add mockstore and rawkv tests (#2)

* add mockstore and rawkv tests Signed-off-by: disksing <i@disksing.com>
2019-03-08 16:21:50 +08:00 · 2019-03-08 16:21:50 +08:00 · af8a9cd0b8
parent 3c11273160
commit af8a9cd0b8
20 changed files with 4158 additions and 146 deletions
--- a/5
+++ b/5
@ -1,2 +1,5 @@
 default:
-	GO111MODULE=on go build ./...
+	GO111MODULE=on go build ./...
+
+test:
+	GO111MODULE=on go test ./...
--- a/codec/bytes.go
+++ b/codec/bytes.go
@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ const (
 var pads = make([]byte, encGroupSize)

 // DecodeBytes decodes a TiDB encoded byte slice.
-func DecodeBytes(b []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+func DecodeBytes(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
 	buf := make([]byte, 0, len(b)/(encGroupSize+1)*encGroupSize)
 	for {
 		if len(b) < encGroupSize+1 {
-			return nil, errors.New("insufficient bytes to decode value")
+			return nil, nil, errors.New("insufficient bytes to decode value")
 		}

 		groupBytes := b[:encGroupSize+1]
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func DecodeBytes(b []byte) ([]byte, error) {

 		padCount := encMarker - marker
 		if padCount > encGroupSize {
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid marker byte, group bytes %q", groupBytes)
+			return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("invalid marker byte, group bytes %q", groupBytes)
 		}

 		realGroupSize := encGroupSize - padCount
@ -52,12 +52,12 @@ func DecodeBytes(b []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 		if padCount != 0 {
 			// Check validity of padding bytes.
 			if !bytes.Equal(group[realGroupSize:], pads[:padCount]) {
-				return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid padding byte, group bytes %q", groupBytes)
+				return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("invalid padding byte, group bytes %q", groupBytes)
 			}
 			break
 		}
 	}
-	return buf, nil
+	return b, buf, nil
 }

 // EncodeBytes encodes a byte slice into TiDB's encoded form.
--- a/codec/key.go
+++ b/codec/key.go
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2019 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package codec
+
+// Key represents high-level Key type.
+type Key []byte
+
+// Next returns the next key in byte-order.
+func (k Key) Next() Key {
+	// add 0x0 to the end of key
+	buf := make([]byte, len([]byte(k))+1)
+	copy(buf, []byte(k))
+	return buf
+}
+
+// PrefixNext returns the next prefix key.
+//
+// Assume there are keys like:
+//
+//   rowkey1
+//   rowkey1_column1
+//   rowkey1_column2
+//   rowKey2
+//
+// If we seek 'rowkey1' Next, we will get 'rowkey1_column1'.
+// If we seek 'rowkey1' PrefixNext, we will get 'rowkey2'.
+func (k Key) PrefixNext() Key {
+	buf := make([]byte, len([]byte(k)))
+	copy(buf, []byte(k))
+	var i int
+	for i = len(k) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		buf[i]++
+		if buf[i] != 0 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if i == -1 {
+		copy(buf, k)
+		buf = append(buf, 0)
+	}
+	return buf
+}
--- a/codec/meta.go
+++ b/codec/meta.go
@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ import (
 // DecodeRegionMetaKey translates a region meta from encoded form to unencoded form.
 func DecodeRegionMetaKey(r *metapb.Region) error {
 	if len(r.StartKey) != 0 {
-		decoded, err := DecodeBytes(r.StartKey)
+		_, decoded, err := DecodeBytes(r.StartKey)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Trace(err)
 		}
 		r.StartKey = decoded
 	}
 	if len(r.EndKey) != 0 {
-		decoded, err := DecodeBytes(r.EndKey)
+		_, decoded, err := DecodeBytes(r.EndKey)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Trace(err)
 		}
--- a/codec/numbers.go
+++ b/codec/numbers.go
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2019 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package codec
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+
+	"github.com/pingcap/errors"
+)
+
+const signMask uint64 = 0x8000000000000000
+
+// EncodeIntToCmpUint make int v to comparable uint type
+func EncodeIntToCmpUint(v int64) uint64 {
+	return uint64(v) ^ signMask
+}
+
+// EncodeInt appends the encoded value to slice b and returns the appended slice.
+// EncodeInt guarantees that the encoded value is in ascending order for comparison.
+func EncodeInt(b []byte, v int64) []byte {
+	var data [8]byte
+	u := EncodeIntToCmpUint(v)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data[:], u)
+	return append(b, data[:]...)
+}
+
+// EncodeUintDesc appends the encoded value to slice b and returns the appended slice.
+// EncodeUintDesc guarantees that the encoded value is in descending order for comparison.
+func EncodeUintDesc(b []byte, v uint64) []byte {
+	var data [8]byte
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data[:], ^v)
+	return append(b, data[:]...)
+}
+
+// DecodeUintDesc decodes value encoded by EncodeInt before.
+// It returns the leftover un-decoded slice, decoded value if no error.
+func DecodeUintDesc(b []byte) ([]byte, uint64, error) {
+	if len(b) < 8 {
+		return nil, 0, errors.New("insufficient bytes to decode value")
+	}
+
+	data := b[:8]
+	v := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data)
+	b = b[8:]
+	return b, ^v, nil
+}
--- a/codec/table.go
+++ b/codec/table.go
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Copyright 2019 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package codec
+
+var (
+	tablePrefix     = []byte{'t'}
+	recordPrefixSep = []byte("_r")
+	indexPrefixSep  = []byte("_i")
+)
+
+const (
+	idLen                 = 8
+	prefixLen             = 1 + idLen /*tableID*/ + 2
+	recordRowKeyLen       = prefixLen + idLen /*handle*/
+	tablePrefixLength     = 1
+	recordPrefixSepLength = 2
+)
+
+// appendTableRecordPrefix appends table record prefix  "t[tableID]_r".
+func appendTableRecordPrefix(buf []byte, tableID int64) []byte {
+	buf = append(buf, tablePrefix...)
+	buf = EncodeInt(buf, tableID)
+	buf = append(buf, recordPrefixSep...)
+	return buf
+}
+
+// GenTableRecordPrefix composes record prefix with tableID: "t[tableID]_r".
+func GenTableRecordPrefix(tableID int64) Key {
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, len(tablePrefix)+8+len(recordPrefixSep))
+	return appendTableRecordPrefix(buf, tableID)
+}
+
+// appendTableIndexPrefix appends table index prefix  "t[tableID]_i".
+func appendTableIndexPrefix(buf []byte, tableID int64) []byte {
+	buf = append(buf, tablePrefix...)
+	buf = EncodeInt(buf, tableID)
+	buf = append(buf, indexPrefixSep...)
+	return buf
+}
+
+// GenTableIndexPrefix composes index prefix with tableID: "t[tableID]_i".
+func GenTableIndexPrefix(tableID int64) Key {
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, len(tablePrefix)+8+len(indexPrefixSep))
+	return appendTableIndexPrefix(buf, tableID)
+}
+
+// EncodeTableIndexPrefix encodes index prefix with tableID and idxID.
+func EncodeTableIndexPrefix(tableID, idxID int64) Key {
+	key := make([]byte, 0, prefixLen)
+	key = appendTableIndexPrefix(key, tableID)
+	key = EncodeInt(key, idxID)
+	return key
+}
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@ -1,54 +1,21 @@
 module github.com/tikv/client-go

 require (
-	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1 // indirect
-	github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973 // indirect
-	github.com/coreos/bbolt v1.3.1-coreos.6 // indirect
-	github.com/coreos/etcd v3.3.10+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/coreos/go-semver v0.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/coreos/go-systemd v0.0.0-20181031085051-9002847aa142 // indirect
-	github.com/coreos/pkg v0.0.0-20180928190104-399ea9e2e55f // indirect
-	github.com/dgrijalva/jwt-go v3.2.0+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/eknkc/amber v0.0.0-20171010120322-cdade1c07385 // indirect
-	github.com/ghodss/yaml v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20181024230925-c65c006176ff // indirect
+	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0
+	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.0-20180518054509-2e65f85255db // indirect
 	github.com/google/btree v0.0.0-20180813153112-4030bb1f1f0c
-	github.com/gorilla/context v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.6.2 // indirect
-	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware v1.0.0
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus v1.2.0
-	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway v1.6.3 // indirect
-	github.com/jonboulle/clockwork v0.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/montanaflynn/stats v0.0.0-20181214052348-945b007cb92f // indirect
 	github.com/opentracing/opentracing-go v1.0.2 // indirect
-	github.com/pingcap/check v0.0.0-20181222140913-41d022e836db // indirect
+	github.com/pingcap/check v0.0.0-20190102082844-67f458068fc8
 	github.com/pingcap/errors v0.11.0
 	github.com/pingcap/gofail v0.0.0-20181115114620-e47081505b9c // indirect
+	github.com/pingcap/goleveldb v0.0.0-20171020122428-b9ff6c35079e
 	github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20190121084144-be0b43ee9241
+	github.com/pingcap/parser v0.0.0-20190118050330-3c9ff121c591
 	github.com/pingcap/pd v2.1.2+incompatible
-	github.com/pkg/errors v0.8.0
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1
-	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20180712105110-5c3871d89910 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.0.0-20181126121408-4724e9255275 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.0-20181129180645-aa55a523dc0a // indirect
-	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.2.0
-	github.com/soheilhy/cmux v0.1.4 // indirect
