参数</h2><p>format：输出的时间格式。</p> <h2>参数</h2>
<pre><code class="language-shell">format可用的转义序列如下： <p>format：输出的时间格式。</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">format可用的转义序列如下：
%% 百分号 %% 百分号
%a 当地缩写的工作日名称（例如，Sun） %a 当地缩写的工作日名称（例如，Sun）
@ -110,7 +114,8 @@ _ <span class="token punctuation">(</span>下划线<span class="token punct
在任何标志之后都有一个可选的字段宽度，如小数；然后是一个可选的修饰符，在可用的情况下，使用E来使用当地语言环境的替代表示， 在任何标志之后都有一个可选的字段宽度，如小数；然后是一个可选的修饰符，在可用的情况下，使用E来使用当地语言环境的替代表示，
使用O来使用当地语言环境的替代数字符号。 使用O来使用当地语言环境的替代数字符号。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="选项">选项</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">长选项与短选项等价 <h2>选项</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">长选项与短选项等价
-d, --date<span class="token operator">=</span>STRING 解析字符串并按照指定格式输出，字符串不能是<span class="token string">'now'</span>。 -d, --date<span class="token operator">=</span>STRING 解析字符串并按照指定格式输出，字符串不能是<span class="token string">'now'</span>。
--debug 注释已解析的日期，并将有疑问的用法发送到标准错误。 --debug 注释已解析的日期，并将有疑问的用法发送到标准错误。
@ -126,8 +131,10 @@ _ <span class="token punctuation">(</span>下划线<span class="token punct
--help 显示帮助信息并退出。 --help 显示帮助信息并退出。
--version 显示版本信息并退出。 --version 显示版本信息并退出。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="返回值">返回值</h2><p>返回状态为成功除非给出了非法选项或非法参数。</p> <h2>返回值</h2>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 格式化输出：</span> <p>返回状态为成功除非给出了非法选项或非法参数。</p>
<h2>例子</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 格式化输出：</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> +<span class="token string">"%Y-%m-%d"</span> <span class="token function">date</span> +<span class="token string">"%Y-%m-%d"</span>
<span class="token number">2009</span>-12-07 <span class="token number">2009</span>-12-07
@ -180,26 +187,26 @@ _ <span class="token punctuation">(</span>下划线<span class="token punct
<span class="token function">date</span> -s <span class="token string">"20120523 01:01:01"</span> <span class="token comment"># 这样可以设置全部时间</span> <span class="token function">date</span> -s <span class="token string">"20120523 01:01:01"</span> <span class="token comment"># 这样可以设置全部时间</span>
<span class="token comment"># 有时需要检查一组命令花费的时间：</span> <span class="token comment"># 有时需要检查一组命令花费的时间：</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">start</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">&#36;(</span><span class="token function">date</span> +%s<span class="token variable">)</span></span> <span class="token assign-left variable">start</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span><span class="token function">date</span> +%s<span class="token variable">)</span></span>
nmap wangchujiang.com <span class="token operator">&amp;></span> /dev/null nmap wangchujiang.com <span class="token operator">&#x26;></span> /dev/null
<span class="token assign-left variable">end</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">&#36;(</span><span class="token function">date</span> +%s<span class="token variable">)</span></span> <span class="token assign-left variable">end</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span><span class="token function">date</span> +%s<span class="token variable">)</span></span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">difference</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">&#36;((</span> end <span class="token operator">-</span> start <span class="token variable">))</span></span> <span class="token assign-left variable">difference</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$((</span> end <span class="token operator">-</span> start <span class="token variable">))</span></span>
<span class="token comment"># 显示执行时间</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示执行时间</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;difference</span> seconds. <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$difference</span> seconds.
<span class="token comment"># 当你考虑输出带有时间的字符串时，例如（Current time: 2019/05/19）：</span> <span class="token comment"># 当你考虑输出带有时间的字符串时，例如（Current time: 2019/05/19）：</span>
<span class="token comment"># 通常使用的方法：</span> <span class="token comment"># 通常使用的方法：</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"Current time: <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">&#36;(</span><span class="token function">date</span> +<span class="token string">"%Y/%m/%d"</span><span class="token variable">)</span></span>"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"Current time: <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span><span class="token function">date</span> +<span class="token string">"%Y/%m/%d"</span><span class="token variable">)</span></span>"</span>
<span class="token comment"># 另一种方法：</span> <span class="token comment"># 另一种方法：</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">suffix</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'Current time:'</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">suffix</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'Current time:'</span>
<span class="token comment"># 注意如果换成单引号就不能替换变量了。</span> <span class="token comment"># 注意如果换成单引号就不能替换变量了。</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> +<span class="token string">"<span class="token variable">&#36;{suffix}</span> %Y/%m/%d"</span> <span class="token function">date</span> +<span class="token string">"<span class="token variable">${suffix}</span> %Y/%m/%d"</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol> <h3>注意</h3>
<li>该命令是<code>GNU coreutils</code>包中的命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>man -s 1 date</code>或<code>info coreutils &#39;date invocation&#39;</code>。</li> <ol>
<li>该命令是<code>GNU coreutils</code>包中的命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>man -s 1 date</code>或<code>info coreutils 'date invocation'</code>。</li>
</ol> </ol>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dd.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dd.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="dd">dd</h1><p>复制文件并对原文件的内容进行转换和格式化处理</p> <h1>dd</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>dd命令</strong> 用于复制文件并对原文件的内容进行转换和格式化处理。dd命令功能很强大的，对于一些比较底层的问题，使用dd命令往往可以得到出人意料的效果。用的比较多的还是用dd来备份裸设备。但是不推荐，如果需要备份oracle裸设备，可以使用rman备份，或使用第三方软件备份，使用dd的话，管理起来不太方便。</p> <p>复制文件并对原文件的内容进行转换和格式化处理</p>
<h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>dd命令</strong> 用于复制文件并对原文件的内容进行转换和格式化处理。dd命令功能很强大的，对于一些比较底层的问题，使用dd命令往往可以得到出人意料的效果。用的比较多的还是用dd来备份裸设备。但是不推荐，如果需要备份oracle裸设备，可以使用rman备份，或使用第三方软件备份，使用dd的话，管理起来不太方便。</p>
<p>建议在有需要的时候使用dd 对物理磁盘操作，如果是文件系统的话还是使用tar backup cpio等其他命令更加方便。另外，使用dd对磁盘操作时，最好使用块设备文件。</p> <p>建议在有需要的时候使用dd 对物理磁盘操作，如果是文件系统的话还是使用tar backup cpio等其他命令更加方便。另外，使用dd对磁盘操作时，最好使用块设备文件。</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">dd<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">dd<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token assign-left variable">bs</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>字节数<span class="token operator">></span>：将ibs（输入）与obs（输出）设成指定的字节数； <h3>选项</h3>
<span class="token assign-left variable">cbs</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>字节数<span class="token operator">></span>：转换时，每次只转换指定的字节数； <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token assign-left variable">bs</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>字节数<span class="token operator">></span>：将ibs（输入）与obs（输出）设成指定的字节数；
<span class="token assign-left variable">conv</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>关键字<span class="token operator">></span>：指定文件转换的方式； <span class="token assign-left variable">cbs</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>字节数<span class="token operator">></span>：转换时，每次只转换指定的字节数；
<span class="token assign-left variable">count</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>区块数<span class="token operator">></span>：仅读取指定的区块数； <span class="token assign-left variable">conv</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>关键字<span class="token operator">></span>：指定文件转换的方式；
<span class="token assign-left variable">ibs</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>字节数<span class="token operator">></span>：每次读取的字节数； <span class="token assign-left variable">count</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>区块数<span class="token operator">></span>：仅读取指定的区块数；
<span class="token assign-left variable">obs</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>字节数<span class="token operator">></span>：每次输出的字节数； <span class="token assign-left variable">ibs</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>字节数<span class="token operator">></span>：每次读取的字节数；
<span class="token assign-left variable">of</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>：输出到文件； <span class="token assign-left variable">obs</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>字节数<span class="token operator">></span>：每次输出的字节数；
<span class="token assign-left variable">seek</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>区块数<span class="token operator">></span>：一开始输出时，跳过指定的区块数； <span class="token assign-left variable">of</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>：输出到文件；
