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# Semantic conventions for database client spans

**Status**: [Release Candidate][DocumentStatus], unless otherwise specified

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- [Name](#name)
- [Span definition](#span-definition)
  - [Notes and well-known identifiers for `db.system.name`](#notes-and-well-known-identifiers-for-dbsystemname)
- [Sanitization of `db.query.text`](#sanitization-of-dbquerytext)
- [Generating a summary of the query text](#generating-a-summary-of-the-query-text)
- [Semantic conventions for specific database technologies](#semantic-conventions-for-specific-database-technologies)

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> **Warning**
>
> Existing database instrumentations that are using
> [v1.24.0 of this document](https://github.com/open-telemetry/semantic-conventions/blob/v1.24.0/docs/database/database-spans.md)
> (or prior):
>
> * SHOULD NOT change the version of the database conventions that they emit by default
>   until the database semantic conventions are marked stable.
>   Conventions include, but are not limited to, attributes,
>   metric and span names, and unit of measure.
> * SHOULD introduce an environment variable `OTEL_SEMCONV_STABILITY_OPT_IN`
>   in the existing major version as a comma-separated list of category-specific values
>   (e.g., http, databases, messaging). The list of values includes:
>   * `database` - emit the new, stable database conventions,
>     and stop emitting the old experimental database conventions
>     that the instrumentation emitted previously.
>   * `database/dup` - emit both the old and the stable database conventions,
>     allowing for a seamless transition.
>   * The default behavior (in the absence of one of these values) is to continue
>     emitting whatever version of the old experimental database conventions
>     the instrumentation was emitting previously.
>   * Note: `database/dup` has higher precedence than `database` in case both values are present
> * SHOULD maintain (security patching at a minimum) the existing major version
>   for at least six months after it starts emitting both sets of conventions.
> * SHOULD drop the environment variable in the next major version.

## Name

Database spans MUST follow the overall [guidelines for span names](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/tree/v1.44.0/specification/trace/api.md#span).

The **span name** SHOULD be `{db.query.summary}` if a summary is available.

If no summary is available, the span name SHOULD be `{db.operation.name} {target}`
provided that a (low-cardinality) `db.operation.name` is available (see below for
the exact definition of the [`{target}`](#target-placeholder) placeholder).

If a (low-cardinality) `db.operation.name` is not available, database span names
SHOULD default to the [`{target}`](#target-placeholder).

If neither `{db.operation.name}` nor `{target}` are available, span name SHOULD be `{db.system}`.

Semantic conventions for individual database systems MAY specify different span name format.

The <span id="target-placeholder">`{target}`</span> SHOULD describe the entity that the operation is performed against
and SHOULD adhere to one of the following values, provided they are accessible:

- `db.collection.name` SHOULD be used for data manipulation operations or operations on a database collection.
- `db.namespace` SHOULD be used for operations on a specific database namespace.
- `server.address:server.port` SHOULD be used for other operations not targeting any specific database(s) or collection(s)

If a corresponding `{target}` value is not available for a specific operation, the instrumentation SHOULD omit the `{target}`.
For example, for an operation describing SQL query on an anonymous table like `SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM table) t`, span name should be `SELECT`.

## Span definition

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**Status:** ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid)

This span describes database client call.

Instrumentations SHOULD, when possible, record database spans that cover the duration of
the corresponding API call as if it was observed by the caller (such as client application).
For example, if a transient issue happened and was retried within this database call, the corresponding
span should cover the duration of the logical operation with all retries.

When a database client provides higher-level convenience APIs for specific operations
(e.g., calling a stored procedure), which internally generate and execute a generic query,
it is RECOMMENDED to instrument the higher-level convenience APIs.
These often allow setting `db.operation.*` attributes, which usually are not
readily available at the generic query level.