-	github.com/tmc/grpc-websocket-proxy v0.0.0-20171017195756-830351dc03c6 // indirect
-	github.com/ugorji/go v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/unrolled/render v0.0.0-20181210145518-4c664cb3ad2f // indirect
-	github.com/xiang90/probing v0.0.0-20160813154853-07dd2e8dfe18 // indirect
-	go.uber.org/atomic v1.3.2 // indirect
-	go.uber.org/multierr v1.1.0 // indirect
-	go.uber.org/zap v1.9.1 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20181220203305-927f97764cc3 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181221143128-b4a75ba826a6 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20181221175505-bd9b4fb69e2f // indirect
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.17.0
-	gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/pkg/errors v0.8.1
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.2
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.3.0
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.18.0
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@ -1,145 +1,78 @@
 cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1 h1:WXkYYl6Yr3qBf1K79EBnL4mak0OimBfB0XUf9Vl28OQ=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973 h1:xJ4a3vCFaGF/jqvzLMYoU8P317H5OQ+Via4RmuPwCS0=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973/go.mod h1:Dwedo/Wpr24TaqPxmxbtue+5NUziq4I4S80YR8gNf3Q=
 github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDkc90ppPyw=
-github.com/coreos/bbolt v1.3.1-coreos.6 h1:uTXKg9gY70s9jMAKdfljFQcuh4e/BXOM+V+d00KFj3A=
-github.com/coreos/bbolt v1.3.1-coreos.6/go.mod h1:iRUV2dpdMOn7Bo10OQBFzIJO9kkE559Wcmn+qkEiiKk=
-github.com/coreos/etcd v3.3.10+incompatible h1:KjVWqrZ5U0wa3CxY2AxlH6/UcB+PK2td1DcsYhA+HRs=
-github.com/coreos/etcd v3.3.10+incompatible/go.mod h1:uF7uidLiAD3TWHmW31ZFd/JWoc32PjwdhPthX9715RE=
-github.com/coreos/go-semver v0.2.0 h1:3Jm3tLmsgAYcjC+4Up7hJrFBPr+n7rAqYeSw/SZazuY=
-github.com/coreos/go-semver v0.2.0/go.mod h1:nnelYz7RCh+5ahJtPPxZlU+153eP4D4r3EedlOD2RNk=
-github.com/coreos/go-systemd v0.0.0-20181031085051-9002847aa142 h1:3jFq2xL4ZajGK4aZY8jz+DAF0FHjI51BXjjSwCzS1Dk=
-github.com/coreos/go-systemd v0.0.0-20181031085051-9002847aa142/go.mod h1:F5haX7vjVVG0kc13fIWeqUViNPyEJxv/OmvnBo0Yme4=
-github.com/coreos/pkg v0.0.0-20180928190104-399ea9e2e55f h1:lBNOc5arjvs8E5mO2tbpBpLoyyu8B6e44T7hJy6potg=
-github.com/coreos/pkg v0.0.0-20180928190104-399ea9e2e55f/go.mod h1:E3G3o1h8I7cfcXa63jLwjI0eiQQMgzzUDFVpN/nH/eA=
-github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/dgrijalva/jwt-go v3.2.0+incompatible h1:7qlOGliEKZXTDg6OTjfoBKDXWrumCAMpl/TFQ4/5kLM=
-github.com/dgrijalva/jwt-go v3.2.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:E3ru+11k8xSBh+hMPgOLZmtrrCbhqsmaPHjLKYnJCaQ=
-github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.0 h1:VSnTsYCnlFHaM2/igO1h6X3HA71jcobQuxemgkq4zYo=
-github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.0/go.mod h1:HtrtbFcZ19U5GC7JDqmcUSB87Iq5E25KnS6fMYU6eOk=
-github.com/eknkc/amber v0.0.0-20171010120322-cdade1c07385 h1:clC1lXBpe2kTj2VHdaIu9ajZQe4kcEY9j0NsnDDBZ3o=
-github.com/eknkc/amber v0.0.0-20171010120322-cdade1c07385/go.mod h1:0vRUJqYpeSZifjYj7uP3BG/gKcuzL9xWVV/Y+cK33KM=
-github.com/ghodss/yaml v1.0.0 h1:wQHKEahhL6wmXdzwWG11gIVCkOv05bNOh+Rxn0yngAk=
-github.com/ghodss/yaml v1.0.0/go.mod h1:4dBDuWmgqj2HViK6kFavaiC9ZROes6MMH2rRYeMEF04=
+github.com/gogo/protobuf v0.0.0-20180717141946-636bf0302bc9 h1:EGUd+AQfZoi1OwZAoqekLbl4kq6tafFtKQSiN8nL21Y=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v0.0.0-20180717141946-636bf0302bc9/go.mod h1:r8qH/GZQm5c6nD/R0oafs1akxWv10x8SbQlK7atdtwQ=
-github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.2.0 h1:xU6/SpYbvkNYiptHJYEDRseDLvYE7wSqhYYNy0QSUzI=
-github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.2.0/go.mod h1:r8qH/GZQm5c6nD/R0oafs1akxWv10x8SbQlK7atdtwQ=
-github.com/golang/glog v0.0.0-20160126235308-23def4e6c14b h1:VKtxabqXZkF25pY9ekfRL6a582T4P37/31XEstQ5p58=
 github.com/golang/glog v0.0.0-20160126235308-23def4e6c14b/go.mod h1:SBH7ygxi8pfUlaOkMMuAQtPIUF8ecWP5IEl/CR7VP2Q=
-github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20181024230925-c65c006176ff h1:kOkM9whyQYodu09SJ6W3NCsHG7crFaJILQ22Gozp3lg=
-github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20181024230925-c65c006176ff/go.mod h1:cIg4eruTrX1D+g88fzRXU5OdNfaM+9IcxsU14FzY7Hc=
-github.com/golang/lint v0.0.0-20180702182130-06c8688daad7/go.mod h1:tluoj9z5200jBnyusfRPU2LqT6J+DAorxEvtC7LHB+E=
 github.com/golang/mock v1.1.1/go.mod h1:oTYuIxOrZwtPieC+H1uAHpcLFnEyAGVDL/k47Jfbm0A=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v0.0.0-20180814211427-aa810b61a9c7/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0 h1:P3YflyNX/ehuJFLhxviNdFxQPkGK5cDcApsge1SqnvM=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
+github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.0-20180518054509-2e65f85255db h1:woRePGFeVFfLKN/pOkfl+p/TAqKOfFu+7KPlMVpok/w=
+github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.0-20180518054509-2e65f85255db/go.mod h1:/XxbfmMg8lxefKM7IXC3fBNl/7bRcc72aCRzEWrmP2Q=
 github.com/google/btree v0.0.0-20180813153112-4030bb1f1f0c h1:964Od4U6p2jUkFxvCydnIczKteheJEzHRToSGK3Bnlw=
 github.com/google/btree v0.0.0-20180813153112-4030bb1f1f0c/go.mod h1:lNA+9X1NB3Zf8V7Ke586lFgjr2dZNuvo3lPJSGZ5JPQ=
-github.com/gorilla/context v1.1.1 h1:AWwleXJkX/nhcU9bZSnZoi3h/qGYqQAGhq6zZe/aQW8=
-github.com/gorilla/context v1.1.1/go.mod h1:kBGZzfjB9CEq2AlWe17Uuf7NDRt0dE0s8S51q0aT7Yg=
-github.com/gorilla/mux v1.6.2 h1:Pgr17XVTNXAk3q/r4CpKzC5xBM/qW1uVLV+IhRZpIIk=
-github.com/gorilla/mux v1.6.2/go.mod h1:1lud6UwP+6orDFRuTfBEV8e9/aOM/c4fVVCaMa2zaAs=
-github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.0 h1:WDFjx/TMzVgy9VdMMQi2K2Emtwi2QcUQsztZ/zLaH/Q=
-github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.0/go.mod h1:E7qHFY5m1UJ88s3WnNqhKjPHQ0heANvMoAMk2YaljkQ=
-github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware v1.0.0 h1:BWIsLfhgKhV5g/oF34aRjniBHLTZe5DNekSjbAjIS6c=
+github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware v1.0.0 h1:Iju5GlWwrvL6UBg4zJJt3btmonfrMlCDdsejg4CZE7c=
 github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware v1.0.0/go.mod h1:FiyG127CGDf3tlThmgyCl78X/SZQqEOJBCDaAfeWzPs=
 github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus v1.2.0 h1:Ovs26xHkKqVztRpIrF/92BcuyuQ/YW4NSIpoGtfXNho=
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--- a/mockstore/mocktikv/cluster.go
+++ b/mockstore/mocktikv/cluster.go
@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+// Copyright 2016 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package mocktikv
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"math"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
+	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/kvrpcpb"
+	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/metapb"
+	"github.com/tikv/client-go/codec"
+)
+
+// Cluster simulates a TiKV cluster. It focuses on management and the change of
+// meta data. A Cluster mainly includes following 3 kinds of meta data:
+// 1) Region: A Region is a fragment of TiKV's data whose range is [start, end).
+//    The data of a Region is duplicated to multiple Peers and distributed in
+//    multiple Stores.
+// 2) Peer: A Peer is a replica of a Region's data. All peers of a Region form
+//    a group, each group elects a Leader to provide services.
+// 3) Store: A Store is a storage/service node. Try to think it as a TiKV server
+//    process. Only the store with request's Region's leader Peer could respond
+//    to client's request.
+type Cluster struct {
+	sync.RWMutex
+	id      uint64
+	stores  map[uint64]*Store
+	regions map[uint64]*Region
+}
+
+// NewCluster creates an empty cluster. It needs to be bootstrapped before
+// providing service.
+func NewCluster() *Cluster {
+	return &Cluster{
+		stores:  make(map[uint64]*Store),
+		regions: make(map[uint64]*Region),
+	}
+}
+
+// AllocID creates an unique ID in cluster. The ID could be used as either
+// StoreID, RegionID, or PeerID.
+func (c *Cluster) AllocID() uint64 {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	return c.allocID()
+}
+
+// AllocIDs creates multiple IDs.
+func (c *Cluster) AllocIDs(n int) []uint64 {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	var ids []uint64
+	for len(ids) < n {
+		ids = append(ids, c.allocID())
+	}
+	return ids
+}
+
+func (c *Cluster) allocID() uint64 {
+	c.id++
+	return c.id
+}
+
+// GetAllRegions gets all the regions in the cluster.
+func (c *Cluster) GetAllRegions() []*Region {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	regions := make([]*Region, 0, len(c.regions))
+	for _, region := range c.regions {
+		regions = append(regions, region)
+	}
+	return regions
+}
+
+// GetStore returns a Store's meta.
+func (c *Cluster) GetStore(storeID uint64) *metapb.Store {
+	c.RLock()
+	defer c.RUnlock()
+
+	if store := c.stores[storeID]; store != nil {
+		return proto.Clone(store.meta).(*metapb.Store)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// StopStore stops a store with storeID.
+func (c *Cluster) StopStore(storeID uint64) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	if store := c.stores[storeID]; store != nil {
+		store.meta.State = metapb.StoreState_Offline
+	}
+}
+
+// StartStore starts a store with storeID.
+func (c *Cluster) StartStore(storeID uint64) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	if store := c.stores[storeID]; store != nil {
+		store.meta.State = metapb.StoreState_Up
+	}
+}
+
+// CancelStore makes the store with cancel state true.
+func (c *Cluster) CancelStore(storeID uint64) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	//A store returns context.Cancelled Error when cancel is true.