<span class="token assign-left variable">skip</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>区块数<span class="token operator">></span>：一开始读取时，跳过指定的区块数； <span class="token assign-left variable">seek</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>区块数<span class="token operator">></span>：一开始输出时，跳过指定的区块数；
<span class="token assign-left variable">skip</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>区块数<span class="token operator">></span>：一开始读取时，跳过指定的区块数；
--help：帮助； --help：帮助；
--version：显示版本信息。 --version：显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dd if=/dev/zero of=sun.txt bs=1M count=1</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost text<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dd if=/dev/zero of=sun.txt bs=1M count=1</span>
<span class="token number">1</span>+0 records <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token number">1</span>+0 records <span class="token keyword">in</span>
<span class="token number">1</span>+0 records out <span class="token number">1</span>+0 records out
<span class="token number">1048576</span> bytes <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1.0</span> MB<span class="token punctuation">)</span> copied, <span class="token number">0.006107</span> seconds, <span class="token number">172</span> MB/s <span class="token number">1048576</span> bytes <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1.0</span> MB<span class="token punctuation">)</span> copied, <span class="token number">0.006107</span> seconds, <span class="token number">172</span> MB/s
@ -74,51 +79,26 @@
<li><strong>/dev/zero</strong> 是一个字符设备，会不断返回0值字节（\0）。</li> <li><strong>/dev/zero</strong> 是一个字符设备，会不断返回0值字节（\0）。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p>块大小可以使用的计量单位表</p> <p>块大小可以使用的计量单位表</p>
<table> <p>单元大小 | 代码
<thead> ---- | ----
<tr> 字节（1B）| c
<th>单元大小</th> 字节（2B）| w
<th>代码</th> 块（512B）| b
</tr> 千字节（1024B） | k
</thead> 兆字节（1024KB）| M
<tbody><tr> 吉字节（1024MB）| G</p>
<td>字节（1B）</td>
<td>c</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>字节（2B）</td>
<td>w</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>块（512B）</td>
<td>b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>千字节（1024B）</td>
<td>k</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>兆字节（1024KB）</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>吉字节（1024MB）</td>
<td>G</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>以上命令可以看出dd命令来测试内存操作速度：</p> <p>以上命令可以看出dd命令来测试内存操作速度：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">1048576</span> bytes <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1.0</span> MB<span class="token punctuation">)</span> copied, <span class="token number">0.006107</span> seconds, <span class="token number">172</span> MB/s <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">1048576</span> bytes <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1.0</span> MB<span class="token punctuation">)</span> copied, <span class="token number">0.006107</span> seconds, <span class="token number">172</span> MB/s
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p><strong>生成随机字符串</strong></p> <p><strong>生成随机字符串</strong></p>
<p>我们甚至可以使用 /dev/urandom 设备配合 dd 命令 来获取随机字符串。</p> <p>我们甚至可以使用 /dev/urandom 设备配合 dd 命令 来获取随机字符串。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1 count=15|base64 -w 0</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1 count=15|base64 -w 0</span>
<span class="token number">15</span>+0 records <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token number">15</span>+0 records <span class="token keyword">in</span>
<span class="token number">15</span>+0 records out <span class="token number">15</span>+0 records out
<span class="token number">15</span> bytes <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">15</span> B<span class="token punctuation">)</span> copied, <span class="token number">0.000111993</span> s, <span class="token number">134</span> kB/s <span class="token number">15</span> bytes <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">15</span> B<span class="token punctuation">)</span> copied, <span class="token number">0.000111993</span> s, <span class="token number">134</span> kB/s
wFRAnlkXeBXmWs1MyGEs wFRAnlkXeBXmWs1MyGEs
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/declare.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/declare.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="declare">declare</h1><p>声明变量，设置或显示变量的值和属性。</p> <h1>declare</h1>
<h2 id="语法">语法</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-aAfFgilnrtux<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-p<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>name<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">=</span>value<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p>声明变量，设置或显示变量的值和属性。</p>
<h2>语法</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-aAfFgilnrtux<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-p<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>name<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">=</span>value<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="主要用途">主要用途</h2><ul> <h2>主要用途</h2>
<ul>
<li>显示包含指定属性的全部变量和值</li> <li>显示包含指定属性的全部变量和值</li>
<li>显示包含指定属性的一到多个变量和值</li> <li>显示包含指定属性的一到多个变量和值</li>
<li>显示一到多个变量的属性和值</li> <li>显示一到多个变量的属性和值</li>
@ -58,7 +61,8 @@
<li>声明变量（可选：赋值、属性）</li> <li>声明变量（可选：赋值、属性）</li>
<li>增加、删除变量的属性（可选：赋值）</li> <li>增加、删除变量的属性（可选：赋值）</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="选项">选项</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">-f 将操作或显示限制为函数名及函数定义。 <h2>选项</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-f 将操作或显示限制为函数名及函数定义。
-F 只显示函数名（调试时附加行号和源文件）。 -F 只显示函数名（调试时附加行号和源文件）。
-g 在shell函数中使用时创建全局变量；其他情况下忽略。 -g 在shell函数中使用时创建全局变量；其他情况下忽略。
-p 显示每个名称的属性和值。 -p 显示每个名称的属性和值。
@ -80,11 +84,14 @@
-x 增加导出属性。 -x 增加导出属性。
+x 删除导出属性。 +x 删除导出属性。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="参数">参数</h2><pre><code class="language-shell">name（可选）：变量名或函数名。 <h2>参数</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">name（可选）：变量名或函数名。
value（可选）：变量的值。 value（可选）：变量的值。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="返回值">返回值</h2><p>declare 返回true除非你提供了非法选项或赋值错误。具体导致异常的情况请查看<strong>讨论</strong>章节的<strong>关于异常情况</strong>。</p> <h2>返回值</h2>
<h2 id="例子">例子</h2><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 声明变量，当然也欢迎您在这个网站（感谢本项目发起人 @jaywcjlove）查询linux命令。</span> <p>declare 返回true除非你提供了非法选项或赋值错误。具体导致异常的情况请查看<strong>讨论</strong>章节的<strong>关于异常情况</strong>。</p>
<h2>例子</h2>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 声明变量，当然也欢迎您在这个网站（感谢本项目发起人 @jaywcjlove）查询linux命令。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">reference_website</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'https://wangchujiang.com/linux-command/'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">reference_website</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'https://wangchujiang.com/linux-command/'</span>
<span class="token comment"># 显示所有包含整型属性的变量和值。</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示所有包含整型属性的变量和值。</span>
@ -101,9 +108,9 @@ value（可选）：变量的值。
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -u <span class="token assign-left variable">uc_var</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'abc'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -u <span class="token assign-left variable">uc_var</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'abc'</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -l <span class="token assign-left variable">lc_var</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'ABC'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -l <span class="token assign-left variable">lc_var</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'ABC'</span>
<span class="token comment"># 显示'ABC abc';</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示'ABC abc';</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"<span class="token variable">&#36;{uc_var}</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;{lc_var}</span>"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"<span class="token variable">${uc_var}</span> <span class="token variable">${lc_var}</span>"</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 定义函数内的全局变量</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 定义函数内的全局变量</span>
<span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-name function">test</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-name function">test</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -g <span class="token assign-left variable">a</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -g <span class="token assign-left variable">a</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3</span>
<span class="token comment"># 或者</span> <span class="token comment"># 或者</span>
@ -135,11 +142,11 @@ value（可选）：变量的值。
<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
test2 test2
