ls === 显示目录内容列表 ## 补充说明 **ls命令** 用来显示目标列表，在Linux中是使用率较高的命令。ls命令的输出信息可以进行彩色加亮显示，以分区不同类型的文件。 ### 语法 ```shell ls（选项）（参数） ``` ### 选项 ```shell -a, --all # 不隐藏任何以. 开始的项目 -A, --almost-all # 列出除. 及.. 以外的任何项目 --author # 与-l 同时使用时列出每个文件的作者 -b, --escape # 以八进制溢出序列表示不可打印的字符 --block-size=SIZE # scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g., # '--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of # 1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups # do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c # with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last # modification of file status information); # with -l: show ctime and sort by name; # otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first -C # list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] # colorize the output; WHEN can be 'never', 'auto', # or 'always' (the default); more info below -d, --directory # list directories themselves, not their contents -D, --dired # generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -f # do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify # append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type # likewise, except do not append '*' --format=WORD # across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, # single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time # like -l --time-style=full-iso -g # 类似-l，但不列出所有者 --group-directories-first # group directories before files; # can be augmented with a --sort option, but any # use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping -G, --no-group # 以一个长列表的形式，不输出组名 -h, --human-readable # 与-l 一起，以易于阅读的格式输出文件大小 (例如 1K 234M 2G) --si # 同上面类似，但是使用1000 为基底而非1024 -H, --dereference-command-line # follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir # follow each command line symbolic link # that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN # do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN # (overridden by -a or -A) --indicator-style=WORD # append indicator with style WORD to entry names: # none (default), slash (-p), # file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode # print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN # do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k, --kibibytes # default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage -l # 使用较长格式列出信息 -L, --dereference # 当显示符号链接的文件信息时，显示符号链接所指示 # 的对象而并非符号链接本身的信息 -m # 所有项目以逗号分隔，并填满整行行宽 -n, --numeric-uid-gid # 类似 -l，但列出UID 及GID 号 -N, --literal # 输出未经处理的项目名称 (如不特别处理控制字符) -o # 类似 -l，但不列出有关组的信息 -p, --indicator-style=slash # 对目录加上表示符号"/" -q, --hide-control-chars # print ? instead of nongraphic characters --show-control-chars # show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, # unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name # enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD # use quoting style WORD for entry names: # literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -r, --reverse # 逆序排列 -R, --recursive # 递归显示子目录 -s, --size # 以块数形式显示每个文件分配的尺寸 -S # sort by file size --sort=WORD # sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), # time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X) --time=WORD # with -l, show time as WORD instead of default # modification time: atime or access or use (-u) # ctime or status (-c); also use specified time # as sort key if --sort=time --time-style=STYLE # with -l, show times using style STYLE: # full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT; # FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'; if FORMAT # is FORMAT1FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies # to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; # if STYLE is prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE # takes effect only outside the POSIX locale -t # sort by modification time, newest first -T, --tabsize=COLS # assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -u # with -lt: sort by, and show, access time; # with -l: show access time and sort by name; # otherwise: sort by access time -U # do not sort; list entries in directory order -v # natural sort of (version) numbers within text -w, --width=COLS # assume screen width instead of current value -x # list entries by lines instead of by columns -X # sort alphabetically by entry extension -1 # list one file per line SELinux options: --lcontext # Display security context. Enable -l. Lines # will probably be too wide for most displays. -Z, --context # Display security context so it fits on most # displays. Displays only mode, user, group, # security context and file name. --scontext # Display only security context and file name. --help # 显示此帮助信息并退出 --version # 显示版本信息并退出 ``` ### 参数 目录：指定要显示列表的目录，也可以是具体的文件。 ### 实例 ```shell $ ls # 仅列出当前目录可见文件 $ ls -l # 列出当前目录可见文件详细信息 $ ls -hl # 列出详细信息并以可读大小显示文件大小 $ ls -al # 列出所有文件（包括隐藏）的详细信息 ``` 显示当前目录下包括影藏文件在内的所有文件列表 ```shell [root@localhost ~]# ls -a . anaconda-ks.cfg .bash_logout .bashrc install.log .mysql_history satools .tcshrc .vimrc .. .bash_history .bash_profile .cshrc install.log.syslog .rnd .ssh .viminfo ``` 输出长格式列表 ```shell [root@localhost ~]# ls -1 anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog satools ``` 显示文件的inode信息 索引节点（index inode简称为“inode”）是Linux中一个特殊的概念，具有相同的索引节点号的两个文本本质上是同一个文件（除文件名不同外）。 ```shell [root@localhost ~]# ls -i -l anaconda-ks.cfg install.log 2345481 -rw------- 1 root root 859 Jun 11 22:49 anaconda-ks.cfg 2345474 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13837 Jun 11 22:49 install.log ``` 水平输出文件列表 ```shell [root@localhost /]# ls -m bin, boot, data, dev, etc, home, lib, lost+found, media, misc, mnt, opt, proc, root, sbin, selinux, srv, sys, tmp, usr, var ``` 修改最后一次编辑的文件 最近修改的文件显示在最上面。 ```shell [root@localhost /]# ls -t tmp root etc dev lib boot sys proc data home bin sbin usr var lost+found media mnt opt selinux srv misc ``` 显示递归文件 ```shell [root@localhost ~]# ls -R .: anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog satools ./satools: black.txt freemem.sh iptables.sh lnmp.sh mysql php502_check.sh ssh_safe.sh ``` 打印文件的UID和GID ```shell [root@localhost /]# ls -n total 254 drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot drwxr-xr-x 6 0 0 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data drwxr-xr-x 10 0 0 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev drwxr-xr-x 75 0 0 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home drwxr-xr-x 14 0 0 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib drwx------ 2 0 0 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 opt dr-xr-xr-x 232 0 0 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc drwxr-x--- 4 0 0 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 11 0 0 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys drwxrwxrwt 3 0 0 98304 Oct 16 08:45 tmp drwxr-xr-x 13 0 0 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr drwxr-xr-x 19 0 0 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var ``` 列出文件和文件夹的详细信息 ```shell [root@localhost /]# ls -l total 254 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:48 tmp drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var ``` 列出可读文件和文件夹详细信息 ```shell [root@localhost /]# ls -lh total 254K drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Jun 12 04:03 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1.0K Jun 15 14:45 boot drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 data drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3.5K Sep 26 15:38 dev drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4.0K Oct 16 04:02 etc drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 home drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12K Jun 16 04:02 lib drwx------ 2 root root 16K Jun 11 22:46 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 8 2010 misc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 opt dr-xr-xr-x 235 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4.0K Oct 15 14:43 root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12K Jun 12 04:03 sbin drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 96K Oct 16 08:49 tmp drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 usr drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 var ``` 显示文件夹信息 ```shell [root@localhost /]# ls -ld /etc/ drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 /etc/ ``` 按时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息 ```shell [root@localhost /]# ls -lt total 254 drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:53 tmp drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc ``` 按修改时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息 ```shell [root@localhost /]# ls -ltr total 254 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:54 tmp ``` 按照特殊字符对文件进行分类 ```shell [root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls -F auto/ CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf/ configure* contrib/ html/ LICENSE Makefile man/ objs/ README src/ ``` 列出文件并标记颜色分类 ```shell [root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls --color=auto auto CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf configure contrib html LICENSE Makefile man objs README src ```