+	if store := c.stores[storeID]; store != nil {
+		store.cancel = true
+	}
+}
+
+// UnCancelStore makes the store with cancel state false.
+func (c *Cluster) UnCancelStore(storeID uint64) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	if store := c.stores[storeID]; store != nil {
+		store.cancel = false
+	}
+}
+
+// GetStoreByAddr returns a Store's meta by an addr.
+func (c *Cluster) GetStoreByAddr(addr string) *metapb.Store {
+	c.RLock()
+	defer c.RUnlock()
+
+	for _, s := range c.stores {
+		if s.meta.GetAddress() == addr {
+			return proto.Clone(s.meta).(*metapb.Store)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetAndCheckStoreByAddr checks and returns a Store's meta by an addr
+func (c *Cluster) GetAndCheckStoreByAddr(addr string) (*metapb.Store, error) {
+	c.RLock()
+	defer c.RUnlock()
+
+	for _, s := range c.stores {
+		if s.cancel {
+			return nil, context.Canceled
+		}
+		if s.meta.GetAddress() == addr {
+			return proto.Clone(s.meta).(*metapb.Store), nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// AddStore adds a new Store to the cluster.
+func (c *Cluster) AddStore(storeID uint64, addr string) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	c.stores[storeID] = newStore(storeID, addr)
+}
+
+// RemoveStore removes a Store from the cluster.
+func (c *Cluster) RemoveStore(storeID uint64) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	delete(c.stores, storeID)
+}
+
+// UpdateStoreAddr updates store address for cluster.
+func (c *Cluster) UpdateStoreAddr(storeID uint64, addr string) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+	c.stores[storeID] = newStore(storeID, addr)
+}
+
+// GetRegion returns a Region's meta and leader ID.
+func (c *Cluster) GetRegion(regionID uint64) (*metapb.Region, uint64) {
+	c.RLock()
+	defer c.RUnlock()
+
+	r, ok := c.regions[regionID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, 0
+	}
+	return proto.Clone(r.Meta).(*metapb.Region), r.leader
+}
+
+// GetRegionByKey returns the Region and its leader whose range contains the key.
+func (c *Cluster) GetRegionByKey(key []byte) (*metapb.Region, *metapb.Peer) {
+	c.RLock()
+	defer c.RUnlock()
+
+	for _, r := range c.regions {
+		if regionContains(r.Meta.StartKey, r.Meta.EndKey, key) {
+			return proto.Clone(r.Meta).(*metapb.Region), proto.Clone(r.leaderPeer()).(*metapb.Peer)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// GetPrevRegionByKey returns the previous Region and its leader whose range contains the key.
+func (c *Cluster) GetPrevRegionByKey(key []byte) (*metapb.Region, *metapb.Peer) {
+	c.RLock()
+	defer c.RUnlock()
+
+	currentRegion, _ := c.GetRegionByKey(key)
+	if len(currentRegion.StartKey) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	for _, r := range c.regions {
+		if bytes.Equal(r.Meta.EndKey, currentRegion.StartKey) {
+			return proto.Clone(r.Meta).(*metapb.Region), proto.Clone(r.leaderPeer()).(*metapb.Peer)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// GetRegionByID returns the Region and its leader whose ID is regionID.
+func (c *Cluster) GetRegionByID(regionID uint64) (*metapb.Region, *metapb.Peer) {
+	c.RLock()
+	defer c.RUnlock()
+
+	for _, r := range c.regions {
+		if r.Meta.GetId() == regionID {
+			return proto.Clone(r.Meta).(*metapb.Region), proto.Clone(r.leaderPeer()).(*metapb.Peer)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// Bootstrap creates the first Region. The Stores should be in the Cluster before
+// bootstrap.
+func (c *Cluster) Bootstrap(regionID uint64, storeIDs, peerIDs []uint64, leaderPeerID uint64) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	c.regions[regionID] = newRegion(regionID, storeIDs, peerIDs, leaderPeerID)
+}
+
+// AddPeer adds a new Peer for the Region on the Store.
+func (c *Cluster) AddPeer(regionID, storeID, peerID uint64) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	c.regions[regionID].addPeer(peerID, storeID)
+}
+
+// RemovePeer removes the Peer from the Region. Note that if the Peer is leader,
+// the Region will have no leader before calling ChangeLeader().
+func (c *Cluster) RemovePeer(regionID, storeID uint64) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	c.regions[regionID].removePeer(storeID)
+}
+
+// ChangeLeader sets the Region's leader Peer. Caller should guarantee the Peer
+// exists.
+func (c *Cluster) ChangeLeader(regionID, leaderPeerID uint64) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	c.regions[regionID].changeLeader(leaderPeerID)
+}
+
+// GiveUpLeader sets the Region's leader to 0. The Region will have no leader
+// before calling ChangeLeader().
+func (c *Cluster) GiveUpLeader(regionID uint64) {
+	c.ChangeLeader(regionID, 0)
+}
+
+// Split splits a Region at the key (encoded) and creates new Region.
+func (c *Cluster) Split(regionID, newRegionID uint64, key []byte, peerIDs []uint64, leaderPeerID uint64) {
+	c.SplitRaw(regionID, newRegionID, NewMvccKey(key), peerIDs, leaderPeerID)
+}
+
+// SplitRaw splits a Region at the key (not encoded) and creates new Region.
+func (c *Cluster) SplitRaw(regionID, newRegionID uint64, rawKey []byte, peerIDs []uint64, leaderPeerID uint64) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	newRegion := c.regions[regionID].split(newRegionID, rawKey, peerIDs, leaderPeerID)
+	c.regions[newRegionID] = newRegion
+}
+
+// Merge merges 2 regions, their key ranges should be adjacent.
+func (c *Cluster) Merge(regionID1, regionID2 uint64) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+
+	c.regions[regionID1].merge(c.regions[regionID2].Meta.GetEndKey())
+	delete(c.regions, regionID2)
+}
+
+// SplitTable evenly splits the data in table into count regions.
+// Only works for single store.
+func (c *Cluster) SplitTable(mvccStore MVCCStore, tableID int64, count int) {
+	tableStart := codec.GenTableRecordPrefix(tableID)
+	tableEnd := tableStart.PrefixNext()
+	c.splitRange(mvccStore, NewMvccKey(tableStart), NewMvccKey(tableEnd), count)
+}
+
+// SplitIndex evenly splits the data in index into count regions.
+// Only works for single store.
+func (c *Cluster) SplitIndex(mvccStore MVCCStore, tableID, indexID int64, count int) {
+	indexStart := codec.EncodeTableIndexPrefix(tableID, indexID)
+	indexEnd := indexStart.PrefixNext()
+	c.splitRange(mvccStore, NewMvccKey(indexStart), NewMvccKey(indexEnd), count)
+}
+
+func (c *Cluster) splitRange(mvccStore MVCCStore, start, end MvccKey, count int) {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+	c.evacuateOldRegionRanges(start, end)
+	regionPairs := c.getEntriesGroupByRegions(mvccStore, start, end, count)
+	c.createNewRegions(regionPairs, start, end)
+}
+
+// getPairsGroupByRegions groups the key value pairs into splitted regions.
+func (c *Cluster) getEntriesGroupByRegions(mvccStore MVCCStore, start, end MvccKey, count int) [][]Pair {
+	startTS := uint64(math.MaxUint64)
+	limit := int(math.MaxInt32)
+	pairs := mvccStore.Scan(start.Raw(), end.Raw(), limit, startTS, kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel_SI)
+	regionEntriesSlice := make([][]Pair, 0, count)
+	quotient := len(pairs) / count
+	remainder := len(pairs) % count
+	i := 0
+	for i < len(pairs) {
+		regionEntryCount := quotient
+		if remainder > 0 {
+			remainder--
+			regionEntryCount++
+		}
+		regionEntries := pairs[i : i+regionEntryCount]
+		regionEntriesSlice = append(regionEntriesSlice, regionEntries)
+		i += regionEntryCount
+	}
+	return regionEntriesSlice
+}
+
+func (c *Cluster) createNewRegions(regionPairs [][]Pair, start, end MvccKey) {
+	for i := range regionPairs {
+		peerID := c.allocID()
+		newRegion := newRegion(c.allocID(), []uint64{c.firstStoreID()}, []uint64{peerID}, peerID)
+		var regionStartKey, regionEndKey MvccKey
+		if i == 0 {
+			regionStartKey = start
+		} else {
+			regionStartKey = NewMvccKey(regionPairs[i][0].Key)
+		}
+		if i == len(regionPairs)-1 {
+			regionEndKey = end
+		} else {
+			// Use the next region's first key as region end key.
+			regionEndKey = NewMvccKey(regionPairs[i+1][0].Key)
+		}
+		newRegion.updateKeyRange(regionStartKey, regionEndKey)
+		c.regions[newRegion.Meta.Id] = newRegion
+	}
+}
+
+// evacuateOldRegionRanges evacuate the range [start, end].
+// Old regions has intersection with [start, end) will be updated or deleted.
+func (c *Cluster) evacuateOldRegionRanges(start, end MvccKey) {
+	oldRegions := c.getRegionsCoverRange(start, end)
+	for _, oldRegion := range oldRegions {
+		startCmp := bytes.Compare(oldRegion.Meta.StartKey, start)
+		endCmp := bytes.Compare(oldRegion.Meta.EndKey, end)
+		if len(oldRegion.Meta.EndKey) == 0 {
+			endCmp = 1
+		}
+		if startCmp >= 0 && endCmp <= 0 {
+			// The region is within table data, it will be replaced by new regions.
+			delete(c.regions, oldRegion.Meta.Id)
+		} else if startCmp < 0 && endCmp > 0 {
+			// A single Region covers table data, split into two regions that do not overlap table data.
+			oldEnd := oldRegion.Meta.EndKey
+			oldRegion.updateKeyRange(oldRegion.Meta.StartKey, start)
+			peerID := c.allocID()
+			newRegion := newRegion(c.allocID(), []uint64{c.firstStoreID()}, []uint64{peerID}, peerID)
+			newRegion.updateKeyRange(end, oldEnd)
+			c.regions[newRegion.Meta.Id] = newRegion
+		} else if startCmp < 0 {
+			oldRegion.updateKeyRange(oldRegion.Meta.StartKey, start)
+		} else {
+			oldRegion.updateKeyRange(end, oldRegion.Meta.EndKey)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Cluster) firstStoreID() uint64 {
+	for id := range c.stores {
+		return id
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// getRegionsCoverRange gets regions in the cluster that has intersection with [start, end).