<span class="token comment"># 没有该变量（已经被销毁了）</span> <span class="token comment"># 没有该变量（已经被销毁了）</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"<span class="token variable">&#36;{a}</span> <span class="token variable">&#36;{b}</span>"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"<span class="token variable">${a}</span> <span class="token variable">${b}</span>"</span>
<span class="token comment"># 因此，我们日常脚本中最常见的类似于'a=3'实际上是声明并赋值了一个全局变量。</span> <span class="token comment"># 因此，我们日常脚本中最常见的类似于'a=3'实际上是声明并赋值了一个全局变量。</span>
<span class="token comment"># 在接下来的 **讨论** 环节会延伸讨论全局和局部变量问题。</span> <span class="token comment"># 在接下来的 **讨论** 环节会延伸讨论全局和局部变量问题。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 注意，不能使用 `+a` 或 `+A` 取消数组，也不能使用 `+r` 取消只读属性。</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 注意，不能使用 `+a` 或 `+A` 取消数组，也不能使用 `+r` 取消只读属性。</span>
<span class="token comment"># 定义只读数组，设置属性的同时定义赋值。</span> <span class="token comment"># 定义只读数组，设置属性的同时定义赋值。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -ar <span class="token assign-left variable">season</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Spring'</span> <span class="token string">'Summer'</span> <span class="token string">'Autumn'</span> <span class="token string">'Winter'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -ar <span class="token assign-left variable">season</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Spring'</span> <span class="token string">'Summer'</span> <span class="token string">'Autumn'</span> <span class="token string">'Winter'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
@ -154,20 +161,20 @@ test2
<span class="token comment"># 显示所有关联数组。</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示所有关联数组。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -A <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -A
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 显示所有变量的属性和值并显示函数的定义，输出很长。</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 显示所有变量的属性和值并显示函数的定义，输出很长。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span>
<span class="token comment"># 显示所有变量的属性和值。</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示所有变量的属性和值。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -p <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -p
<span class="token comment"># 显示所有全局变量的属性和值。</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示所有全局变量的属性和值。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -g <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -g
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 显示全部函数名和函数定义。</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token comment"># 显示全部函数名和函数定义。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -f <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -f
<span class="token comment"># 只显示全部函数名。</span> <span class="token comment"># 只显示全部函数名。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -F <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -F
<span class="token comment"># 定义两个函数。</span> <span class="token comment"># 定义两个函数。</span>
<span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-name function">func_a</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">&#36;(</span><span class="token function">date</span> +<span class="token string">"%F %T"</span><span class="token variable">)</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-name function">func_a</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span><span class="token function">date</span> +<span class="token string">"%F %T"</span><span class="token variable">)</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-name function">func_b</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> /<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token function">ls</span> -lh --sort<span class="token operator">=</span>time<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-name function">func_b</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> /<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token function">ls</span> -lh --sort<span class="token operator">=</span>time<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token comment"># 显示一到多个函数名和函数定义。</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示一到多个函数名和函数定义。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -f func_a func_b <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -f func_a func_b
@ -175,8 +182,10 @@ test2
<span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -F func_a func_b <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> -F func_a func_b
<span class="token comment"># 最好不要让函数名和变量名相同。</span> <span class="token comment"># 最好不要让函数名和变量名相同。</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h2 id="讨论">讨论</h2><ol> <h2>讨论</h2>
<li><p>全局和局部变量</p> <ol>
<li>
<p>全局和局部变量</p>
<p>正如上面<strong>例子</strong>指出的情况，我们在日常编写程序的时候需要了解这些概念，在这里 <p>正如上面<strong>例子</strong>指出的情况，我们在日常编写程序的时候需要了解这些概念，在这里
做个简要地介绍，当然你也可以很方便的搜索到相关内容。</p> 做个简要地介绍，当然你也可以很方便的搜索到相关内容。</p>
<ul> <ul>
@ -194,7 +203,8 @@ test2
<li><a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/381761/what-do-declare-name-and-declare-g-do">全局变量的讨论</a></li> <li><a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/381761/what-do-declare-name-and-declare-g-do">全局变量的讨论</a></li>
</ul> </ul>
</li> </li>
<li><p>关于<code>declare</code> <code>typeset</code> <code>export</code> <code>local</code> <code>readonly</code>命令</p> <li>
<p>关于<code>declare</code> <code>typeset</code> <code>export</code> <code>local</code> <code>readonly</code>命令</p>
<p>为什么<code>declare</code>能做到的事，还需要定义其他这些命令呢？</p> <p>为什么<code>declare</code>能做到的事，还需要定义其他这些命令呢？</p>
<p>因为这样语句含义会更加明确，例如：</p> <p>因为这样语句含义会更加明确，例如：</p>
<ul> <ul>
@ -204,19 +214,20 @@ test2
</ul> </ul>
<p><code>typeset</code>和<code>declare</code>命令一样。</p> <p><code>typeset</code>和<code>declare</code>命令一样。</p>
</li> </li>
<li><p>关于异常情况</p> <li>
<p>关于异常情况</p>
<p>有多种原因导致<code>declare</code>失败，关于这些情况可以参考<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#index-declare">bash在线文档declare部分(最新版)</a>，或执行 <code>info bash</code> <p>有多种原因导致<code>declare</code>失败，关于这些情况可以参考<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#index-declare">bash在线文档declare部分(最新版)</a>，或执行 <code>info bash</code>
查看<code>declare</code>部分最后一大串<code>an attempt is</code>开头的句子。</p> 查看<code>declare</code>部分最后一大串<code>an attempt is</code>开头的句子。</p>
</li> </li>
</ol> </ol>
<h3 id="注意">注意</h3><ol> <h3>注意</h3>
<ol>
<li>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</li> <li>该命令是bash内建命令，相关的帮助信息请查看<code>help</code>命令。</li>
<li>导出属性的相关介绍请查看&#39;export&#39;命令。</li> <li>导出属性的相关介绍请查看'export'命令。</li>
<li>只读属性的相关介绍请查看&#39;readonly&#39;命令。</li> <li>只读属性的相关介绍请查看'readonly'命令。</li>
<li>引用属性的相关介绍请查看&#39;unset&#39;命令的例子部分。</li> <li>引用属性的相关介绍请查看'unset'命令的例子部分。</li>
</ol> </ol>
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@ -239,7 +250,7 @@ test2
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@ -40,35 +40,40 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/depmod.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/depmod.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="depmod">depmod</h1><p>分析可载入模块的相依性</p> <h1>depmod</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>depmod命令</strong> 可产生模块依赖的映射文件，在构建嵌入式系统时，需要由这个命令来生成相应的文件，由modprobe使用。</p> <p>分析可载入模块的相依性</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">depmod<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>depmod命令</strong> 可产生模块依赖的映射文件，在构建嵌入式系统时，需要由这个命令来生成相应的文件，由modprobe使用。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">depmod<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-a或--all：分析所有可用的模块； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-a或--all：分析所有可用的模块；
-d或debug：执行排错模式； -d或debug：执行排错模式；
-e：输出无法参照的符号； -e：输出无法参照的符号；
-i：不检查符号表的版本； -i：不检查符号表的版本；
-m<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>或system-map<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>：使用指定的符号表文件； -m<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>或system-map<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>：使用指定的符号表文件；
-s或--system-log：在系统记录中记录错误； -s或--system-log：在系统记录中记录错误；
-v或--verbose：执行时显示详细的信息； -v或--verbose：执行时显示详细的信息；
-V或--version：显示版本信息； -V或--version：显示版本信息；
--help：显示帮助。 --help：显示帮助。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">depmod -b /home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos -e -F ./boot/System.map -v <span class="token number">2.6</span>.18_pro500-bcm91250-mips2_fp_be -A -a <h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">depmod -b /home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos -e -F ./boot/System.map -v <span class="token number">2.6</span>.18_pro500-bcm91250-mips2_fp_be -A -a
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<ul> <ul>
<li> <code>/home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos</code>是我<code>make mod_install</code>后，所有模块的存放路径。</li> <li><code>/home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos</code>是我<code>make mod_install</code>后，所有模块的存放路径。</li>
<li> <code>./boot/System.map</code>是<code>make linux</code>后生成，我拷贝到此目录的。</li> <li><code>./boot/System.map</code>是<code>make linux</code>后生成，我拷贝到此目录的。</li>