**Span name** is covered in the [Name](/docs/database/database-spans.md#name) section.

**Span kind** SHOULD be `CLIENT`. It MAY be set to `INTERNAL` on spans representing
in-memory database calls.
It's RECOMMENDED to use `CLIENT` kind when database system being instrumented usually
runs in a different process than its client or when database calls happen over
instrumented protocol such as HTTP.

**Span status** Refer to the [Recording Errors](/docs/general/recording-errors.md)
document for details on how to record span status. Semantic conventions for
individual systems SHOULD specify which values of `db.response.status_code`
classify as errors.

| Attribute  | Type | Description  | Examples  | [Requirement Level](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/semconv/general/attribute-requirement-level/) | Stability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [`db.system.name`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md) | string | The database management system (DBMS) product as identified by the client instrumentation. [1] | `other_sql`; `softwareag.adabas`; `actian.ingres` | `Required` | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| [`db.collection.name`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md) | string | The name of a collection (table, container) within the database. [2] | `public.users`; `customers` | `Conditionally Required` [3] | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| [`db.namespace`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md) | string | The name of the database, fully qualified within the server address and port. [4] | `customers`; `test.users` | `Conditionally Required` If available. | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| [`db.operation.name`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md) | string | The name of the operation or command being executed. [5] | `findAndModify`; `HMSET`; `SELECT` | `Conditionally Required` [6] | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| [`db.response.status_code`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md) | string | Database response status code. [7] | `102`; `ORA-17002`; `08P01`; `404` | `Conditionally Required` [8] | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| [`error.type`](/docs/attributes-registry/error.md) | string | Describes a class of error the operation ended with. [9] | `timeout`; `java.net.UnknownHostException`; `server_certificate_invalid`; `500` | `Conditionally Required` If and only if the operation failed. | ![Stable](https://img.shields.io/badge/-stable-lightgreen) |
| [`server.port`](/docs/attributes-registry/server.md) | int | Server port number. [10] | `80`; `8080`; `443` | `Conditionally Required` [11] | ![Stable](https://img.shields.io/badge/-stable-lightgreen) |
| [`db.operation.batch.size`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md) | int | The number of queries included in a batch operation. [12] | `2`; `3`; `4` | `Recommended` | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| [`db.query.summary`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md) | string | Low cardinality representation of a database query text. [13] | `SELECT wuser_table`; `INSERT shipping_details SELECT orders`; `get user by id` | `Recommended` [14] | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| [`db.query.text`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md) | string | The database query being executed. [15] | `SELECT * FROM wuser_table where username = ?`; `SET mykey ?` | `Recommended` [16] | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| [`db.response.returned_rows`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md) | int | Number of rows returned by the operation. | `10`; `30`; `1000` | `Recommended` | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| [`network.peer.address`](/docs/attributes-registry/network.md) | string | Peer address of the database node where the operation was performed. [17] | `10.1.2.80`; `/tmp/my.sock` | `Recommended` If applicable for this database system. | ![Stable](https://img.shields.io/badge/-stable-lightgreen) |
| [`network.peer.port`](/docs/attributes-registry/network.md) | int | Peer port number of the network connection. | `65123` | `Recommended` if and only if `network.peer.address` is set. | ![Stable](https://img.shields.io/badge/-stable-lightgreen) |
| [`server.address`](/docs/attributes-registry/server.md) | string | Name of the database host. [18] | `example.com`; `10.1.2.80`; `/tmp/my.sock` | `Recommended` | ![Stable](https://img.shields.io/badge/-stable-lightgreen) |
| [`db.query.parameter.<key>`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md) | string | A database query parameter, with `<key>` being the parameter name, and the attribute value being a string representation of the parameter value. [19] | `someval`; `55` | `Opt-In` | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |

**[1] `db.system.name`:** The actual DBMS may differ from the one identified by the client. For example, when using PostgreSQL client libraries to connect to a CockroachDB, the `db.system.name` is set to `postgresql` based on the instrumentation's best knowledge.

**[2] `db.collection.name`:** It is RECOMMENDED to capture the value as provided by the application
without attempting to do any case normalization.