+func (c *Cluster) getRegionsCoverRange(start, end MvccKey) []*Region {
+	var regions []*Region
+	for _, region := range c.regions {
+		onRight := bytes.Compare(end, region.Meta.StartKey) <= 0
+		onLeft := bytes.Compare(region.Meta.EndKey, start) <= 0
+		if len(region.Meta.EndKey) == 0 {
+			onLeft = false
+		}
+		if onLeft || onRight {
+			continue
+		}
+		regions = append(regions, region)
+	}
+	return regions
+}
+
+// Region is the Region meta data.
+type Region struct {
+	Meta   *metapb.Region
+	leader uint64
+}
+
+func newPeerMeta(peerID, storeID uint64) *metapb.Peer {
+	return &metapb.Peer{
+		Id:      peerID,
+		StoreId: storeID,
+	}
+}
+
+func newRegion(regionID uint64, storeIDs, peerIDs []uint64, leaderPeerID uint64) *Region {
+	if len(storeIDs) != len(peerIDs) {
+		panic("length of storeIDs and peerIDs mismatch")
+	}
+	peers := make([]*metapb.Peer, 0, len(storeIDs))
+	for i := range storeIDs {
+		peers = append(peers, newPeerMeta(peerIDs[i], storeIDs[i]))
+	}
+	meta := &metapb.Region{
+		Id:    regionID,
+		Peers: peers,
+	}
+	return &Region{
+		Meta:   meta,
+		leader: leaderPeerID,
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *Region) addPeer(peerID, storeID uint64) {
+	r.Meta.Peers = append(r.Meta.Peers, newPeerMeta(peerID, storeID))
+	r.incConfVer()
+}
+
+func (r *Region) removePeer(peerID uint64) {
+	for i, peer := range r.Meta.Peers {
+		if peer.GetId() == peerID {
+			r.Meta.Peers = append(r.Meta.Peers[:i], r.Meta.Peers[i+1:]...)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if r.leader == peerID {
+		r.leader = 0
+	}
+	r.incConfVer()
+}
+
+func (r *Region) changeLeader(leaderID uint64) {
+	r.leader = leaderID
+}
+
+func (r *Region) leaderPeer() *metapb.Peer {
+	for _, p := range r.Meta.Peers {
+		if p.GetId() == r.leader {
+			return p
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *Region) split(newRegionID uint64, key MvccKey, peerIDs []uint64, leaderPeerID uint64) *Region {
+	if len(r.Meta.Peers) != len(peerIDs) {
+		panic("length of storeIDs and peerIDs mismatch")
+	}
+	storeIDs := make([]uint64, 0, len(r.Meta.Peers))
+	for _, peer := range r.Meta.Peers {
+		storeIDs = append(storeIDs, peer.GetStoreId())
+	}
+	region := newRegion(newRegionID, storeIDs, peerIDs, leaderPeerID)
+	region.updateKeyRange(key, r.Meta.EndKey)
+	r.updateKeyRange(r.Meta.StartKey, key)
+	return region
+}
+
+func (r *Region) merge(endKey MvccKey) {
+	r.Meta.EndKey = endKey
+	r.incVersion()
+}
+
+func (r *Region) updateKeyRange(start, end MvccKey) {
+	r.Meta.StartKey = start
+	r.Meta.EndKey = end
+	r.incVersion()
+}
+
+func (r *Region) incConfVer() {
+	r.Meta.RegionEpoch = &metapb.RegionEpoch{
+		ConfVer: r.Meta.GetRegionEpoch().GetConfVer() + 1,
+		Version: r.Meta.GetRegionEpoch().GetVersion(),
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *Region) incVersion() {
+	r.Meta.RegionEpoch = &metapb.RegionEpoch{
+		ConfVer: r.Meta.GetRegionEpoch().GetConfVer(),
+		Version: r.Meta.GetRegionEpoch().GetVersion() + 1,
+	}
+}
+
+// Store is the Store's meta data.
+type Store struct {
+	meta   *metapb.Store
+	cancel bool // return context.Cancelled error when cancel is true.
+}
+
+func newStore(storeID uint64, addr string) *Store {
+	return &Store{
+		meta: &metapb.Store{
+			Id:      storeID,
+			Address: addr,
+		},
+	}
+}
--- a/mockstore/mocktikv/cluster_manipulate.go
+++ b/mockstore/mocktikv/cluster_manipulate.go
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2016 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package mocktikv
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// BootstrapWithSingleStore initializes a Cluster with 1 Region and 1 Store.
+func BootstrapWithSingleStore(cluster *Cluster) (storeID, peerID, regionID uint64) {
+	ids := cluster.AllocIDs(3)
+	storeID, peerID, regionID = ids[0], ids[1], ids[2]
+	cluster.AddStore(storeID, fmt.Sprintf("store%d", storeID))
+	cluster.Bootstrap(regionID, []uint64{storeID}, []uint64{peerID}, peerID)
+	return
+}
+
+// BootstrapWithMultiStores initializes a Cluster with 1 Region and n Stores.
+func BootstrapWithMultiStores(cluster *Cluster, n int) (storeIDs, peerIDs []uint64, regionID uint64, leaderPeer uint64) {
+	storeIDs = cluster.AllocIDs(n)
+	peerIDs = cluster.AllocIDs(n)
+	leaderPeer = peerIDs[0]
+	regionID = cluster.AllocID()
+	for _, storeID := range storeIDs {
+		cluster.AddStore(storeID, fmt.Sprintf("store%d", storeID))
+	}
+	cluster.Bootstrap(regionID, storeIDs, peerIDs, leaderPeer)
+	return
+}
+
+// BootstrapWithMultiRegions initializes a Cluster with multiple Regions and 1
+// Store. The number of Regions will be len(splitKeys) + 1.
+func BootstrapWithMultiRegions(cluster *Cluster, splitKeys ...[]byte) (storeID uint64, regionIDs, peerIDs []uint64) {
+	var firstRegionID, firstPeerID uint64
+	storeID, firstPeerID, firstRegionID = BootstrapWithSingleStore(cluster)
+	regionIDs = append([]uint64{firstRegionID}, cluster.AllocIDs(len(splitKeys))...)
+	peerIDs = append([]uint64{firstPeerID}, cluster.AllocIDs(len(splitKeys))...)
+	for i, k := range splitKeys {
+		cluster.Split(regionIDs[i], regionIDs[i+1], k, []uint64{peerIDs[i]}, peerIDs[i])
+	}
+	return
+}
--- a/mockstore/mocktikv/errors.go
+++ b/mockstore/mocktikv/errors.go
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2016 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package mocktikv
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// ErrLocked is returned when trying to Read/Write on a locked key. Client should
+// backoff or cleanup the lock then retry.
+type ErrLocked struct {
+	Key     MvccKey
+	Primary []byte
+	StartTS uint64
+	TTL     uint64
+}
+
+// Error formats the lock to a string.
+func (e *ErrLocked) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("key is locked, key: %q, primary: %q, startTS: %v", e.Key, e.Primary, e.StartTS)
+}
+
+// ErrRetryable suggests that client may restart the txn. e.g. write conflict.
+type ErrRetryable string
+
+func (e ErrRetryable) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("retryable: %s", string(e))
+}
+
+// ErrAbort means something is wrong and client should abort the txn.
+type ErrAbort string
+
+func (e ErrAbort) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("abort: %s", string(e))
+}
+
+// ErrAlreadyCommitted is returned specially when client tries to rollback a
+// committed lock.
+type ErrAlreadyCommitted uint64
+
+func (e ErrAlreadyCommitted) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprint("txn already committed")
+}
--- a/mockstore/mocktikv/mock.go
+++ b/mockstore/mocktikv/mock.go
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2018 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package mocktikv
+
+import (
+	"github.com/pingcap/errors"
+	"github.com/pingcap/pd/client"
+)
+
+// NewTiKVAndPDClient creates a TiKV client and PD client from options.
+func NewTiKVAndPDClient(cluster *Cluster, mvccStore MVCCStore, path string) (*RPCClient, pd.Client, error) {
+	if cluster == nil {
+		cluster = NewCluster()
+		BootstrapWithSingleStore(cluster)
+	}
+
+	if mvccStore == nil {
+		var err error
+		mvccStore, err = NewMVCCLevelDB(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, errors.Trace(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NewRPCClient(cluster, mvccStore), NewPDClient(cluster), nil
+}
--- a/mockstore/mocktikv/mocktikv_test.go
+++ b/mockstore/mocktikv/mocktikv_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+// Copyright 2016 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package mocktikv
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	. "github.com/pingcap/check"
+	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/kvrpcpb"
+)
+
+func TestT(t *testing.T) {
+	TestingT(t)
+}
+
+// testMockTiKVSuite tests MVCCStore interface.
+// SetUpTest should set specific MVCCStore implementation.
+type testMockTiKVSuite struct {
+	store MVCCStore
+}
+
+type testMarshal struct{}
+
+// testMVCCLevelDB is used to test MVCCLevelDB implementation.