<li> <code>2.6.18_pro500-bcm91250-mips2_fp_be</code>是我build的linux的版本。</li> <li><code>2.6.18_pro500-bcm91250-mips2_fp_be</code>是我build的linux的版本。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p>编译linux过程及执行depmod的例子：</p> <p>编译linux过程及执行depmod的例子：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">genkernel.sh <span class="token punctuation">(</span>at linux-2.6.18_pro500<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">genkernel.sh <span class="token punctuation">(</span>at linux-2.6.18_pro500<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#######</span> <span class="token comment">#######</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">INSTALL_ROOT_EMMA3PF</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"/home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">INSTALL_ROOT_EMMA3PF</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"/home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos"</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">INSTALL_MOD_EMMA3PF</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"/home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">INSTALL_MOD_EMMA3PF</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"/home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos"</span>
<span class="token function">rm</span> /home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos/lib -rf <span class="token function">rm</span> /home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos/lib -rf
<span class="token function">rm</span> /home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos/boot/* -rf <span class="token function">rm</span> /home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos/boot/* -rf
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>linux_src_dir<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>linux_src_dir<span class="token operator">></span>
<span class="token function">make</span> <span class="token function">make</span>
<span class="token function">make</span> modules_install <span class="token function">make</span> modules_install
<span class="token function">cp</span> vmlinux System.map /home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos/boot/ -p <span class="token function">cp</span> vmlinux System.map /home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos/boot/ -p
@ -101,7 +106,7 @@ depmod -b /home/windsome/EMMA3PF-KernelSource-20080626/install_pos -e -F ./boot/
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
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@ -40,12 +40,16 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/df.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/df.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="df">df</h1><p>显示磁盘的相关信息</p> <h1>df</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>df命令</strong> 用于显示磁盘分区上的可使用的磁盘空间。默认显示单位为KB。可以利用该命令来获取硬盘被占用了多少空间，目前还剩下多少空间等信息。</p> <p>显示磁盘的相关信息</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">df<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>df命令</strong> 用于显示磁盘分区上的可使用的磁盘空间。默认显示单位为KB。可以利用该命令来获取硬盘被占用了多少空间，目前还剩下多少空间等信息。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">df<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-a或--all：包含全部的文件系统； <h3>选项</h3>
--block-size<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>区块大小<span class="token operator">></span>：以指定的区块大小来显示区块数目； <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-a或--all：包含全部的文件系统；
--block-size<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>区块大小<span class="token operator">></span>：以指定的区块大小来显示区块数目；
-h或--human-readable：以可读性较高的方式来显示信息； -h或--human-readable：以可读性较高的方式来显示信息；
-H或--si：与-h参数相同，但在计算时是以1000 Bytes为换算单位而非1024 Bytes； -H或--si：与-h参数相同，但在计算时是以1000 Bytes为换算单位而非1024 Bytes；
-i或--inodes：显示inode的信息； -i或--inodes：显示inode的信息；
@ -55,17 +59,20 @@
--no-sync：在取得磁盘使用信息前，不要执行sync指令，此为预设值； --no-sync：在取得磁盘使用信息前，不要执行sync指令，此为预设值；
-P或--portability：使用POSIX的输出格式； -P或--portability：使用POSIX的输出格式；
--sync：在取得磁盘使用信息前，先执行sync指令； --sync：在取得磁盘使用信息前，先执行sync指令；
-t<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件系统类型<span class="token operator">></span>或--type<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件系统类型<span class="token operator">></span>：仅显示指定文件系统类型的磁盘信息； -t<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件系统类型<span class="token operator">></span>或--type<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件系统类型<span class="token operator">></span>：仅显示指定文件系统类型的磁盘信息；
-T或--print-type：显示文件系统的类型； -T或--print-type：显示文件系统的类型；
-x<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件系统类型<span class="token operator">></span>或--exclude-type<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件系统类型<span class="token operator">></span>：不要显示指定文件系统类型的磁盘信息； -x<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件系统类型<span class="token operator">></span>或--exclude-type<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件系统类型<span class="token operator">></span>：不要显示指定文件系统类型的磁盘信息；
--help：显示帮助； --help：显示帮助；
--version：显示版本信息。 --version：显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定文件系统上的文件。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="大小格式">大小格式</h3><p>显示值以 <code>--block-size</code> 和 <code>DF_BLOCK_SIZE</code>，<code>BLOCK_SIZE</code> 和 <code>BLOCKSIZE</code> 环境变量中的第一个可用 <code>SIZE</code> 为单位。 否则，单位默认为 <code>1024</code> 个字节（如果设置 <code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code>，则为<code>512</code>）。</p> <p>文件：指定文件系统上的文件。</p>
<h3>大小格式</h3>
<p>显示值以 <code>--block-size</code> 和 <code>DF_BLOCK_SIZE</code>，<code>BLOCK_SIZE</code> 和 <code>BLOCKSIZE</code> 环境变量中的第一个可用 <code>SIZE</code> 为单位。 否则，单位默认为 <code>1024</code> 个字节（如果设置 <code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code>，则为<code>512</code>）。</p>
<p>SIZE是一个整数和可选单位（例如：10M是10 * 1024 * 1024）。 单位是K，M，G，T，P，E，Z，Y（1024的幂）或KB，MB，...（1000的幂）。</p> <p>SIZE是一个整数和可选单位（例如：10M是10 * 1024 * 1024）。 单位是K，M，G，T，P，E，Z，Y（1024的幂）或KB，MB，...（1000的幂）。</p>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>查看系统磁盘设备，默认是KB为单位：</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@LinServ-1 ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># df</span> <p>查看系统磁盘设备，默认是KB为单位：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@LinServ-1 ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># df</span>
文件系统 1K-块 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 文件系统 1K-块 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda2 <span class="token number">146294492</span> <span class="token number">28244432</span> <span class="token number">110498708</span> <span class="token number">21</span>% / /dev/sda2 <span class="token number">146294492</span> <span class="token number">28244432</span> <span class="token number">110498708</span> <span class="token number">21</span>% /
/dev/sda1 <span class="token number">1019208</span> <span class="token number">62360</span> <span class="token number">904240</span> <span class="token number">7</span>% /boot /dev/sda1 <span class="token number">1019208</span> <span class="token number">62360</span> <span class="token number">904240</span> <span class="token number">7</span>% /boot
@ -73,7 +80,7 @@ tmpfs <span class="token number">1032204</span> <span c
/dev/sdb1 <span class="token number">2884284108</span> <span class="token number">218826068</span> <span class="token number">2518944764</span> <span class="token number">8</span>% /data1 /dev/sdb1 <span class="token number">2884284108</span> <span class="token number">218826068</span> <span class="token number">2518944764</span> <span class="token number">8</span>% /data1
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>使用<code>-h</code>选项以KB以上的单位来显示，可读性高：</p> <p>使用<code>-h</code>选项以KB以上的单位来显示，可读性高：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@LinServ-1 ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># df -h</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@LinServ-1 ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># df -h</span>
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda2 140G 27G 106G <span class="token number">21</span>% / /dev/sda2 140G 27G 106G <span class="token number">21</span>% /
/dev/sda1 996M 61M 884M <span class="token number">7</span>% /boot /dev/sda1 996M 61M 884M <span class="token number">7</span>% /boot
@ -81,7 +88,7 @@ tmpfs 1009M <span class="token number">0</span> 1009M <span
/dev/sdb1 <span class="token number">2</span>.7T 209G <span class="token number">2</span>.4T <span class="token number">8</span>% /data1 /dev/sdb1 <span class="token number">2</span>.7T 209G <span class="token number">2</span>.4T <span class="token number">8</span>% /data1
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>查看全部文件系统：</p> <p>查看全部文件系统：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@LinServ-1 ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># df -a</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@LinServ-1 ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># df -a</span>
