---
title: Auto-Instrumentation Example
linkTitle: Example
weight: 20
aliases: [/docs/languages/python/automatic/example]
# prettier-ignore
cSpell:ignore: distro instrumentor mkdir MSIE Referer Starlette uninstrumented venv werkzeug
---

This page demonstrates how to use Python auto-instrumentation in OpenTelemetry.
The example is based on an [OpenTracing example][]. You can download or view the
[source files][] used in this page from the `opentelemetry-python` repository.

This example uses three different scripts. The main difference between them is
how they are instrumented:

1. `server_manual.py` is instrumented _manually_.
2. `server_automatic.py` is instrumented _automatically_.
3. `server_programmatic.py` is instrumented _programmatically_.

[_Programmatic_ instrumentation](#execute-the-programmatically-instrumented-server)
is a kind of instrumentation that requires minimal instrumentation code to be
added to the application. Only some instrumentation libraries offer additional
capabilities that give you greater control over the instrumentation process when
used programmatically.

Run the first script without the automatic instrumentation agent and second with
the agent. They should both produce the same results, demonstrating that the
automatic instrumentation agent does exactly the same thing as manual
instrumentation.

Automatic instrumentation utilizes [monkey-patching][] to dynamically rewrite
methods and classes at runtime through [instrumentation
libraries][instrumentation]. This reduces the amount of work required to
integrate OpenTelemetry into your application code. Below, you will see the
difference between a Flask route instrumented manually, automatically and
programmatically.

### Manually instrumented server

`server_manual.py`

```python
@app.route("/server_request")
def server_request():
    with tracer.start_as_current_span(
        "server_request",
        context=extract(request.headers),
        kind=trace.SpanKind.SERVER,
        attributes=collect_request_attributes(request.environ),
    ):
        print(request.args.get("param"))
        return "served"
```

### Automatically-instrumented server

`server_automatic.py`

```python
@app.route("/server_request")
def server_request():
    print(request.args.get("param"))
    return "served"
```

### Programmatically-instrumented server

`server_programmatic.py`

```python
instrumentor = FlaskInstrumentor()

app = Flask(__name__)

instrumentor.instrument_app(app)
# instrumentor.instrument_app(app, excluded_urls="/server_request")
@app.route("/server_request")
def server_request():
    print(request.args.get("param"))
    return "served"
```

## Prepare

Execute the following example in a separate virtual environment. Run the
following commands to prepare for auto-instrumentation:

```sh
mkdir auto_instrumentation
cd auto_instrumentation
python -m venv venv
source ./venv/bin/activate
```

## Install

Run the following commands to install the appropriate packages. The
`opentelemetry-distro` package depends on a few others, like `opentelemetry-sdk`
for custom instrumentation of your own code and `opentelemetry-instrumentation`
which provides several commands that help automatically instrument a program.

```sh
pip install opentelemetry-distro
pip install flask requests
```

Run the `opentelemetry-bootstrap` command:

```shell
opentelemetry-bootstrap -a install
```

The examples that follow send instrumentation results to the console. Learn more
about installing and configuring the
[OpenTelemetry Distro](/docs/languages/python/distro) to send telemetry to other
destinations, like an OpenTelemetry Collector.

> **Note**: To use automatic instrumentation through `opentelemetry-instrument`,
> you must configure it via environment variables or the command line. The agent
> creates a telemetry pipeline that cannot be modified other than through these
> means. If you need more customization for your telemetry pipelines, then you
> need to forego the agent and import the OpenTelemetry SDK and instrumentation
> libraries into your code and configure them there. You may also extend
> automatic instrumentation by importing the OpenTelemetry API. For more
> details, see the [API reference][].

## Execute

This section guides you through the manual process of instrumenting a server as
well as the process of executing an automatically instrumented server.

### Execute the manually instrumented server

Execute the server in two separate consoles, one to run each of the scripts that
make up this example:

```sh
source ./venv/bin/activate
python server_manual.py
```

```sh
source ./venv/bin/activate
python client.py testing
```

The console running `server_manual.py` will display the spans generated by
instrumentation as JSON. The spans should appear similar to the following
example:

```json
{
  "name": "server_request",
  "context": {
    "trace_id": "0xfa002aad260b5f7110db674a9ddfcd23",
    "span_id": "0x8b8bbaf3ca9c5131",
    "trace_state": "{}"
  },
  "kind": "SpanKind.SERVER",
  "parent_id": null,
  "start_time": "2020-04-30T17:28:57.886397Z",
  "end_time": "2020-04-30T17:28:57.886490Z",
  "status": {
    "status_code": "OK"
  },
  "attributes": {
    "http.method": "GET",
    "http.server_name": "127.0.0.1",
    "http.scheme": "http",
    "host.port": 8082,
    "http.host": "localhost:8082",
    "http.target": "/server_request?param=testing",
    "net.peer.ip": "127.0.0.1",
    "net.peer.port": 52872,
    "http.flavor": "1.1"
  },
  "events": [],
  "links": [],
  "resource": {
    "telemetry.sdk.language": "python",
    "telemetry.sdk.name": "opentelemetry",
    "telemetry.sdk.version": "0.16b1"
  }
}
```