+type testMVCCLevelDB struct {
+	testMockTiKVSuite
+}
+
+var (
+	_ = Suite(&testMVCCLevelDB{})
+	_ = Suite(testMarshal{})
+)
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) SetUpTest(c *C) {
+	var err error
+	s.store, err = NewMVCCLevelDB("")
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+}
+
+func putMutations(kvpairs ...string) []*kvrpcpb.Mutation {
+	var mutations []*kvrpcpb.Mutation
+	for i := 0; i < len(kvpairs); i += 2 {
+		mutations = append(mutations, &kvrpcpb.Mutation{
+			Op:    kvrpcpb.Op_Put,
+			Key:   []byte(kvpairs[i]),
+			Value: []byte(kvpairs[i+1]),
+		})
+	}
+	return mutations
+}
+
+func lock(key, primary string, ts uint64) *kvrpcpb.LockInfo {
+	return &kvrpcpb.LockInfo{
+		Key:         []byte(key),
+		PrimaryLock: []byte(primary),
+		LockVersion: ts,
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustGetNone(c *C, key string, ts uint64) {
+	val, err := s.store.Get([]byte(key), ts, kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel_SI)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	c.Assert(val, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustGetErr(c *C, key string, ts uint64) {
+	val, err := s.store.Get([]byte(key), ts, kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel_SI)
+	c.Assert(err, NotNil)
+	c.Assert(val, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustGetOK(c *C, key string, ts uint64, expect string) {
+	val, err := s.store.Get([]byte(key), ts, kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel_SI)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	c.Assert(string(val), Equals, expect)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustGetRC(c *C, key string, ts uint64, expect string) {
+	val, err := s.store.Get([]byte(key), ts, kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel_RC)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	c.Assert(string(val), Equals, expect)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustPutOK(c *C, key, value string, startTS, commitTS uint64) {
+	errs := s.store.Prewrite(putMutations(key, value), []byte(key), startTS, 0)
+	for _, err := range errs {
+		c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	}
+	err := s.store.Commit([][]byte{[]byte(key)}, startTS, commitTS)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustDeleteOK(c *C, key string, startTS, commitTS uint64) {
+	mutations := []*kvrpcpb.Mutation{
+		{
+			Op:  kvrpcpb.Op_Del,
+			Key: []byte(key),
+		},
+	}
+	errs := s.store.Prewrite(mutations, []byte(key), startTS, 0)
+	for _, err := range errs {
+		c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	}
+	err := s.store.Commit([][]byte{[]byte(key)}, startTS, commitTS)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustScanOK(c *C, start string, limit int, ts uint64, expect ...string) {
+	s.mustRangeScanOK(c, start, "", limit, ts, expect...)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustRangeScanOK(c *C, start, end string, limit int, ts uint64, expect ...string) {
+	pairs := s.store.Scan([]byte(start), []byte(end), limit, ts, kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel_SI)
+	c.Assert(len(pairs)*2, Equals, len(expect))
+	for i := 0; i < len(pairs); i++ {
+		c.Assert(pairs[i].Err, IsNil)
+		c.Assert(pairs[i].Key, BytesEquals, []byte(expect[i*2]))
+		c.Assert(string(pairs[i].Value), Equals, expect[i*2+1])
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustReverseScanOK(c *C, end string, limit int, ts uint64, expect ...string) {
+	s.mustRangeReverseScanOK(c, "", end, limit, ts, expect...)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustRangeReverseScanOK(c *C, start, end string, limit int, ts uint64, expect ...string) {
+	pairs := s.store.ReverseScan([]byte(start), []byte(end), limit, ts, kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel_SI)
+	c.Assert(len(pairs)*2, Equals, len(expect))
+	for i := 0; i < len(pairs); i++ {
+		c.Assert(pairs[i].Err, IsNil)
+		c.Assert(pairs[i].Key, BytesEquals, []byte(expect[i*2]))
+		c.Assert(string(pairs[i].Value), Equals, expect[i*2+1])
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustPrewriteOK(c *C, mutations []*kvrpcpb.Mutation, primary string, startTS uint64) {
+	errs := s.store.Prewrite(mutations, []byte(primary), startTS, 0)
+	for _, err := range errs {
+		c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustCommitOK(c *C, keys [][]byte, startTS, commitTS uint64) {
+	err := s.store.Commit(keys, startTS, commitTS)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustCommitErr(c *C, keys [][]byte, startTS, commitTS uint64) {
+	err := s.store.Commit(keys, startTS, commitTS)
+	c.Assert(err, NotNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustRollbackOK(c *C, keys [][]byte, startTS uint64) {
+	err := s.store.Rollback(keys, startTS)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustRollbackErr(c *C, keys [][]byte, startTS uint64) {
+	err := s.store.Rollback(keys, startTS)
+	c.Assert(err, NotNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustScanLock(c *C, maxTs uint64, expect []*kvrpcpb.LockInfo) {
+	locks, err := s.store.ScanLock(nil, nil, maxTs)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	c.Assert(locks, DeepEquals, expect)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustResolveLock(c *C, startTS, commitTS uint64) {
+	c.Assert(s.store.ResolveLock(nil, nil, startTS, commitTS), IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustBatchResolveLock(c *C, txnInfos map[uint64]uint64) {
+	c.Assert(s.store.BatchResolveLock(nil, nil, txnInfos), IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustDeleteRange(c *C, startKey, endKey string) {
+	err := s.store.DeleteRange([]byte(startKey), []byte(endKey))
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestGet(c *C) {
+	s.mustGetNone(c, "x", 10)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "x", "x", 5, 10)
+	s.mustGetNone(c, "x", 9)
+	s.mustGetOK(c, "x", 10, "x")
+	s.mustGetOK(c, "x", 11, "x")
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestGetWithLock(c *C) {
+	key := "key"
+	value := "value"
+	s.mustPutOK(c, key, value, 5, 10)
+	mutations := []*kvrpcpb.Mutation{{
+		Op:  kvrpcpb.Op_Lock,
+		Key: []byte(key),
+	},
+	}
+	// test with lock's type is lock
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, mutations, key, 20)
+	s.mustGetOK(c, key, 25, value)
+	s.mustCommitOK(c, [][]byte{[]byte(key)}, 20, 30)
+
+	// test get with lock's max ts and primary key
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations(key, "value2", "key2", "v5"), key, 40)
+	s.mustGetErr(c, key, 41)
+	s.mustGetErr(c, "key2", math.MaxUint64)
+	s.mustGetOK(c, key, math.MaxUint64, "value")
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestDelete(c *C) {
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "x", "x5-10", 5, 10)
+	s.mustDeleteOK(c, "x", 15, 20)
+	s.mustGetNone(c, "x", 5)
+	s.mustGetNone(c, "x", 9)
+	s.mustGetOK(c, "x", 10, "x5-10")
+	s.mustGetOK(c, "x", 19, "x5-10")
+	s.mustGetNone(c, "x", 20)
+	s.mustGetNone(c, "x", 21)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestCleanupRollback(c *C) {
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "secondary", "s-0", 1, 2)
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("primary", "p-5", "secondary", "s-5"), "primary", 5)
+	s.mustGetErr(c, "secondary", 8)
+	s.mustGetErr(c, "secondary", 12)
+	s.mustCommitOK(c, [][]byte{[]byte("primary")}, 5, 10)
+	s.mustRollbackErr(c, [][]byte{[]byte("primary")}, 5)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestReverseScan(c *C) {
+	// ver10: A(10) - B(_) - C(10) - D(_) - E(10)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "A", "A10", 5, 10)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "C", "C10", 5, 10)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "E", "E10", 5, 10)
+
+	checkV10 := func() {
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "Z", 0, 10)
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "Z", 1, 10, "E", "E10")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "Z", 2, 10, "E", "E10", "C", "C10")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "Z", 3, 10, "E", "E10", "C", "C10", "A", "A10")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "Z", 4, 10, "E", "E10", "C", "C10", "A", "A10")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "E\x00", 3, 10, "E", "E10", "C", "C10", "A", "A10")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "C\x00", 3, 10, "C", "C10", "A", "A10")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "C\x00", 4, 10, "C", "C10", "A", "A10")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "B", 1, 10, "A", "A10")
+		s.mustRangeReverseScanOK(c, "", "E", 5, 10, "C", "C10", "A", "A10")
+		s.mustRangeReverseScanOK(c, "", "C\x00", 5, 10, "C", "C10", "A", "A10")
+		s.mustRangeReverseScanOK(c, "A\x00", "C", 5, 10)
+	}
+	checkV10()
+
+	// ver20: A(10) - B(20) - C(10) - D(20) - E(10)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "B", "B20", 15, 20)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "D", "D20", 15, 20)
+
+	checkV20 := func() {
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "Z", 5, 20, "E", "E10", "D", "D20", "C", "C10", "B", "B20", "A", "A10")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "C\x00", 5, 20, "C", "C10", "B", "B20", "A", "A10")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "A\x00", 1, 20, "A", "A10")
+		s.mustRangeReverseScanOK(c, "B", "D", 5, 20, "C", "C10", "B", "B20")
+		s.mustRangeReverseScanOK(c, "B", "D\x00", 5, 20, "D", "D20", "C", "C10", "B", "B20")
+		s.mustRangeReverseScanOK(c, "B\x00", "D\x00", 5, 20, "D", "D20", "C", "C10")
+	}
+	checkV10()
+	checkV20()
+
+	// ver30: A(_) - B(20) - C(10) - D(_) - E(10)
+	s.mustDeleteOK(c, "A", 25, 30)
+	s.mustDeleteOK(c, "D", 25, 30)
+
+	checkV30 := func() {
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "Z", 5, 30, "E", "E10", "C", "C10", "B", "B20")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "C", 1, 30, "B", "B20")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "C\x00", 5, 30, "C", "C10", "B", "B20")
+	}
+	checkV10()
+	checkV20()
+	checkV30()
+
+	// ver40: A(_) - B(_) - C(40) - D(40) - E(10)
+	s.mustDeleteOK(c, "B", 35, 40)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "C", "C40", 35, 40)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "D", "D40", 35, 40)
+
+	checkV40 := func() {
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "Z", 5, 40, "E", "E10", "D", "D40", "C", "C40")
+		s.mustReverseScanOK(c, "Z", 5, 100, "E", "E10", "D", "D40", "C", "C40")
+	}
+	checkV10()
+	checkV20()
+	checkV30()
+	checkV40()
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestScan(c *C) {
+	// ver10: A(10) - B(_) - C(10) - D(_) - E(10)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "A", "A10", 5, 10)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "C", "C10", 5, 10)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "E", "E10", 5, 10)
+
+	checkV10 := func() {
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "", 0, 10)
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "", 1, 10, "A", "A10")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "", 2, 10, "A", "A10", "C", "C10")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "", 3, 10, "A", "A10", "C", "C10", "E", "E10")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "", 4, 10, "A", "A10", "C", "C10", "E", "E10")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "A", 3, 10, "A", "A10", "C", "C10", "E", "E10")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "A\x00", 3, 10, "C", "C10", "E", "E10")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "C", 4, 10, "C", "C10", "E", "E10")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "F", 1, 10)
+		s.mustRangeScanOK(c, "", "E", 5, 10, "A", "A10", "C", "C10")
+		s.mustRangeScanOK(c, "", "C\x00", 5, 10, "A", "A10", "C", "C10")
+		s.mustRangeScanOK(c, "A\x00", "C", 5, 10)
+	}
+	checkV10()
+
+	// ver20: A(10) - B(20) - C(10) - D(20) - E(10)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "B", "B20", 15, 20)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "D", "D20", 15, 20)
+
+	checkV20 := func() {
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "", 5, 20, "A", "A10", "B", "B20", "C", "C10", "D", "D20", "E", "E10")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "C", 5, 20, "C", "C10", "D", "D20", "E", "E10")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "D\x00", 1, 20, "E", "E10")
+		s.mustRangeScanOK(c, "B", "D", 5, 20, "B", "B20", "C", "C10")
+		s.mustRangeScanOK(c, "B", "D\x00", 5, 20, "B", "B20", "C", "C10", "D", "D20")
+		s.mustRangeScanOK(c, "B\x00", "D\x00", 5, 20, "C", "C10", "D", "D20")
+	}
+	checkV10()
+	checkV20()
+
+	// ver30: A(_) - B(20) - C(10) - D(_) - E(10)
+	s.mustDeleteOK(c, "A", 25, 30)
+	s.mustDeleteOK(c, "D", 25, 30)
+
+	checkV30 := func() {
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "", 5, 30, "B", "B20", "C", "C10", "E", "E10")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "A", 1, 30, "B", "B20")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "C\x00", 5, 30, "E", "E10")
+	}
+	checkV10()
+	checkV20()
+	checkV30()
+
+	// ver40: A(_) - B(_) - C(40) - D(40) - E(10)
+	s.mustDeleteOK(c, "B", 35, 40)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "C", "C40", 35, 40)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "D", "D40", 35, 40)
+
+	checkV40 := func() {
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "", 5, 40, "C", "C40", "D", "D40", "E", "E10")
+		s.mustScanOK(c, "", 5, 100, "C", "C40", "D", "D40", "E", "E10")
+	}
+	checkV10()
+	checkV20()
+	checkV30()
+	checkV40()
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestBatchGet(c *C) {
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "k1", "v1", 1, 2)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "k2", "v2", 1, 2)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "k2", "v2", 3, 4)
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "k3", "v3", 1, 2)
+	batchKeys := [][]byte{[]byte("k1"), []byte("k2"), []byte("k3")}
+	pairs := s.store.BatchGet(batchKeys, 5, kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel_SI)
+	for _, pair := range pairs {
+		c.Assert(pair.Err, IsNil)
+	}
+	c.Assert(string(pairs[0].Value), Equals, "v1")
+	c.Assert(string(pairs[1].Value), Equals, "v2")
+	c.Assert(string(pairs[2].Value), Equals, "v3")
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestScanLock(c *C) {
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "k1", "v1", 1, 2)
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("p1", "v5", "s1", "v5"), "p1", 5)
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("p2", "v10", "s2", "v10"), "p2", 10)
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("p3", "v20", "s3", "v20"), "p3", 20)
+
+	locks, err := s.store.ScanLock([]byte("a"), []byte("r"), 12)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	c.Assert(locks, DeepEquals, []*kvrpcpb.LockInfo{
+		lock("p1", "p1", 5),
+		lock("p2", "p2", 10),
+	})
+
+	s.mustScanLock(c, 10, []*kvrpcpb.LockInfo{
+		lock("p1", "p1", 5),
+		lock("p2", "p2", 10),
+		lock("s1", "p1", 5),
+		lock("s2", "p2", 10),
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestCommitConflict(c *C) {
+	// txn A want set x to A
+	// txn B want set x to B
+	// A prewrite.