文件系统 1K-块 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 文件系统 1K-块 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda2 <span class="token number">146294492</span> <span class="token number">28244432</span> <span class="token number">110498708</span> <span class="token number">21</span>% / /dev/sda2 <span class="token number">146294492</span> <span class="token number">28244432</span> <span class="token number">110498708</span> <span class="token number">21</span>% /
proc <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> - /proc proc <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> - /proc
@ -93,12 +100,11 @@ tmpfs <span class="token number">1032204</span> <span c
none <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc none <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>显示 <code>public</code> 目录中的可用空间量，如以下输出中所示：</p> <p>显示 <code>public</code> 目录中的可用空间量，如以下输出中所示：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">df</span> public <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">df</span> public
<span class="token comment"># Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on</span> <span class="token comment"># Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on</span>
<span class="token comment"># /dev/loop0 18761008 15246924 2554392 86% /d Avail</span> <span class="token comment"># /dev/loop0 18761008 15246924 2554392 86% /d Avail</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -121,7 +127,7 @@ none <span class="token number">0</span> <span c
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c/dhclient.html
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
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<title>dhclient 命令，Linux dhclient 命令详解：动态获取或释放IP地址 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>dhclient 命令，Linux dhclient 命令详解：动态获取或释放IP地址 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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@ -40,17 +40,23 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dhclient.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dhclient.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="dhclient">dhclient</h1><p>动态获取或释放IP地址</p> <h1>dhclient</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>dhclient命令</strong> 使用动态主机配置协议动态的配置网络接口的网络参数。</p> <p>动态获取或释放IP地址</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">dhclient<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>dhclient命令</strong> 使用动态主机配置协议动态的配置网络接口的网络参数。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">dhclient<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0</span>：指定dhcp客户端监听的端口号； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token number">0</span>：指定dhcp客户端监听的端口号；
-d：总是以前台方式运行程序； -d：总是以前台方式运行程序；
-q：安静模式，不打印任何错误的提示信息； -q：安静模式，不打印任何错误的提示信息；
-r：释放ip地址。 -r：释放ip地址。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>网络接口：操作的网络接口。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">dhclient -r <span class="token comment">#释放IP</span> <p>网络接口：操作的网络接口。</p>
<h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">dhclient -r <span class="token comment">#释放IP</span>
dhclient <span class="token comment">#获取IP</span> dhclient <span class="token comment">#获取IP</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -76,7 +82,7 @@ dhclient <span class="token comment">#获取IP</span>
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
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@ -40,10 +40,13 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dhcpd.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dhcpd.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="dhcpd">dhcpd</h1><p>运行DHCP服务器</p> <h1>dhcpd</h1>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">dhcpd <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>网络接口<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <p>运行DHCP服务器</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">dhcpd <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>网络接口<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-p <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>端口<span class="token operator">></span> 指定dhcpd监听的端口 <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-p <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>端口<span class="token operator">></span> 指定dhcpd监听的端口
-f 作为前台进程运行dhcpd -f 作为前台进程运行dhcpd
-d 启用调试模式 -d 启用调试模式
-q 在启动时不显示版权信息 -q 在启动时不显示版权信息
@ -51,14 +54,15 @@
-T 可以用来测试租约数据库文件 -T 可以用来测试租约数据库文件
-4 运行DHCP服务器 -4 运行DHCP服务器
-6 运行DHCPv6服务器 -6 运行DHCPv6服务器
-s <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>服务器<span class="token operator">></span> 指定发送回复的服务器 -s <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>服务器<span class="token operator">></span> 指定发送回复的服务器
-cf <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>配置文件<span class="token operator">></span> 指定配置文件 -cf <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>配置文件<span class="token operator">></span> 指定配置文件
-lf <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>租约文件<span class="token operator">></span> 指定租约文件 -lf <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>租约文件<span class="token operator">></span> 指定租约文件
-pf <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>PID文件<span class="token operator">></span> 指定PID文件 -pf <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>PID文件<span class="token operator">></span> 指定PID文件
-tf <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>跟踪输出文件<span class="token operator">></span> 指定文件记录DHCP服务器的整个启动状态 -tf <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>跟踪输出文件<span class="token operator">></span> 指定文件记录DHCP服务器的整个启动状态
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="例子">例子</h3><p>对DHCP服务器进行排错。</p> <h3>例子</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dhcpd</span> <p>对DHCP服务器进行排错。</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dhcpd</span>
InternetSystems Consortium DHCP Server <span class="token number">4.1</span>.1-P1 InternetSystems Consortium DHCP Server <span class="token number">4.1</span>.1-P1
Copyright2004-2010 Internet Systems Consortium. Copyright2004-2010 Internet Systems Consortium.
All rightsreserved. All rightsreserved.
@ -80,7 +84,6 @@ it workbetter with this distribution.
exiting. exiting.
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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<title>dhcrelay 命令，Linux dhcrelay 命令详解：使用dhcrelay命令可以提供中继DHCP和BOOTP请求 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title> <title>dhcrelay 命令，Linux dhcrelay 命令详解：使用dhcrelay命令可以提供中继DHCP和BOOTP请求 - Linux 命令搜索引擎</title>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dhcrelay.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dhcrelay.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="dhcrelay">dhcrelay</h1><p>使用dhcrelay命令可以提供中继DHCP和BOOTP请求</p> <h1>dhcrelay</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>dhcrelay命令</strong> 使用dhcrelay命令可以提供中继DHCP和BOOTP请求，从一个没有DHCP服务器的子网直接连接到其它子网内的一个或多个DHCP服务器。该命令在DHCP中继服务器上使用，同时支持DHCPv4/BOOTP和DHCPv6协议。</p> <p>使用dhcrelay命令可以提供中继DHCP和BOOTP请求</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">dhcrelay <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>DHCP服务器<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>dhcrelay命令</strong> 使用dhcrelay命令可以提供中继DHCP和BOOTP请求，从一个没有DHCP服务器的子网直接连接到其它子网内的一个或多个DHCP服务器。该命令在DHCP中继服务器上使用，同时支持DHCPv4/BOOTP和DHCPv6协议。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">dhcrelay <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>DHCP服务器<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-c <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>跳数<span class="token operator">></span> 当转发数据包时，dhcrelay丢弃已经达到一个最大跳数的数据包。默认值是10，最大值是255 <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-c <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>跳数<span class="token operator">></span> 当转发数据包时，dhcrelay丢弃已经达到一个最大跳数的数据包。默认值是10，最大值是255
-4 运行dhcrelay命令作为DHCPv4/BOOTP中继代理。这是默认操作模式 -4 运行dhcrelay命令作为DHCPv4/BOOTP中继代理。这是默认操作模式
-6 运行dhcrelay命令作为DHCPv6中继代理 -6 运行dhcrelay命令作为DHCPv6中继代理
-q 安静模式 -q 安静模式
-p <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>端口<span class="token operator">></span> 监听和发送端口。DHCPv4/BOOTP默认端口是67，DHCPv6默认端口是547 -p <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>端口<span class="token operator">></span> 监听和发送端口。DHCPv4/BOOTP默认端口是67，DHCPv6默认端口是547
-A <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>长度<span class="token operator">></span> 指定发送到DHCP服务器的最大数据包大小 -A <span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>长度<span class="token operator">></span> 指定发送到DHCP服务器的最大数据包大小
-d 强制dhcrelay命令作为前台进程运行 -d 强制dhcrelay命令作为前台进程运行
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="例子">例子</h3><p>指定DHCP服务器的位置。</p> <h3>例子</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dhcrelay 192.168.0.2</span> <p>指定DHCP服务器的位置。</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dhcrelay 192.168.0.2</span>
Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Relay Agent4.1.1-P1 Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Relay Agent4.1.1-P1
Copyright <span class="token number">2004</span>-2010 Internet SystemsConsortium. Copyright <span class="token number">2004</span>-2010 Internet SystemsConsortium.
