diff --git a/api/Trace/PropagationSetter.php b/api/Trace/PropagationSetter.php
index 9f6ded27..5226cd20 100644
--- a/api/Trace/PropagationSetter.php
+++ b/api/Trace/PropagationSetter.php
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@ interface PropagationSetter
      * @param string $value
      * @return void
      */
-    public function set($carrier, string $key, string $value) : void;
+    public function set(&$carrier, string $key, string $value) : void;
 }
diff --git a/api/Trace/TextMapFormatPropagator.php b/api/Trace/TextMapFormatPropagator.php
index 0f613a3b..247b8449 100644
--- a/api/Trace/TextMapFormatPropagator.php
+++ b/api/Trace/TextMapFormatPropagator.php
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ interface TextMapFormatPropagator
      *
      * @return array
      */
-    public function fields() : array;
+    public static function fields() : array;
 
     /**
      * Encodes the given SpanContext into propagator specific format and injects
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ interface TextMapFormatPropagator
      * @param PropagationSetter $setter
      * @return void
      */
-    public function inject(SpanContext $context, $carrier, PropagationSetter $setter) : void;
+    public static function inject(SpanContext $context, &$carrier, PropagationSetter $setter) : void;
 
     /**
      * Retrieves encoded SpanContext using Getter from the associated carrier.
@@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ interface TextMapFormatPropagator
      * @param PropagationGetter $getter
      * @return SpanContext
      */
-    public function extract($carrier, PropagationGetter $getter): SpanContext;
+    public static function extract($carrier, PropagationGetter $getter): SpanContext;
 }
diff --git a/sdk/Trace/PropagationMap.php b/sdk/Trace/PropagationMap.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90bf0fbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/Trace/PropagationMap.php
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OpenTelemetry\Sdk\Trace;
+
+use ArrayAccess;
+use OpenTelemetry\Trace as API;
+
+class PropagationMap implements API\PropagationGetter, API\PropagationSetter
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritdoc}
+     */
+    public function get($carrier, string $key): ?string
+    {
+        $lKey = \strtolower($key);
+        if ($carrier instanceof ArrayAccess) {
+            return $carrier->offsetExists($lKey) ? $carrier->offsetGet($lKey) : null;
+        }
+
+        if (\is_array($carrier)) {
+            if (empty($carrier)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($carrier as $k => $value) {
+                if (strtolower($k) === $lKey) {
+                    return $value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
+            sprintf(
+                'Invalid carrier of type %s. Unable to get value associated with key:%s',
+                \is_object($carrier) ? \get_class($carrier) : \gettype($carrier),
+                $key
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritdoc}
+     */
+    public function set(&$carrier, string $key, string $value): void
+    {
+        if ($key === '') {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Unable to set value with an empty key');
+        }
+
+        if ($carrier instanceof ArrayAccess || \is_array($carrier)) {
+            $carrier[\strtolower($key)] = $value;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
+            sprintf(
+                'Invalid carrier of type %s. Unable to set value associated with key:%s',
+                \is_object($carrier) ? \get_class($carrier) : \gettype($carrier),
+                $key
+            )
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sdk/Trace/TraceContext.php b/sdk/Trace/TraceContext.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dec8ae97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/Trace/TraceContext.php
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OpenTelemetry\Sdk\Trace;
+
+use OpenTelemetry\Trace as API;
+
+final class TraceContext implements API\TextMapFormatPropagator
+{
+    public const TRACEPARENT = 'http_traceparent';
+    public const TRACESTATE = 'http_tracestate';
+
+    // TODO Consolidate these and the validity checks in SpanContext.php
+    private const SUPPORTED_VERSION = '00';
+    private const INVALID_TRACE = '00000000000000000000000000000000';