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("x", "A"), "x", 5)
+	// B prewrite and find A's lock.
+	errs := s.store.Prewrite(putMutations("x", "B"), []byte("x"), 10, 0)
+	c.Assert(errs[0], NotNil)
+	// B find rollback A because A exist too long.
+	s.mustRollbackOK(c, [][]byte{[]byte("x")}, 5)
+	// if A commit here, it would find its lock removed, report error txn not found.
+	s.mustCommitErr(c, [][]byte{[]byte("x")}, 5, 10)
+	// B prewrite itself after it rollback A.
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("x", "B"), "x", 10)
+	// if A commit here, it would find its lock replaced by others and commit fail.
+	s.mustCommitErr(c, [][]byte{[]byte("x")}, 5, 20)
+	// B commit success.
+	s.mustCommitOK(c, [][]byte{[]byte("x")}, 10, 20)
+	// if B commit again, it will success because the key already committed.
+	s.mustCommitOK(c, [][]byte{[]byte("x")}, 10, 20)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestResolveLock(c *C) {
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("p1", "v5", "s1", "v5"), "p1", 5)
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("p2", "v10", "s2", "v10"), "p2", 10)
+	s.mustResolveLock(c, 5, 0)
+	s.mustResolveLock(c, 10, 20)
+	s.mustGetNone(c, "p1", 20)
+	s.mustGetNone(c, "s1", 30)
+	s.mustGetOK(c, "p2", 20, "v10")
+	s.mustGetOK(c, "s2", 30, "v10")
+	s.mustScanLock(c, 30, nil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestBatchResolveLock(c *C) {
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("p1", "v11", "s1", "v11"), "p1", 11)
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("p2", "v12", "s2", "v12"), "p2", 12)
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("p3", "v13"), "p3", 13)
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("p4", "v14", "s3", "v14", "s4", "v14"), "p4", 14)
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("p5", "v15", "s5", "v15"), "p5", 15)
+	txnInfos := map[uint64]uint64{
+		11: 0,
+		12: 22,
+		13: 0,
+		14: 24,
+	}
+	s.mustBatchResolveLock(c, txnInfos)
+	s.mustGetNone(c, "p1", 20)
+	s.mustGetNone(c, "p3", 30)
+	s.mustGetOK(c, "p2", 30, "v12")
+	s.mustGetOK(c, "s4", 30, "v14")
+	s.mustScanLock(c, 30, []*kvrpcpb.LockInfo{
+		lock("p5", "p5", 15),
+		lock("s5", "p5", 15),
+	})
+	txnInfos = map[uint64]uint64{
+		15: 0,
+	}
+	s.mustBatchResolveLock(c, txnInfos)
+	s.mustScanLock(c, 30, nil)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestRollbackAndWriteConflict(c *C) {
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "test", "test", 1, 3)
+
+	errs := s.store.Prewrite(putMutations("lock", "lock", "test", "test1"), []byte("test"), 2, 2)
+	s.mustWriteWriteConflict(c, errs, 1)
+
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "test", "test2", 5, 8)
+
+	// simulate `getTxnStatus` for txn 2.
+	err := s.store.Cleanup([]byte("test"), 2)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+
+	errs = s.store.Prewrite(putMutations("test", "test3"), []byte("test"), 6, 1)
+	s.mustWriteWriteConflict(c, errs, 0)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestDeleteRange(c *C) {
+	for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
+		key := string(byte(i) + byte('0'))
+		value := "v" + key
+		s.mustPutOK(c, key, value, uint64(1+2*i), uint64(2+2*i))
+	}
+
+	s.mustScanOK(c, "0", 10, 20, "1", "v1", "2", "v2", "3", "v3", "4", "v4", "5", "v5")
+
+	s.mustDeleteRange(c, "2", "4")
+	s.mustScanOK(c, "0", 10, 30, "1", "v1", "4", "v4", "5", "v5")
+
+	s.mustDeleteRange(c, "5", "5")
+	s.mustScanOK(c, "0", 10, 40, "1", "v1", "4", "v4", "5", "v5")
+
+	s.mustDeleteRange(c, "41", "42")
+	s.mustScanOK(c, "0", 10, 50, "1", "v1", "4", "v4", "5", "v5")
+
+	s.mustDeleteRange(c, "4\x00", "5\x00")
+	s.mustScanOK(c, "0", 10, 60, "1", "v1", "4", "v4")
+
+	s.mustDeleteRange(c, "0", "9")
+	s.mustScanOK(c, "0", 10, 70)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) mustWriteWriteConflict(c *C, errs []error, i int) {
+	c.Assert(errs[i], NotNil)
+	c.Assert(strings.Contains(errs[i].Error(), "write conflict"), IsTrue)
+}
+
+func (s *testMockTiKVSuite) TestRC(c *C) {
+	s.mustPutOK(c, "key", "v1", 5, 10)
+	s.mustPrewriteOK(c, putMutations("key", "v2"), "key", 15)
+	s.mustGetErr(c, "key", 20)
+	s.mustGetRC(c, "key", 12, "v1")
+	s.mustGetRC(c, "key", 20, "v1")
+}
+
+func (s testMarshal) TestMarshalmvccLock(c *C) {
+	l := mvccLock{
+		startTS: 47,
+		primary: []byte{'a', 'b', 'c'},
+		value:   []byte{'d', 'e'},
+		op:      kvrpcpb.Op_Put,
+		ttl:     444,
+	}
+	bin, err := l.MarshalBinary()
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+
+	var l1 mvccLock
+	err = l1.UnmarshalBinary(bin)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+
+	c.Assert(l.startTS, Equals, l1.startTS)
+	c.Assert(l.op, Equals, l1.op)
+	c.Assert(l.ttl, Equals, l1.ttl)
+	c.Assert(string(l.primary), Equals, string(l1.primary))
+	c.Assert(string(l.value), Equals, string(l1.value))
+}
+
+func (s testMarshal) TestMarshalmvccValue(c *C) {
+	v := mvccValue{
+		valueType: typePut,
+		startTS:   42,
+		commitTS:  55,
+		value:     []byte{'d', 'e'},
+	}
+	bin, err := v.MarshalBinary()
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+
+	var v1 mvccValue
+	err = v1.UnmarshalBinary(bin)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+
+	c.Assert(v.valueType, Equals, v1.valueType)
+	c.Assert(v.startTS, Equals, v1.startTS)
+	c.Assert(v.commitTS, Equals, v1.commitTS)
+	c.Assert(string(v.value), Equals, string(v.value))
+}
--- a/mockstore/mocktikv/mvcc.go
+++ b/mockstore/mocktikv/mvcc.go
@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+// Copyright 2016 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package mocktikv
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"io"
+	"math"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/google/btree"
+	"github.com/pingcap/errors"
+	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/kvrpcpb"
+	"github.com/tikv/client-go/codec"
+)
+
+type mvccValueType int
+
+const (
+	typePut mvccValueType = iota
+	typeDelete
+	typeRollback
+)
+
+type mvccValue struct {
+	valueType mvccValueType
+	startTS   uint64
+	commitTS  uint64
+	value     []byte
+}
+
+type mvccLock struct {
+	startTS uint64
+	primary []byte
+	value   []byte
+	op      kvrpcpb.Op
+	ttl     uint64
+}
+
+type mvccEntry struct {
+	key    MvccKey
+	values []mvccValue
+	lock   *mvccLock
+}
+
+// MarshalBinary implements encoding.BinaryMarshaler interface.