The collection name SHOULD NOT be extracted from `db.query.text`,
when the database system supports query text with multiple collections
in non-batch operations.

For batch operations, if the individual operations are known to have the same
collection name then that collection name SHOULD be used.

**[3] `db.collection.name`:** If readily available and if a database call is performed on a single collection.

**[4] `db.namespace`:** If a database system has multiple namespace components, they SHOULD be concatenated from the most general to the most specific namespace component, using `|` as a separator between the components. Any missing components (and their associated separators) SHOULD be omitted.
Semantic conventions for individual database systems SHOULD document what `db.namespace` means in the context of that system.
It is RECOMMENDED to capture the value as provided by the application without attempting to do any case normalization.

**[5] `db.operation.name`:** It is RECOMMENDED to capture the value as provided by the application
without attempting to do any case normalization.

The operation name SHOULD NOT be extracted from `db.query.text`,
when the database system supports query text with multiple operations
in non-batch operations.

If spaces can occur in the operation name, multiple consecutive spaces
SHOULD be normalized to a single space.

For batch operations, if the individual operations are known to have the same operation name
then that operation name SHOULD be used prepended by `BATCH `,
otherwise `db.operation.name` SHOULD be `BATCH` or some other database
system specific term if more applicable.

**[6] `db.operation.name`:** If readily available and if there is a single operation name that describes the database call.

**[7] `db.response.status_code`:** The status code returned by the database. Usually it represents an error code, but may also represent partial success, warning, or differentiate between various types of successful outcomes.
Semantic conventions for individual database systems SHOULD document what `db.response.status_code` means in the context of that system.

**[8] `db.response.status_code`:** If the operation failed and status code is available.

**[9] `error.type`:** The `error.type` SHOULD match the `db.response.status_code` returned by the database or the client library, or the canonical name of exception that occurred.
When using canonical exception type name, instrumentation SHOULD do the best effort to report the most relevant type. For example, if the original exception is wrapped into a generic one, the original exception SHOULD be preferred.
Instrumentations SHOULD document how `error.type` is populated.

**[10] `server.port`:** When observed from the client side, and when communicating through an intermediary, `server.port` SHOULD represent the server port behind any intermediaries, for example proxies, if it's available.

**[11] `server.port`:** If using a port other than the default port for this DBMS and if `server.address` is set.

**[12] `db.operation.batch.size`:** Operations are only considered batches when they contain two or more operations, and so `db.operation.batch.size` SHOULD never be `1`.

**[13] `db.query.summary`:** `db.query.summary` provides static summary of the query text. It describes a class of database queries and is useful as a grouping key, especially when analyzing telemetry for database calls involving complex queries.
Summary may be available to the instrumentation through instrumentation hooks or other means. If it is not available, instrumentations that support query parsing SHOULD generate a summary following [Generating query summary](/docs/database/database-spans.md#generating-a-summary-of-the-query-text) section.

**[14] `db.query.summary`:** if readily available or if instrumentation supports query summarization.

**[15] `db.query.text`:** For sanitization see [Sanitization of `db.query.text`](/docs/database/database-spans.md#sanitization-of-dbquerytext).
For batch operations, if the individual operations are known to have the same query text then that query text SHOULD be used, otherwise all of the individual query texts SHOULD be concatenated with separator `; ` or some other database system specific separator if more applicable.
Parameterized query text SHOULD NOT be sanitized. Even though parameterized query text can potentially have sensitive data, by using a parameterized query the user is giving a strong signal that any sensitive data will be passed as parameter values, and the benefit to observability of capturing the static part of the query text by default outweighs the risk.

**[16] `db.query.text`:** Non-parameterized query text SHOULD NOT be collected by default unless there is sanitization that excludes sensitive data, e.g. by redacting all literal values present in the query text. See [Sanitization of `db.query.text`](/docs/database/database-spans.md#sanitization-of-dbquerytext).
Parameterized query text SHOULD be collected by default (the query parameter values themselves are opt-in, see [`db.query.parameter.<key>`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md)).