All rights reserved. All rights reserved.
@ -65,7 +70,6 @@ Sending on LPF/eth0/00:0c:27:fc:25:ec
Sending on Socket/fallback Sending on Socket/fallback
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -40,22 +40,26 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/diff.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/diff.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="diff">diff</h1><p>比较给定的两个文件的不同</p> <h1>diff</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>diff命令</strong> 在最简单的情况下，比较给定的两个文件的不同。如果使用“-”代替“文件”参数，则要比较的内容将来自标准输入。diff命令是以逐行的方式，比较文本文件的异同处。如果该命令指定进行目录的比较，则将会比较该目录中具有相同文件名的文件，而不会对其子目录文件进行任何比较操作。</p> <p>比较给定的两个文件的不同</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">diff<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>diff命令</strong> 在最简单的情况下，比较给定的两个文件的不同。如果使用“-”代替“文件”参数，则要比较的内容将来自标准输入。diff命令是以逐行的方式，比较文本文件的异同处。如果该命令指定进行目录的比较，则将会比较该目录中具有相同文件名的文件，而不会对其子目录文件进行任何比较操作。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">diff<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>行数<span class="token operator">></span>：指定要显示多少行的文本。此参数必须与-c或-u参数一并使用； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>行数<span class="token operator">></span>：指定要显示多少行的文本。此参数必须与-c或-u参数一并使用；
-a或——text：diff预设只会逐行比较文本文件； -a或——text：diff预设只会逐行比较文本文件；
-b或--ignore-space-change：不检查空格字符的不同； -b或--ignore-space-change：不检查空格字符的不同；
-B或--ignore-blank-lines：不检查空白行； -B或--ignore-blank-lines：不检查空白行；
-c：显示全部内容，并标出不同之处； -c：显示全部内容，并标出不同之处；
-C<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>行数<span class="token operator">></span>或--context<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>行数<span class="token operator">></span>：与执行“-c-<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>行数<span class="token operator">></span>”指令相同； -C<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>行数<span class="token operator">></span>或--context<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>行数<span class="token operator">></span>：与执行“-c-<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>行数<span class="token operator">></span>”指令相同；
-d或——minimal：使用不同的演算法，以小的单位来做比较； -d或——minimal：使用不同的演算法，以小的单位来做比较；
-D<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>巨集名称<span class="token operator">></span>或ifdef<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>巨集名称<span class="token operator">></span>：此参数的输出格式可用于前置处理器巨集； -D<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>巨集名称<span class="token operator">></span>或ifdef<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>巨集名称<span class="token operator">></span>：此参数的输出格式可用于前置处理器巨集；
-e或——ed：此参数的输出格式可用于ed的script文件； -e或——ed：此参数的输出格式可用于ed的script文件；
-f或-forward-ed：输出的格式类似ed的script文件，但按照原来文件的顺序来显示不同处； -f或-forward-ed：输出的格式类似ed的script文件，但按照原来文件的顺序来显示不同处；
-H或--speed-large-files：比较大文件时，可加快速度； -H或--speed-large-files：比较大文件时，可加快速度；
-l<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>字符或字符串<span class="token operator">></span>或--ignore-matching-lines<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>字符或字符串<span class="token operator">></span>：若两个文件在某几行有所不同，而之际航同时都包含了选项中指定的字符或字符串，则不显示这两个文件的差异； -l<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>字符或字符串<span class="token operator">></span>或--ignore-matching-lines<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>字符或字符串<span class="token operator">></span>：若两个文件在某几行有所不同，而之际航同时都包含了选项中指定的字符或字符串，则不显示这两个文件的差异；
-i或--ignore-case：不检查大小写的不同； -i或--ignore-case：不检查大小写的不同；
-l或——paginate：将结果交由pr程序来分页； -l或——paginate：将结果交由pr程序来分页；
-n或——rcs：将比较结果以RCS的格式来显示； -n或——rcs：将比较结果以RCS的格式来显示；
@ -65,34 +69,36 @@
-q或--brief：仅显示有无差异，不显示详细的信息； -q或--brief：仅显示有无差异，不显示详细的信息；
-r或——recursive：比较子目录中的文件； -r或——recursive：比较子目录中的文件；
-s或--report-identical-files：若没有发现任何差异，仍然显示信息； -s或--report-identical-files：若没有发现任何差异，仍然显示信息；
-S<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>或--starting-file<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>：在比较目录时，从指定的文件开始比较； -S<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>或--starting-file<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>：在比较目录时，从指定的文件开始比较；
-t或--expand-tabs：在输出时，将tab字符展开； -t或--expand-tabs：在输出时，将tab字符展开；
-T或--initial-tab：在每行前面加上tab字符以便对齐； -T或--initial-tab：在每行前面加上tab字符以便对齐；
-u，-U<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>列数<span class="token operator">></span>或--unified<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>列数<span class="token operator">></span>：以合并的方式来显示文件内容的不同； -u，-U<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>列数<span class="token operator">></span>或--unified<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>列数<span class="token operator">></span>：以合并的方式来显示文件内容的不同；
-v或——version：显示版本信息； -v或——version：显示版本信息；
-w或--ignore-all-space：忽略全部的空格字符； -w或--ignore-all-space：忽略全部的空格字符；
-W<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>宽度<span class="token operator">></span>或--width<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>宽度<span class="token operator">></span>：在使用-y参数时，指定栏宽； -W<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>宽度<span class="token operator">></span>或--width<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>宽度<span class="token operator">></span>：在使用-y参数时，指定栏宽；
-x<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件名或目录<span class="token operator">></span>或--exclude<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件名或目录<span class="token operator">></span>：不比较选项中所指定的文件或目录； -x<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件名或目录<span class="token operator">></span>或--exclude<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件名或目录<span class="token operator">></span>：不比较选项中所指定的文件或目录；
-X<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>或--exclude-from<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>；您可以将文件或目录类型存成文本文件，然后在<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>中指定此文本文件； -X<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>或--exclude-from<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>；您可以将文件或目录类型存成文本文件，然后在<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件<span class="token operator">></span>中指定此文本文件；
-y或--side-by-side：以并列的方式显示文件的异同之处； -y或--side-by-side：以并列的方式显示文件的异同之处；
--help：显示帮助； --help：显示帮助；
--left-column：在使用-y参数时，若两个文件某一行内容相同，则仅在左侧的栏位显示该行内容； --left-column：在使用-y参数时，若两个文件某一行内容相同，则仅在左侧的栏位显示该行内容；
--suppress-common-lines：在使用-y参数时，仅显示不同之处。 --suppress-common-lines：在使用-y参数时，仅显示不同之处。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<li> 文件1：指定要比较的第一个文件；</li> <ul>
<li> 文件2：指定要比较的第二个文件。</li> <li>文件1：指定要比较的第一个文件；</li>
<li>文件2：指定要比较的第二个文件。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>将目录<code>/usr/li</code>下的文件&quot;test.txt&quot;与当前目录下的文件&quot;test.txt&quot;进行比较，输入如下命令：</p> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">diff</span> /usr/li test.txt <span class="token comment">#使用diff指令对文件进行比较</span> <p>将目录<code>/usr/li</code>下的文件"test.txt"与当前目录下的文件"test.txt"进行比较，输入如下命令：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">diff</span> /usr/li test.txt <span class="token comment">#使用diff指令对文件进行比较</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>上面的命令执行后，会将比较后的不同之处以指定的形式列出，如下所示：</p> <p>上面的命令执行后，会将比较后的不同之处以指定的形式列出，如下所示：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">n1 a n3,n4 <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">n1 a n3,n4
n1,n2 d n3 n1,n2 d n3
n1,n2 c n3,n4 n1,n2 c n3,n4