+func (l *mvccLock) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
+	var (
+		mh  marshalHelper
+		buf bytes.Buffer
+	)
+	mh.WriteNumber(&buf, l.startTS)
+	mh.WriteSlice(&buf, l.primary)
+	mh.WriteSlice(&buf, l.value)
+	mh.WriteNumber(&buf, l.op)
+	mh.WriteNumber(&buf, l.ttl)
+	return buf.Bytes(), errors.Trace(mh.err)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalBinary implements encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler interface.
+func (l *mvccLock) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error {
+	var mh marshalHelper
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(data)
+	mh.ReadNumber(buf, &l.startTS)
+	mh.ReadSlice(buf, &l.primary)
+	mh.ReadSlice(buf, &l.value)
+	mh.ReadNumber(buf, &l.op)
+	mh.ReadNumber(buf, &l.ttl)
+	return errors.Trace(mh.err)
+}
+
+// MarshalBinary implements encoding.BinaryMarshaler interface.
+func (v mvccValue) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
+	var (
+		mh  marshalHelper
+		buf bytes.Buffer
+	)
+	mh.WriteNumber(&buf, int64(v.valueType))
+	mh.WriteNumber(&buf, v.startTS)
+	mh.WriteNumber(&buf, v.commitTS)
+	mh.WriteSlice(&buf, v.value)
+	return buf.Bytes(), errors.Trace(mh.err)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalBinary implements encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler interface.
+func (v *mvccValue) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error {
+	var mh marshalHelper
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(data)
+	var vt int64
+	mh.ReadNumber(buf, &vt)
+	v.valueType = mvccValueType(vt)
+	mh.ReadNumber(buf, &v.startTS)
+	mh.ReadNumber(buf, &v.commitTS)
+	mh.ReadSlice(buf, &v.value)
+	return errors.Trace(mh.err)
+}
+
+type marshalHelper struct {
+	err error
+}
+
+func (mh *marshalHelper) WriteSlice(buf io.Writer, slice []byte) {
+	if mh.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	var tmp [binary.MaxVarintLen64]byte
+	off := binary.PutUvarint(tmp[:], uint64(len(slice)))
+	if err := writeFull(buf, tmp[:off]); err != nil {
+		mh.err = errors.Trace(err)
+		return
+	}
+	if err := writeFull(buf, slice); err != nil {
+		mh.err = errors.Trace(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (mh *marshalHelper) WriteNumber(buf io.Writer, n interface{}) {
+	if mh.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	err := binary.Write(buf, binary.LittleEndian, n)
+	if err != nil {
+		mh.err = errors.Trace(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func writeFull(w io.Writer, slice []byte) error {
+	written := 0
+	for written < len(slice) {
+		n, err := w.Write(slice[written:])
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Trace(err)
+		}
+		written += n
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (mh *marshalHelper) ReadNumber(r io.Reader, n interface{}) {
+	if mh.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	err := binary.Read(r, binary.LittleEndian, n)
+	if err != nil {
+		mh.err = errors.Trace(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (mh *marshalHelper) ReadSlice(r *bytes.Buffer, slice *[]byte) {
+	if mh.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	sz, err := binary.ReadUvarint(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		mh.err = errors.Trace(err)
+		return
+	}
+	const c10M = 10 * 1024 * 1024
+	if sz > c10M {
+		mh.err = errors.New("too large slice, maybe something wrong")
+		return
+	}
+	data := make([]byte, sz)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(r, data); err != nil {
+		mh.err = errors.Trace(err)
+		return
+	}
+	*slice = data
+}
+
+func newEntry(key MvccKey) *mvccEntry {
+	return &mvccEntry{
+		key: key,
+	}
+}
+
+// lockErr returns ErrLocked.
+// Note that parameter key is raw key, while key in ErrLocked is mvcc key.
+func (l *mvccLock) lockErr(key []byte) error {
+	return &ErrLocked{
+		Key:     mvccEncode(key, lockVer),
+		Primary: l.primary,
+		StartTS: l.startTS,
+		TTL:     l.ttl,
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *mvccLock) check(ts uint64, key []byte) (uint64, error) {
+	// ignore when ts is older than lock or lock's type is Lock.
+	if l.startTS > ts || l.op == kvrpcpb.Op_Lock {
+		return ts, nil
+	}
+	// for point get latest version.
+	if ts == math.MaxUint64 && bytes.Equal(l.primary, key) {
+		return l.startTS - 1, nil
+	}
+	return 0, l.lockErr(key)
+}
+
+func (e *mvccEntry) Clone() *mvccEntry {
+	var entry mvccEntry
+	entry.key = append([]byte(nil), e.key...)
+	for _, v := range e.values {
+		entry.values = append(entry.values, mvccValue{
+			valueType: v.valueType,
+			startTS:   v.startTS,
+			commitTS:  v.commitTS,
+			value:     append([]byte(nil), v.value...),
+		})
+	}
+	if e.lock != nil {
+		entry.lock = &mvccLock{
+			startTS: e.lock.startTS,
+			primary: append([]byte(nil), e.lock.primary...),
+			value:   append([]byte(nil), e.lock.value...),
+			op:      e.lock.op,
+			ttl:     e.lock.ttl,
+		}
+	}
+	return &entry
+}
+
+func (e *mvccEntry) Less(than btree.Item) bool {
+	return bytes.Compare(e.key, than.(*mvccEntry).key) < 0
+}
+
+func (e *mvccEntry) Get(ts uint64, isoLevel kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel) ([]byte, error) {
+	if isoLevel == kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel_SI && e.lock != nil {
+		var err error
+		ts, err = e.lock.check(ts, e.key.Raw())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	for _, v := range e.values {
+		if v.commitTS <= ts && v.valueType != typeRollback {
+			return v.value, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (e *mvccEntry) Prewrite(mutation *kvrpcpb.Mutation, startTS uint64, primary []byte, ttl uint64) error {
+	if len(e.values) > 0 {
+		if e.values[0].commitTS >= startTS {
+			return ErrRetryable("write conflict")
+		}
+	}
+	if e.lock != nil {
+		if e.lock.startTS != startTS {
+			return e.lock.lockErr(e.key.Raw())
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	e.lock = &mvccLock{
+		startTS: startTS,
+		primary: primary,
+		value:   mutation.Value,
+		op:      mutation.GetOp(),
+		ttl:     ttl,
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e *mvccEntry) getTxnCommitInfo(startTS uint64) *mvccValue {
+	for _, v := range e.values {
+		if v.startTS == startTS {
+			return &v
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e *mvccEntry) Commit(startTS, commitTS uint64) error {
+	if e.lock == nil || e.lock.startTS != startTS {
+		if c := e.getTxnCommitInfo(startTS); c != nil && c.valueType != typeRollback {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return ErrRetryable("txn not found")
+	}
+	if e.lock.op != kvrpcpb.Op_Lock {
+		var valueType mvccValueType
+		if e.lock.op == kvrpcpb.Op_Put {
+			valueType = typePut
+		} else {
+			valueType = typeDelete
+		}
+		e.addValue(mvccValue{
+			valueType: valueType,
+			startTS:   startTS,
+			commitTS:  commitTS,
+			value:     e.lock.value,
+		})
+	}
+	e.lock = nil
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e *mvccEntry) Rollback(startTS uint64) error {
+	// If current transaction's lock exist.
+	if e.lock != nil && e.lock.startTS == startTS {
+		e.lock = nil
+		e.addValue(mvccValue{
+			valueType: typeRollback,
+			startTS:   startTS,
+			commitTS:  startTS,
+		})
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// If current transaction's lock not exist.
+	// If commit info of current transaction exist.
+	if c := e.getTxnCommitInfo(startTS); c != nil {
+		// If current transaction is already committed.
+		if c.valueType != typeRollback {
+			return ErrAlreadyCommitted(c.commitTS)
+		}
+		// If current transaction is already rollback.
+		return nil
+	}
+	// If current transaction is not prewritted before.
+	e.addValue(mvccValue{
+		valueType: typeRollback,
+		startTS:   startTS,
+		commitTS:  startTS,
+	})
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e *mvccEntry) addValue(v mvccValue) {
+	i := sort.Search(len(e.values), func(i int) bool { return e.values[i].commitTS <= v.commitTS })
+	if i >= len(e.values) {
+		e.values = append(e.values, v)
+	} else {
+		e.values = append(e.values[:i+1], e.values[i:]...)
+		e.values[i] = v
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *mvccEntry) containsStartTS(startTS uint64) bool {
+	if e.lock != nil && e.lock.startTS == startTS {
+		return true
+	}
+	for _, item := range e.values {
+		if item.startTS == startTS {
+			return true
+		}
+		if item.commitTS < startTS {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (e *mvccEntry) dumpMvccInfo() *kvrpcpb.MvccInfo {
+	info := &kvrpcpb.MvccInfo{}
+	if e.lock != nil {
+		info.Lock = &kvrpcpb.MvccLock{
+			Type:       e.lock.op,
+			StartTs:    e.lock.startTS,
+			Primary:    e.lock.primary,
+			ShortValue: e.lock.value,
+		}
+	}
+
+	info.Writes = make([]*kvrpcpb.MvccWrite, len(e.values))
+	info.Values = make([]*kvrpcpb.MvccValue, len(e.values))
+
+	for id, item := range e.values {
+		var tp kvrpcpb.Op
+		switch item.valueType {
+		case typePut:
+			tp = kvrpcpb.Op_Put
+		case typeDelete:
+			tp = kvrpcpb.Op_Del
+		case typeRollback:
+			tp = kvrpcpb.Op_Rollback
+		}
+		info.Writes[id] = &kvrpcpb.MvccWrite{
+			Type:     tp,
+			StartTs:  item.startTS,
+			CommitTs: item.commitTS,
+		}
+
+		info.Values[id] = &kvrpcpb.MvccValue{
+			Value:   item.value,
+			StartTs: item.startTS,
+		}
+	}
+	return info
+}
+
+type rawEntry struct {
+	key   []byte
+	value []byte
+}
+
+func newRawEntry(key []byte) *rawEntry {
+	return &rawEntry{
+		key: key,
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *rawEntry) Less(than btree.Item) bool {
+	return bytes.Compare(e.key, than.(*rawEntry).key) < 0
+}
+
+// MVCCStore is a mvcc key-value storage.