+    private const INVALID_SPAN = '0000000000000000';
+    private const VALID_VERSION = '/^[0-9a-f]{2}$/';
+    private const VALID_TRACE = '/^[0-9a-f]{32}$/';
+    private const VALID_SPAN = '/^[0-9a-f]{16}$/';
+    private const VALID_TRACEFLAGS = '/^[0-9a-f]{2}$/';
+    private const SAMPLED_FLAG = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritdoc}
+     */
+    public static function fields(): array
+    {
+        return [self::TRACEPARENT, self::TRACESTATE];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritdoc}
+     */
+    public static function inject(API\SpanContext $context, &$carrier, API\PropagationSetter $setter): void
+    {
+        $traceparent = self::SUPPORTED_VERSION . '-' . $context->getTraceId() . '-' . $context->getSpanId() . '-' . ($context->isSampled() ? '01' : '00');
+        $setter->set($carrier, self::TRACEPARENT, $traceparent);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritdoc}
+     */
+    public static function extract($carrier, API\PropagationGetter $getter): API\SpanContext
+    {
+        $traceparent = $getter->get($carrier, self::TRACEPARENT);
+        if ($traceparent === null) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Traceparent not present');
+        }
+
+        // Traceparent = {version}-{trace-id}-{parent-id}-{trace-flags}
+        $pieces = explode('-', $traceparent);
+
+        $peicesCount = count($pieces);
+        if ($peicesCount != 4) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
+                sprintf('Unable to extract traceparent. Expected 4 values, got %d', $peicesCount)
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Parse the traceparent version. Currently only '00' is supported.
+        $version = $pieces[0];
+        if ((preg_match(self::VALID_VERSION, $version) === 0) || ($version !== self::SUPPORTED_VERSION)) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
+                sprintf('Only version 00 is supported, got %s', $version)
+            );
+        }
+
+        $traceId = $pieces[1];
+        if ((preg_match(self::VALID_TRACE, $traceId) === 0) || ($traceId === self::INVALID_TRACE)) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
+                sprintf('TraceID must be exactly 16 bytes (32 chars) and at least one non-zero byte, got %s', $traceId)
+            );
+        }
+
+        $spanId = $pieces[2];
+        if ((preg_match(self::VALID_SPAN, $spanId) === 0) || ($spanId === self::INVALID_SPAN)) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
+                sprintf('SpanID must be exactly 8 bytes (16 chars) and at least one non-zero byte, got %s', $spanId)
+            );
+        }
+
+        $traceFlags = $pieces[3];
+        if (preg_match(self::VALID_TRACEFLAGS, $traceFlags) === 0) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
+                sprintf('TraceFlags must be exactly 1 bytes (1 char) representing a bit field, got %s', $traceFlags)
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Only the sampled flag is extracted from the traceFlags (00000001)
+        $convertedTraceFlags = hexdec($traceFlags);
+        $isSampled = ($convertedTraceFlags & self::SAMPLED_FLAG) === self::SAMPLED_FLAG;
+
+        return SpanContext::restore($traceId, $spanId, $isSampled, true);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Sdk/Unit/Trace/PropagationMapTest.php b/tests/Sdk/Unit/Trace/PropagationMapTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..312f70dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Sdk/Unit/Trace/PropagationMapTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OpenTelemetry\Tests\Sdk\Unit\Trace;
+
+use ArrayObject;
+use OpenTelemetry\Sdk\Trace\PropagationMap;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+use stdClass;
+
+class PropagationMapTest extends TestCase
+{
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testGetFromMapArray()
+    {
+        $carrier = ['a' => 'alpha'];
+        $map = new PropagationMap();
+
+        $value = $map->get($carrier, 'a');
+        $this->assertSame('alpha', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testGetFromMapArrayAccess()
+    {
+        $carrier = new ArrayObject(['a' => 'alpha']);
+        $map = new PropagationMap();
+
+        $value = $map->get($carrier, 'a');
+        $this->assertSame('alpha', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testGetFromUnsupportedCarrier()
+    {
+        $carrier = new stdClass();