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>其中，字母&quot;a&quot;、&quot;d&quot;、&quot;c&quot;分别表示添加、删除及修改操作。而&quot;n1&quot;、&quot;n2&quot;表示在文件1中的行号，&quot;n3&quot;、&quot;n4&quot;表示在文件2中的行号。</p> <p>其中，字母"a"、"d"、"c"分别表示添加、删除及修改操作。而"n1"、"n2"表示在文件1中的行号，"n3"、"n4"表示在文件2中的行号。</p>
<p>注意：以上说明指定了两个文件中不同处的行号及其相应的操作。在输出形式中，每一行后面将跟随受到影响的若干行。其中，以&lt;开始的行属于文件1，以&gt;开始的行属于文件2。</p> <p>注意：以上说明指定了两个文件中不同处的行号及其相应的操作。在输出形式中，每一行后面将跟随受到影响的若干行。其中，以&#x3C;开始的行属于文件1，以>开始的行属于文件2。</p>
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@ -116,7 +122,7 @@ n1,n2 c n3,n4
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/diff3.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/diff3.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="diff3">diff3</h1><p>比较3个文件不同的地方</p> <h1>diff3</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>diff3命令</strong> 用于比较3个文件，将3个文件的不同的地方显示到标准输出。</p> <p>比较3个文件不同的地方</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">diff3<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>diff3命令</strong> 用于比较3个文件，将3个文件的不同的地方显示到标准输出。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">diff3<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-a：把所有的文件都当做文本文件按照行为单位进行比较，即给定的文件不是文本文件； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-a：把所有的文件都当做文本文件按照行为单位进行比较，即给定的文件不是文本文件；
-A：合并第2个文件和第3个文件之间的不同到第1个文件中，有冲突内容用括号括起来； -A：合并第2个文件和第3个文件之间的不同到第1个文件中，有冲突内容用括号括起来；
-B：与选项“-A”功能相同，但是不显示冲突的内容； -B：与选项“-A”功能相同，但是不显示冲突的内容；
-e/--ed：生成一个“-ed”脚本，用于将第2个文件和第3个文件之间的不同合并到第1个文件中； -e/--ed：生成一个“-ed”脚本，用于将第2个文件和第3个文件之间的不同合并到第1个文件中；
@ -52,7 +56,8 @@
-i：为了和system V系统兼容，在“ed”脚本的最后生成“w”和“q”命令。此选项必须和选项“-AeExX3”连用，但是不能和“-m”连用； -i：为了和system V系统兼容，在“ed”脚本的最后生成“w”和“q”命令。此选项必须和选项“-AeExX3”连用，但是不能和“-m”连用；
--initial-tab：在正常格式的行的文本前，输出一个TAB字符而非两个空白字符。此选项将导致在行中TAB字符的对齐方式看上去规范。 --initial-tab：在正常格式的行的文本前，输出一个TAB字符而非两个空白字符。此选项将导致在行中TAB字符的对齐方式看上去规范。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<ul>
<li>文件1：指定要比较的第1个文件；</li> <li>文件1：指定要比较的第1个文件；</li>
<li>文件2：指定要比较的第2个文件；</li> <li>文件2：指定要比较的第2个文件；</li>
<li>文件3：指定要比较的第3个文件。</li> <li>文件3：指定要比较的第3个文件。</li>
@ -80,7 +85,7 @@
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<h1 id="diffstat">diffstat</h1><p>显示diff命令输出信息的柱状图</p> <h1>diffstat</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>diffstat命令</strong> 用来显示diff命令输出信息的柱状图，用以显示diff命令比较两个文件的不同统计信息。用户也可以直接使用<code>|</code>将diff命令所输出的结果直接送给diffstat命令进行统计结果的显示。使用该命令时，若所比较的文件或者子目录不在当前目录下，则应该使用其完整路径。</p> <p>显示diff命令输出信息的柱状图</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">diffstat<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>diffstat命令</strong> 用来显示diff命令输出信息的柱状图，用以显示diff命令比较两个文件的不同统计信息。用户也可以直接使用<code>|</code>将diff命令所输出的结果直接送给diffstat命令进行统计结果的显示。使用该命令时，若所比较的文件或者子目录不在当前目录下，则应该使用其完整路径。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">diffstat<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-n<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件名长度<span class="token operator">></span>：指定文件名长度，指定的长度必须大于或等于所有文件中最长的文件名； <h3>选项</h3>
-p<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件名长度<span class="token operator">></span>：与-n参数相同，但此处的<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件名长度<span class="token operator">></span>包括了文件的路径； <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-n<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件名长度<span class="token operator">></span>：指定文件名长度，指定的长度必须大于或等于所有文件中最长的文件名；
-p<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件名长度<span class="token operator">></span>：与-n参数相同，但此处的<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件名长度<span class="token operator">></span>包括了文件的路径；
-w：指定要输出时栏位的宽度； -w：指定要输出时栏位的宽度；
-v：显示版本信息。 -v：显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定保存有diff命令的输出信息文件。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><p>将目录&quot;test1&quot;和&quot;test2&quot;下的同名文件&quot;testf.txt&quot;使用diff命令进行比较。然后使用diffstat命令对结果进行统计显示，输入如下命令：</p> <p>文件：指定保存有diff命令的输出信息文件。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">diff</span> test1 test2 <span class="token operator">|</span> diffstat <span class="token comment">#进行比较结果的统计显示</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<p>将目录"test1"和"test2"下的同名文件"testf.txt"使用diff命令进行比较。然后使用diffstat命令对结果进行统计显示，输入如下命令：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">diff</span> test1 test2 <span class="token operator">|</span> diffstat <span class="token comment">#进行比较结果的统计显示</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>注意：使用这条命令可以非常方便地实现统计显示的功能。</p> <p>注意：使用这条命令可以非常方便地实现统计显示的功能。</p>
<p>对于查看文件中的内容，用户可以通过cat命令进行查看即可，具体操作如下：</p> <p>对于查看文件中的内容，用户可以通过cat命令进行查看即可，具体操作如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cat</span> test1/testf.txt <span class="token comment">#查看test1/testf的内容</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">cat</span> test1/testf.txt <span class="token comment">#查看test1/testf的内容</span>
abc abc
def def
ghi ghi
@ -73,7 +79,7 @@ jkl
mno mno
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>从上面的文件内容显示，可以看到两个文件内容的差别。现在来运行刚才的命令，对文件比较的结果进行统计显示，结果如下：</p> <p>从上面的文件内容显示，可以看到两个文件内容的差别。现在来运行刚才的命令，对文件比较的结果进行统计显示，结果如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">testfile <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token number">2</span> +- <span class="token comment">#统计信息输出显示</span> <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">testfile <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token number">2</span> +- <span class="token comment">#统计信息输出显示</span>
<span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token function">file</span> changed, <span class="token number">1</span> insertion<span class="token punctuation">(</span>+<span class="token punctuation">)</span>, <span class="token number">1</span> deletion<span class="token punctuation">(</span>-<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token function">file</span> changed, <span class="token number">1</span> insertion<span class="token punctuation">(</span>+<span class="token punctuation">)</span>, <span class="token number">1</span> deletion<span class="token punctuation">(</span>-<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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@ -99,7 +105,7 @@ mno
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@ -40,32 +40,38 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dig.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dig.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="dig">dig</h1><p>域名查询工具</p> <h1>dig</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>dig命令</strong> 是常用的域名查询工具，可以用来测试域名系统工作是否正常。</p> <p>域名查询工具</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">dig<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>dig命令</strong> 是常用的域名查询工具，可以用来测试域名系统工作是否正常。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">dig<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">@<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>服务器地址<span class="token operator">></span>：指定进行域名解析的域名服务器； <h3>选项</h3>
-b<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>ip地址<span class="token operator">></span>：当主机具有多个IP地址，指定使用本机的哪个IP地址向域名服务器发送域名查询请求； <pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">@<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>服务器地址<span class="token operator">></span>：指定进行域名解析的域名服务器；
-f<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>文件名称<span class="token operator">></span>：指定dig以批处理的方式运行，指定的文件中保存着需要批处理查询的DNS任务信息； -b<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>ip地址<span class="token operator">></span>：当主机具有多个IP地址，指定使用本机的哪个IP地址向域名服务器发送域名查询请求；