**[17] `network.peer.address`:** Semantic conventions for individual database systems SHOULD document whether `network.peer.*` attributes are applicable. Network peer address and port are useful when the application interacts with individual database nodes directly.
If a database operation involved multiple network calls (for example retries), the address of the last contacted node SHOULD be used.

**[18] `server.address`:** When observed from the client side, and when communicating through an intermediary, `server.address` SHOULD represent the server address behind any intermediaries, for example proxies, if it's available.

**[19] `db.query.parameter.<key>`:** If a query parameter has no name and instead is referenced only by index,
then `<key>` SHOULD be the 0-based index.

`db.query.parameter.<key>` SHOULD match
up with the parameterized placeholders present in `db.query.text`.

`db.query.parameter.<key>` SHOULD NOT be captured on batch operations.

Examples:

- For a query `SELECT * FROM users where username =  %s` with the parameter `"jdoe"`,
  the attribute `db.query.parameter.0` SHOULD be set to `"jdoe"`.

- For a query `"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = %(username)s;` with parameter
  `username = "jdoe"`, the attribute `db.query.parameter.username` SHOULD be set to `"jdoe"`.

The following attributes can be important for making sampling decisions
and SHOULD be provided **at span creation time** (if provided at all):

* [`db.collection.name`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md)
* [`db.namespace`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md)
* [`db.operation.name`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md)
* [`db.query.summary`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md)
* [`db.query.text`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md)
* [`db.system.name`](/docs/attributes-registry/db.md)
* [`server.address`](/docs/attributes-registry/server.md)
* [`server.port`](/docs/attributes-registry/server.md)

---

`db.system.name` has the following list of well-known values. If one of them applies, then the respective value MUST be used; otherwise, a custom value MAY be used.

| Value  | Description | Stability |
|---|---|---|
| `actian.ingres` | [Actian Ingres](https://www.actian.com/databases/ingres/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `aws.dynamodb` | [Amazon DynamoDB](https://aws.amazon.com/pm/dynamodb/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `aws.redshift` | [Amazon Redshift](https://aws.amazon.com/redshift/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `azure.cosmosdb` | [Azure Cosmos DB](https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/cosmos-db) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `cassandra` | [Apache Cassandra](https://cassandra.apache.org/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `clickhouse` | [ClickHouse](https://clickhouse.com/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `cockroachdb` | [CockroachDB](https://www.cockroachlabs.com/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `couchbase` | [Couchbase](https://www.couchbase.com/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `couchdb` | [Apache CouchDB](https://couchdb.apache.org/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `derby` | [Apache Derby](https://db.apache.org/derby/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `elasticsearch` | [Elasticsearch](https://www.elastic.co/elasticsearch) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `firebirdsql` | [Firebird](https://www.firebirdsql.org/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `gcp.spanner` | [Google Cloud Spanner](https://cloud.google.com/spanner) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `geode` | [Apache Geode](https://geode.apache.org/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `h2database` | [H2 Database](https://h2database.com/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `hbase` | [Apache HBase](https://hbase.apache.org/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `hive` | [Apache Hive](https://hive.apache.org/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `hsqldb` | [HyperSQL Database](https://hsqldb.org/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `ibm.db2` | [IBM Db2](https://www.ibm.com/db2) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `ibm.informix` | [IBM Informix](https://www.ibm.com/products/informix) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `ibm.netezza` | [IBM Netezza](https://www.ibm.com/products/netezza) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `influxdb` | [InfluxDB](https://www.influxdata.com/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `instantdb` | [Instant](https://www.instantdb.com/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `intersystems.cache` | [InterSystems Caché](https://www.intersystems.com/products/cache/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `mariadb` | [MariaDB](https://mariadb.org/) | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| `memcached` | [Memcached](https://memcached.org/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `microsoft.sql_server` | [Microsoft SQL Server](https://www.microsoft.com/sql-server) | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| `mongodb` | [MongoDB](https://www.mongodb.com/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `mysql` | [MySQL](https://www.mysql.com/) | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| `neo4j` | [Neo4j](https://neo4j.com/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `opensearch` | [OpenSearch](https://opensearch.org/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `oracle.db` | [Oracle Database](https://www.oracle.com/database/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `other_sql` | Some other SQL database. Fallback only. | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `postgresql` | [PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org/) | ![Release Candidate](https://img.shields.io/badge/-rc-mediumorchid) |
| `redis` | [Redis](https://redis.io/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `sap.hana` | [SAP HANA](https://www.sap.com/products/technology-platform/hana/what-is-sap-hana.html) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `sap.maxdb` | [SAP MaxDB](https://maxdb.sap.com/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `softwareag.adabas` | [Adabas (Adaptable Database System)](https://documentation.softwareag.com/?pf=adabas) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `sqlite` | [SQLite](https://www.sqlite.org/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `teradata` | [Teradata](https://www.teradata.com/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |
| `trino` | [Trino](https://trino.io/) | ![Development](https://img.shields.io/badge/-development-blue) |