+        $map = new PropagationMap();
+        $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+        $map->get($carrier, 'a');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testInvalidGetFromMap()
+    {
+        $carrier = ['a' => 'alpha'];
+        $map = new PropagationMap();
+
+        $this->assertNull($map->get([], 'a'));
+        $this->assertNull($map->get($carrier, 'b'));
+         
+        $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+        $value = $map->get('invalid carrier', 'a');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testSetMapArray()
+    {
+        $carrier = ['a' => 'alpha'];
+        $map = new PropagationMap();
+
+        $map->set($carrier, 'b', 'bravo');
+        $value = $map->get($carrier, 'b');
+        $this->assertSame('bravo', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testSetMapArrayAccess()
+    {
+        $carrier = new ArrayObject(['a' => 'alpha']);
+        $map = new PropagationMap();
+
+        $map->set($carrier, 'b', 'bravo');
+        $value = $map->get($carrier, 'b');
+        $this->assertSame('bravo', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testSetUnsupportedCarrier()
+    {
+        $carrier = new stdClass();
+        $map = new PropagationMap();
+        $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Invalid carrier of type ' . \get_class($carrier) . '. Unable to set value associated with key:a');
+        $map->set($carrier, 'a', 'alpha');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testSetEmptyKey()
+    {
+        $carrier = ['a' => 'alpha'];
+        $map = new PropagationMap();
+        $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Unable to set value with an empty key');
+        $map->set($carrier, '', 'alpha');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Sdk/Unit/Trace/TraceContextTest.php b/tests/Sdk/Unit/Trace/TraceContextTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c22c50db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Sdk/Unit/Trace/TraceContextTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OpenTelemetry\Tests\Sdk\Unit\Trace;
+
+use OpenTelemetry\Sdk\Trace\PropagationMap;
+use OpenTelemetry\Sdk\Trace\SpanContext;
+use OpenTelemetry\Sdk\Trace\TraceContext;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+class TraceContextTest extends TestCase
+{
+    private const VERSION = '00';
+    private const TRACEID = '00000000000000000000000000000032';
+    private const SPANID = '0000000000000016';
+    private const SAMPLED = '01';
+    private const TRACEPARENTVALUE = self::VERSION . '-' . self::TRACEID . '-' . self::SPANID . '-' . self::SAMPLED;
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testTraceContextFields()
+    {
+        $fields = TraceContext::fields();
+        $this->assertSame($fields[0], TraceContext::TRACEPARENT);
+        $this->assertSame($fields[1], TraceContext::TRACESTATE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testExtractValidTraceContext()
+    {
+        $traceparentValues = [self::TRACEPARENTVALUE,                                               // sampled == true
+                              self::VERSION . '-' . self::TRACEID . '-' . self::SPANID . '-00', ];  // sampled == false
+
+        foreach ($traceparentValues as $traceparentValue) {
+            $carrier = [TraceContext::TRACEPARENT => $traceparentValue];
+            $map = new PropagationMap();
+            $context = TraceContext::extract($carrier, $map);
+            $extractedTraceparent = '00-' . $context->getTraceId() . '-' . $context->getSpanId() . '-' . ($context->isSampled() ? '01' : '00');
+            $this->assertSame($traceparentValue, $extractedTraceparent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testExtractInvalidTraceContext()
+    {
+        $carrier = [];
+        $map = new PropagationMap();
+
+        $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Traceparent not present');
+        $context = TraceContext::extract($carrier, $map);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testInjectValidTraceContext()
+    {
+        $carrier = [];
+        $map = new PropagationMap();
+        $context = SpanContext::restore(self::TRACEID, self::SPANID, true, false);
+        TraceContext::inject($context, $carrier, $map);
+
+        $this->assertSame(self::TRACEPARENTVALUE, $map->get($carrier, TraceContext::TRACEPARENT));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testTraceparentLength()