### Execute the automatically-instrumented server

Stop the execution of `server_manual.py` by pressing <kbd>Control+C</kbd> and
run the following command instead:

```sh
opentelemetry-instrument --traces_exporter console --metrics_exporter none python server_automatic.py
```

In the console where you previously executed `client.py`, run the following
command again:

```sh
python client.py testing
```

The console running `server_automatic.py` will display the spans generated by
instrumentation as JSON. The spans should appear similar to the following
example:

```json
{
  "name": "server_request",
  "context": {
    "trace_id": "0x9f528e0b76189f539d9c21b1a7a2fc24",
    "span_id": "0xd79760685cd4c269",
    "trace_state": "{}"
  },
  "kind": "SpanKind.SERVER",
  "parent_id": "0xb4fb7eee22ef78e4",
  "start_time": "2020-04-30T17:10:02.400604Z",
  "end_time": "2020-04-30T17:10:02.401858Z",
  "status": {
    "status_code": "OK"
  },
  "attributes": {
    "http.method": "GET",
    "http.server_name": "127.0.0.1",
    "http.scheme": "http",
    "host.port": 8082,
    "http.host": "localhost:8082",
    "http.target": "/server_request?param=testing",
    "net.peer.ip": "127.0.0.1",
    "net.peer.port": 48240,
    "http.flavor": "1.1",
    "http.route": "/server_request",
    "http.status_text": "OK",
    "http.status_code": 200
  },
  "events": [],
  "links": [],
  "resource": {
    "telemetry.sdk.language": "python",
    "telemetry.sdk.name": "opentelemetry",
    "telemetry.sdk.version": "0.16b1",
    "service.name": ""
  }
}
```

You can see that both outputs are the same because automatic instrumentation
does exactly what manual instrumentation does.

### Execute the programmatically-instrumented server

It is also possible to use the instrumentation libraries (such as
`opentelemetry-instrumentation-flask`) by themselves which may have an advantage
of customizing options. However, by choosing to do this it means you forego
using auto-instrumentation by starting your application with
`opentelemetry-instrument` as this is mutually exclusive.

Execute the server just like you would do for manual instrumentation, in two
separate consoles, one to run each of the scripts that make up this example:

```sh
source ./venv/bin/activate
python server_programmatic.py
```

```sh
source ./venv/bin/activate
python client.py testing
```

The results should be the same as running with manual instrumentation.

#### Using programmatic-instrumentation features

Some instrumentation libraries include features that allow for more precise
control while instrumenting programmatically, the instrumentation library for
Flask is one of them.

This example has a line commented out, change it like this:

```python
# instrumentor.instrument_app(app)
instrumentor.instrument_app(app, excluded_urls="/server_request")
```

After running the example again, no instrumentation should appear on the server
side. This is because of the `excluded_urls` option passed to `instrument_app`
that effectively stops the `server_request` function from being instrumented as
its URL matches the regular expression passed to `excluded_urls`.

### Instrumentation while debugging

The debug mode can be enabled in the Flask app like this:

```python
if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(port=8082, debug=True)
```

The debug mode can break instrumentation from happening because it enables a
reloader. To run instrumentation while the debug mode is enabled, set the
`use_reloader` option to `False`:

```python
if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(port=8082, debug=True, use_reloader=False)
```

## Configure

The auto instrumentation can consume configuration from environment variables.

### Capture HTTP request and response headers

You can capture predefined HTTP headers as span attributes, according to the
[semantic convention][].

To define which HTTP headers you want to capture, provide a comma-separated list
of HTTP header names via the environment variables
`OTEL_INSTRUMENTATION_HTTP_CAPTURE_HEADERS_SERVER_REQUEST` and
`OTEL_INSTRUMENTATION_HTTP_CAPTURE_HEADERS_SERVER_RESPONSE`, e.g.:

```sh
export OTEL_INSTRUMENTATION_HTTP_CAPTURE_HEADERS_SERVER_REQUEST="Accept-Encoding,User-Agent,Referer"
export OTEL_INSTRUMENTATION_HTTP_CAPTURE_HEADERS_SERVER_RESPONSE="Last-Modified,Content-Type"
opentelemetry-instrument --traces_exporter console --metrics_exporter none python app.py
```

These configuration options are supported by the following HTTP
instrumentations:

- Django
- Falcon
- FastAPI
- Pyramid
- Starlette
- Tornado
- WSGI

If those headers are available, they will be included in your span:

```json
{
  "attributes": {
    "http.request.header.user-agent": [
      "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0)"
    ],
    "http.request.header.accept_encoding": ["gzip, deflate, br"],
    "http.response.header.last_modified": ["2022-04-20 17:07:13.075765"],
    "http.response.header.content_type": ["text/html; charset=utf-8"]
  }
}
```

[semantic convention]: /docs/specs/semconv/http/http-spans/
[api reference]:
  https://opentelemetry-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html
[instrumentation]:
  https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python-contrib/tree/main/opentelemetry-instrumentation
[monkey-patching]:
  https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5626193/what-is-monkey-patching
[opentracing example]:
  https://github.com/yurishkuro/opentracing-tutorial/tree/master/python
[source files]:
  https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/tree/main/docs/examples/auto-instrumentation