---

`error.type` has the following list of well-known values. If one of them applies, then the respective value MUST be used; otherwise, a custom value MAY be used.

| Value  | Description | Stability |
|---|---|---|
| `_OTHER` | A fallback error value to be used when the instrumentation doesn't define a custom value. | ![Stable](https://img.shields.io/badge/-stable-lightgreen) |

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### Notes and well-known identifiers for `db.system.name`

The list above is a non-exhaustive list of well-known identifiers to be specified for `db.system.name`.

If a value defined in this list applies to the DBMS to which the request is sent, this value MUST be used.
If no value defined in this list is suitable, a custom value MUST be provided.
This custom value MUST be the name of the DBMS in lowercase and without a version number to stay consistent with existing identifiers.

It is encouraged to open a PR towards this specification to add missing values to the list, especially when instrumentations for those missing databases are written.
This allows multiple instrumentations for the same database to be aligned and eases analyzing for backends.

The value `other_sql` is intended as a fallback and MUST only be used if the DBMS is known to be SQL-compliant but the concrete product is not known to the instrumentation.
If the concrete DBMS is known to the instrumentation, its specific identifier MUST be used.

Back ends could, for example, use the provided identifier to determine the appropriate SQL dialect for parsing the `db.query.text`.

When additional attributes are added that only apply to a specific DBMS, its identifier SHOULD be used as a namespace in the attribute key as for the attributes in the sections below.

## Sanitization of `db.query.text`

The `db.query.text` SHOULD be collected by default only if there is sanitization that excludes sensitive information.
Sanitization SHOULD replace all literals with a placeholder value.
Such literals include, but are not limited to, String, Numeric, Date and Time,
Boolean, Interval, Binary, and Hexadecimal literals.
The placeholder value SHOULD be `?`, unless it already has a defined meaning in the given database system,
in which case the instrumentation MAY choose a different placeholder.

Parameterized query text SHOULD NOT be sanitized.
Even though parameterized query text can potentially have sensitive data, by using a parameterized query
the user is giving a strong signal that any sensitive data will be passed as parameter values, and the benefit
to observability of capturing the static part of the query text by default outweighs the risk.

[IN-clauses](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_syntax#Operators) MAY be collapsed during sanitization,
e.g. from `IN (?, ?, ?, ?)` to `IN (?)`, as this can help with extremely long IN-clauses,
and can help control cardinality for users who choose to (optionally) add `db.query.text` to their metric attributes.

When performing sanitization, instrumentation MAY truncate the sanitized value
for performance considerations (since sanitizing has a performance cost).