+    {
+        $invalidValues = [self::TRACEPARENTVALUE . '-extra',                            // Length > 4 values
+                          self::VERSION . '-' . self::SPANID . '-' . self::SAMPLED, ];  // Length < 4 values
+
+        foreach ($invalidValues as $invalidTraceparentValue) {
+            $carrier = [TraceContext::TRACEPARENT => $invalidTraceparentValue];
+            $map = new PropagationMap();
+
+            $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+            $this->expectExceptionMessage('Unable to extract traceparent. Expected 4 values, got ' . 5);
+            $context = TraceContext::extract($carrier, $map);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testInvalidTraceparentVersion()
+    {
+        $invalidValues = ['ff',     // invalid hex value
+                          '003',    // Length > 2
+                          '1',      // Length < 2
+                          '0j', ];  // Hex character != 'a - f or 0 - 9'
+
+        $buildTraceparent = self::TRACEID . '-' . self::SPANID . '-' . self::SAMPLED;
+
+        foreach ($invalidValues as $invalidVersion) {
+            $traceparentValue = $invalidVersion . '-' . $buildTraceparent;
+            $carrier = [TraceContext::TRACEPARENT => $traceparentValue];
+            $map = new PropagationMap();
+
+            $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+            $this->expectExceptionMessage('Only version 00 is supported, got ' . $invalidVersion);
+            $context = TraceContext::extract($carrier, $map);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testInvalidTraceparentTraceId()
+    {
+        $invalidValues = ['00000000000000000000000000000000',     // All zeros
+                          '000000000000000000000000000000033',    // Length > 32
+                          '0000000000000000000000000000031',      // Length < 32
+                          '000000000000000000000g0000000032', ];  // Hex character != 'a - f or 0 - 9'
+
+        foreach ($invalidValues as $invalidTraceId) {
+            $traceparentValue = self::VERSION . '-' . $invalidTraceId . '-' . self::SPANID . '-' . self::SAMPLED;
+            $carrier = [TraceContext::TRACEPARENT => $traceparentValue];
+            $map = new PropagationMap();
+
+            $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+            $this->expectExceptionMessage('TraceID must be exactly 16 bytes (32 chars) and at least one non-zero byte, got ' . $invalidTraceId);
+            $context = TraceContext::extract($carrier, $map);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testInvalidTraceparentSpanId()
+    {
+        $invalidValues = ['0000000000000000',     // All zeros
+                          '00000000000000017',    // Length > 16
+                          '000000000000015',      // Length < 16
+                          '00000000*0000016', ];  // Hex character != 'a - f or 0 - 9'
+
+        foreach ($invalidValues as $invalidSpanId) {
+            $traceparentValue = self::VERSION . '-' . self::TRACEID . '-' . $invalidSpanId . '-' . self::SAMPLED;
+            $carrier = [TraceContext::TRACEPARENT => $traceparentValue];
+            $map = new PropagationMap();
+
+            $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+            $this->expectExceptionMessage('SpanID must be exactly 8 bytes (16 chars) and at least one non-zero byte, got ' . $invalidSpanId);
+            $context = TraceContext::extract($carrier, $map);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @test
+     */
+    public function testInvalidTraceFlags()
+    {
+        $invalidValues = ['003',    // Length > 2
+                          '1',      // Length < 2
+                          '0g', ];  // Hex character != 'a - f or 0 - 9'
+
+        $buildTraceperent = self::VERSION . '-' . self::TRACEID . '-' . self::SPANID;
+        foreach ($invalidValues as $invalidTraceFlag) {
+            $traceparentValue = $buildTraceperent . '-' . $invalidTraceFlag;
+            $carrier = [TraceContext::TRACEPARENT => $traceparentValue];
+            $map = new PropagationMap();
+
+            $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+            $this->expectExceptionMessage('TraceFlags must be exactly 1 bytes (1 char) representing a bit field, got ' . $invalidTraceFlag);
+            $context = TraceContext::extract($carrier, $map);
+        }
+    }
+}