-f<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>文件名称<span class="token operator">></span>：指定dig以批处理的方式运行，指定的文件中保存着需要批处理查询的DNS任务信息；
-P：指定域名服务器所使用端口号； -P：指定域名服务器所使用端口号；
-t<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>类型<span class="token operator">></span>：指定要查询的DNS数据类型； -t<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>类型<span class="token operator">></span>：指定要查询的DNS数据类型；
-x<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>IP地址<span class="token operator">></span>：执行逆向域名查询； -x<span class="token operator">&#x3C;</span>IP地址<span class="token operator">></span>：执行逆向域名查询；
-4：使用IPv4； -4：使用IPv4；
-6：使用IPv6； -6：使用IPv6；
-h：显示指令帮助信息。 -h：显示指令帮助信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><ul> <h3>参数</h3>
<li> 主机：指定要查询域名主机；</li> <ul>
<li> 查询类型：指定DNS查询的类型；</li> <li>主机：指定要查询域名主机；</li>
<li> 查询类：指定查询DNS的class；</li> <li>查询类型：指定DNS查询的类型；</li>
<li> 查询选项：指定查询选项。</li> <li>查询类：指定查询DNS的class；</li>
<li>查询选项：指定查询选项。</li>
</ul> </ul>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dig www.jsdig.com</span> <h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dig www.jsdig.com</span>
<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token operator">>></span> DiG <span class="token number">9.3</span>.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.1 <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token operator">>></span> www.jsdig.com <span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token operator">&#x3C;&#x3C;</span><span class="token operator">>></span> DiG <span class="token number">9.3</span>.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.1 <span class="token operator">&#x3C;&#x3C;</span><span class="token operator">>></span> www.jsdig.com
<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> global options: printcmd <span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> global options: printcmd
<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> Got answer: <span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> Got answer:
<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> -<span class="token operator">>></span>HEADER<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;-</span> opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: <span class="token number">2115</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> -<span class="token operator">>></span>HEADER<span class="token operator">&#x3C;&#x3C;-</span> opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: <span class="token number">2115</span>
<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> flags: qr rd ra<span class="token punctuation">;</span> QUERY: <span class="token number">1</span>, ANSWER: <span class="token number">2</span>, AUTHORITY: <span class="token number">2</span>, ADDITIONAL: <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> flags: qr rd ra<span class="token punctuation">;</span> QUERY: <span class="token number">1</span>, ANSWER: <span class="token number">2</span>, AUTHORITY: <span class="token number">2</span>, ADDITIONAL: <span class="token number">0</span>
<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> QUESTION SECTION: <span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> QUESTION SECTION:
@ -107,7 +113,7 @@ jsdig.com. <span class="token number">8</span> IN NS
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@ -40,18 +40,24 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dircolors.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dircolors.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="dircolors">dircolors</h1><p>置ls命令在显示目录或文件时所用的色彩</p> <h1>dircolors</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>dircolors命令</strong> 设置ls命令在显示目录或文件时所用的色彩。dircolors可根据[色彩配置文件]来设置LS_COLORS环境变量或是显示设置LS_COLORS环境变量的命令。</p> <p>置ls命令在显示目录或文件时所用的色彩</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">dircolors<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>dircolors命令</strong> 设置ls命令在显示目录或文件时所用的色彩。dircolors可根据[色彩配置文件]来设置LS_COLORS环境变量或是显示设置LS_COLORS环境变量的命令。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">dircolors<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-b或--sh或--bourne-shell：显示在Boume shell中，将<span class="token environment constant">LS_COLORS</span>设为目前预设置的shell指令； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">-b或--sh或--bourne-shell：显示在Boume shell中，将<span class="token environment constant">LS_COLORS</span>设为目前预设置的shell指令；
-c或--csh或--c-shell：显示在C shell中，将<span class="token environment constant">LS_COLORS</span>设为目前预设置的shell指令； -c或--csh或--c-shell：显示在C shell中，将<span class="token environment constant">LS_COLORS</span>设为目前预设置的shell指令；
-p或--print-database：显示预设置； -p或--print-database：显示预设置；
-help：显示帮助； -help：显示帮助；
-version：显示版本信息。 -version：显示版本信息。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定用来设置颜色的文件。</p> <h3>参数</h3>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dircolors -p</span> <p>文件：指定用来设置颜色的文件。</p>
<h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># dircolors -p</span>
<span class="token comment"># Configuration file for dircolors, a utility to help you set the</span> <span class="token comment"># Configuration file for dircolors, a utility to help you set the</span>
<span class="token comment"># LS_COLORS environment variable used by GNU ls with the --color option.</span> <span class="token comment"># LS_COLORS environment variable used by GNU ls with the --color option.</span>
<span class="token comment"># The keywords COLOR, OPTIONS, and EIGHTBIT (honored by the</span> <span class="token comment"># The keywords COLOR, OPTIONS, and EIGHTBIT (honored by the</span>
@ -184,7 +190,7 @@ STICKY <span class="token number">37</span><span class="token punctuation">;</sp
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<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dirname.md">添加实例</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaywcjlove/linux-command/edit/master/command/dirname.md">添加实例</a>
</span> </span>
<h1 id="dirname">dirname</h1><p>去除文件名中的非目录部分</p> <h1>dirname</h1>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>dirname命令</strong> 去除文件名中的非目录部分，仅显示与目录有关的内容。dirname命令读取指定路径名保留最后一个<code>/</code>及其后面的字符，删除其他部分，并写结果到标准输出。如果最后一个<code>/</code>后无字符，dirname 命令使用倒数第二个<code>/</code>，并忽略其后的所有字符。dirname 和 basename 通常在 shell 内部命令替换使用，以指定一个与指定输入文件名略有差异的输出文件名。</p> <p>去除文件名中的非目录部分</p>
<h3 id="语法">语法</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">dirname<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <h2>补充说明</h2>
<p><strong>dirname命令</strong> 去除文件名中的非目录部分，仅显示与目录有关的内容。dirname命令读取指定路径名保留最后一个<code>/</code>及其后面的字符，删除其他部分，并写结果到标准输出。如果最后一个<code>/</code>后无字符，dirname 命令使用倒数第二个<code>/</code>，并忽略其后的所有字符。dirname 和 basename 通常在 shell 内部命令替换使用，以指定一个与指定输入文件名略有差异的输出文件名。</p>
<h3>语法</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">dirname<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">--help：显示帮助； <h3>选项</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell">--help：显示帮助；
--version：显示版本号。 --version：显示版本号。
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<h3 id="实例">实例</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">dirname</span> // <h3>实例</h3>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">dirname</span> //
结果为 / 结果为 /
<span class="token function">dirname</span> /a/b/ <span class="token function">dirname</span> /a/b/
@ -60,7 +65,6 @@
结果为路径名 a 结果为路径名 a
</code></pre> </code></pre>
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