## Generating a summary of the query text

The `db.query.summary` attribute captures a shortened representation of a query text
which SHOULD have low-cardinality and SHOULD NOT contain any dynamic or sensitive data.

> [!NOTE]
>
> The `db.query.text` attribute is intended to identify individual queries. Even though
> it is sanitized if captured by default, it could still have high cardinality and
> might reach hundreds of lines.
>
> The `db.query.summary` is intended to provide a less granular grouping key that
> can be used as a span name or a metric attribute in common cases. It SHOULD
> only contain information that has a significant impact on the query, database,
> or application performance.

Instrumentations that support query parsing SHOULD generate a query summary when
one is not readily available from other sources.

The summary SHOULD preserve the following parts of query in the order they were provided:

- operations such as SQL SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and other commands
- operation targets such as collections, stored procedures, database names, etc

Instrumentations that support query parsing SHOULD parse the query and extract a
list of operations and targets from the query. It SHOULD set `db.query.summary`
attribute to the value formatted in the following way:

```
{operation1} {target1} {operation2} {target2} {target3} ...
````

Instrumentations SHOULD capture the values of operations and targets as provided
by the application without attempting to do any case normalization. If the operation
and target value is populated on `db.operation.name`, `db.collection.name`,
or other attributes, it SHOULD match the value used in the `db.query.summary`.

Instrumentations that parse the query to set `db.query.summary` SHOULD truncate the
summary to 255 characters (ensuring truncation does not occur within an operation
name or target).

**Examples**:

- Query that consist of a single operation:

   ```sql
   SELECT *
   FROM   wuser_table
   WHERE  username = ?
   ```

   the corresponding `db.query.summary` is `SELECT wuser_table`.

- Query that performs multiple operations:

   ```sql
   INSERT INTO shipping_details
               (order_id,
               address)
   SELECT order_id,
          address
   FROM   orders
   WHERE  order_id = ?
   ```

   the corresponding `db.query.summary` is `INSERT shipping_details SELECT orders`.

- Query that performs an operation that's applied to multiple collections:

   ```sql
   SELECT *
   FROM   songs,
          artists
   WHERE  songs.artist_id == artists.id
   ```

   the corresponding `db.query.summary` is `SELECT songs artists`.

- Query that performs an operation on an anonymous table:

   ```sql
   SELECT order_date
   FROM   (SELECT *
           FROM   orders o
                  JOIN customers c
                    ON o.customer_id = c.customer_id)
   ```

   the corresponding `db.query.summary` is `SELECT SELECT orders customers`.

- Query that performs an operation on multiple collections with double-quotes or other punctuation:

    ```sql
    SELECT *
    FROM   "song list",
           'artists'
    ```

    the corresponding `db.query.summary` is `SELECT "song list" 'artists'`.

Semantic conventions for individual database systems or specialized instrumentations
MAY specify a different `db.query.summary` format as long as produced summary remains
relatively short and its cardinality remains low comparing to the `db.query.text`.

## Semantic conventions for specific database technologies

More specific Semantic Conventions are defined for the following database technologies:

* [AWS DynamoDB](dynamodb.md): Semantic Conventions for *AWS DynamoDB*.
* [Cassandra](cassandra.md): Semantic Conventions for *Cassandra*.
* [Azure Cosmos DB](cosmosdb.md): Semantic Conventions for *Azure Cosmos DB*.
* [CouchDB](couchdb.md): Semantic Conventions for *CouchDB*.
* [Elasticsearch](elasticsearch.md): Semantic Conventions for *Elasticsearch*.
* [HBase](hbase.md): Semantic Conventions for *HBase*.
* [MongoDB](mongodb.md): Semantic Conventions for *MongoDB*.
* [Microsoft SQL Server](sql-server.md): Semantic Conventions for *Microsoft SQL Server*.
* [Redis](redis.md): Semantic Conventions for *Redis*.
* [SQL](sql.md): Semantic Conventions for *SQL* databases.

[DocumentStatus]: https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/otel/document-status