+type MVCCStore interface {
+	Get(key []byte, startTS uint64, isoLevel kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel) ([]byte, error)
+	Scan(startKey, endKey []byte, limit int, startTS uint64, isoLevel kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel) []Pair
+	ReverseScan(startKey, endKey []byte, limit int, startTS uint64, isoLevel kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel) []Pair
+	BatchGet(ks [][]byte, startTS uint64, isoLevel kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel) []Pair
+	Prewrite(mutations []*kvrpcpb.Mutation, primary []byte, startTS uint64, ttl uint64) []error
+	Commit(keys [][]byte, startTS, commitTS uint64) error
+	Rollback(keys [][]byte, startTS uint64) error
+	Cleanup(key []byte, startTS uint64) error
+	ScanLock(startKey, endKey []byte, maxTS uint64) ([]*kvrpcpb.LockInfo, error)
+	ResolveLock(startKey, endKey []byte, startTS, commitTS uint64) error
+	BatchResolveLock(startKey, endKey []byte, txnInfos map[uint64]uint64) error
+	DeleteRange(startKey, endKey []byte) error
+	Close() error
+}
+
+// RawKV is a key-value storage. MVCCStore can be implemented upon it with timestamp encoded into key.
+type RawKV interface {
+	RawGet(key []byte) []byte
+	RawBatchGet(keys [][]byte) [][]byte
+	RawScan(startKey, endKey []byte, limit int) []Pair
+	RawPut(key, value []byte)
+	RawBatchPut(keys, values [][]byte)
+	RawDelete(key []byte)
+	RawBatchDelete(keys [][]byte)
+	RawDeleteRange(startKey, endKey []byte)
+}
+
+// MVCCDebugger is for debugging.
+type MVCCDebugger interface {
+	MvccGetByStartTS(startKey, endKey []byte, starTS uint64) (*kvrpcpb.MvccInfo, []byte)
+	MvccGetByKey(key []byte) *kvrpcpb.MvccInfo
+}
+
+// Pair is a KV pair read from MvccStore or an error if any occurs.
+type Pair struct {
+	Key   []byte
+	Value []byte
+	Err   error
+}
+
+func regionContains(startKey []byte, endKey []byte, key []byte) bool {
+	return bytes.Compare(startKey, key) <= 0 &&
+		(bytes.Compare(key, endKey) < 0 || len(endKey) == 0)
+}
+
+// MvccKey is the encoded key type.
+// On TiKV, keys are encoded before they are saved into storage engine.
+type MvccKey []byte
+
+// NewMvccKey encodes a key into MvccKey.
+func NewMvccKey(key []byte) MvccKey {
+	if len(key) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return codec.EncodeBytes(key)
+}
+
+// Raw decodes a MvccKey to original key.
+func (key MvccKey) Raw() []byte {
+	if len(key) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	_, k, err := codec.DecodeBytes(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return k
+}
--- a/mockstore/mocktikv/mvcc_leveldb.go
+++ b/mockstore/mocktikv/mvcc_leveldb.go
--- a/mockstore/mocktikv/pd.go
+++ b/mockstore/mocktikv/pd.go
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// Copyright 2016 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package mocktikv
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/pingcap/errors"
+	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/metapb"
+	"github.com/pingcap/pd/client"
+)
+
+// Use global variables to prevent pdClients from creating duplicate timestamps.
+var tsMu = struct {
+	sync.Mutex
+	physicalTS int64
+	logicalTS  int64
+}{}
+
+type pdClient struct {
+	cluster *Cluster
+}
+
+// NewPDClient creates a mock pd.Client that uses local timestamp and meta data
+// from a Cluster.
+func NewPDClient(cluster *Cluster) pd.Client {
+	return &pdClient{
+		cluster: cluster,
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *pdClient) GetClusterID(ctx context.Context) uint64 {
+	return 1
+}
+
+func (c *pdClient) GetTS(context.Context) (int64, int64, error) {
+	tsMu.Lock()
+	defer tsMu.Unlock()
+
+	ts := time.Now().UnixNano() / int64(time.Millisecond)
+	if tsMu.physicalTS >= ts {
+		tsMu.logicalTS++
+	} else {
+		tsMu.physicalTS = ts
+		tsMu.logicalTS = 0
+	}
+	return tsMu.physicalTS, tsMu.logicalTS, nil
+}
+
+func (c *pdClient) GetTSAsync(ctx context.Context) pd.TSFuture {
+	return &mockTSFuture{c, ctx}
+}
+
+type mockTSFuture struct {
+	pdc *pdClient
+	ctx context.Context
+}
+
+func (m *mockTSFuture) Wait() (int64, int64, error) {
+	return m.pdc.GetTS(m.ctx)
+}
+
+func (c *pdClient) GetRegion(ctx context.Context, key []byte) (*metapb.Region, *metapb.Peer, error) {
+	region, peer := c.cluster.GetRegionByKey(key)
+	return region, peer, nil
+}
+
+func (c *pdClient) GetPrevRegion(ctx context.Context, key []byte) (*metapb.Region, *metapb.Peer, error) {
+	region, peer := c.cluster.GetPrevRegionByKey(key)
+	return region, peer, nil
+}
+
+func (c *pdClient) GetRegionByID(ctx context.Context, regionID uint64) (*metapb.Region, *metapb.Peer, error) {
+	region, peer := c.cluster.GetRegionByID(regionID)
+	return region, peer, nil
+}
+
+func (c *pdClient) GetStore(ctx context.Context, storeID uint64) (*metapb.Store, error) {
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return nil, ctx.Err()
+	default:
+	}
+	store := c.cluster.GetStore(storeID)
+	return store, nil
+}
+
+func (c *pdClient) GetAllStores(ctx context.Context) ([]*metapb.Store, error) {
+	panic(errors.New("unimplemented"))
+}
+
+func (c *pdClient) UpdateGCSafePoint(ctx context.Context, safePoint uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	panic("unimplemented")
+}
+
+func (c *pdClient) Close() {
+}
--- a/mockstore/mocktikv/rpc.go
+++ b/mockstore/mocktikv/rpc.go
@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+// Copyright 2016 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package mocktikv
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
+	"github.com/pingcap/errors"
+	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/errorpb"
+	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/kvrpcpb"
+	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/metapb"
+	"github.com/pingcap/parser/terror"
+	"github.com/tikv/client-go/rpc"
+)
+
+// For gofail injection.
+var undeterminedErr = terror.ErrResultUndetermined
+
+const requestMaxSize = 8 * 1024 * 1024
+
+func checkGoContext(ctx context.Context) error {
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func convertToKeyError(err error) *kvrpcpb.KeyError {
+	if locked, ok := errors.Cause(err).(*ErrLocked); ok {
+		return &kvrpcpb.KeyError{
+			Locked: &kvrpcpb.LockInfo{
+				Key:         locked.Key.Raw(),
+				PrimaryLock: locked.Primary,
+				LockVersion: locked.StartTS,
+				LockTtl:     locked.TTL,
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	if retryable, ok := errors.Cause(err).(ErrRetryable); ok {
+		return &kvrpcpb.KeyError{
+			Retryable: retryable.Error(),
+		}
+	}
+	return &kvrpcpb.KeyError{
+		Abort: err.Error(),
+	}
+}
+
+func convertToKeyErrors(errs []error) []*kvrpcpb.KeyError {
+	var keyErrors = make([]*kvrpcpb.KeyError, 0)
+	for _, err := range errs {
+		if err != nil {
+			keyErrors = append(keyErrors, convertToKeyError(err))
+		}
+	}
+	return keyErrors
+}
+
+func convertToPbPairs(pairs []Pair) []*kvrpcpb.KvPair {
+	kvPairs := make([]*kvrpcpb.KvPair, 0, len(pairs))
+	for _, p := range pairs {
+		var kvPair *kvrpcpb.KvPair
+		if p.Err == nil {
+			kvPair = &kvrpcpb.KvPair{
+				Key:   p.Key,
+				Value: p.Value,
+			}
+		} else {
+			kvPair = &kvrpcpb.KvPair{
+				Error: convertToKeyError(p.Err),
+			}
+		}
+		kvPairs = append(kvPairs, kvPair)
+	}
+	return kvPairs
+}
+
+// rpcHandler mocks tikv's side handler behavior. In general, you may assume
+// TiKV just translate the logic from Go to Rust.
+type rpcHandler struct {
+	cluster   *Cluster
+	mvccStore MVCCStore
+
+	// store id for current request
+	storeID uint64
+	// Used for handling normal request.
+	startKey []byte
+	endKey   []byte
+	// Used for handling coprocessor request.
+	rawStartKey []byte
+	rawEndKey   []byte
+	// Used for current request.
+	isolationLevel kvrpcpb.IsolationLevel
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) checkRequestContext(ctx *kvrpcpb.Context) *errorpb.Error {
+	ctxPeer := ctx.GetPeer()
+	if ctxPeer != nil && ctxPeer.GetStoreId() != h.storeID {
+		return &errorpb.Error{
+			Message:       *proto.String("store not match"),
+			StoreNotMatch: &errorpb.StoreNotMatch{},
+		}
+	}
+	region, leaderID := h.cluster.GetRegion(ctx.GetRegionId())
+	// No region found.
+	if region == nil {
+		return &errorpb.Error{
+			Message: *proto.String("region not found"),
+			RegionNotFound: &errorpb.RegionNotFound{
+				RegionId: *proto.Uint64(ctx.GetRegionId()),
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	var storePeer, leaderPeer *metapb.Peer
+	for _, p := range region.Peers {
+		if p.GetStoreId() == h.storeID {
+			storePeer = p
+		}
+		if p.GetId() == leaderID {
+			leaderPeer = p
+		}
+	}
+	// The Store does not contain a Peer of the Region.
+	if storePeer == nil {
+		return &errorpb.Error{
+			Message: *proto.String("region not found"),
+			RegionNotFound: &errorpb.RegionNotFound{
+				RegionId: *proto.Uint64(ctx.GetRegionId()),
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	// No leader.
+	if leaderPeer == nil {
+		return &errorpb.Error{
+			Message: *proto.String("no leader"),
+			NotLeader: &errorpb.NotLeader{
+				RegionId: *proto.Uint64(ctx.GetRegionId()),
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	// The Peer on the Store is not leader.
+	if storePeer.GetId() != leaderPeer.GetId() {
+		return &errorpb.Error{
+			Message: *proto.String("not leader"),
+			NotLeader: &errorpb.NotLeader{
+				RegionId: *proto.Uint64(ctx.GetRegionId()),
+				Leader:   leaderPeer,
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	// Region epoch does not match.
+	if !proto.Equal(region.GetRegionEpoch(), ctx.GetRegionEpoch()) {
+		nextRegion, _ := h.cluster.GetRegionByKey(region.GetEndKey())
+		newRegions := []*metapb.Region{region}
+		if nextRegion != nil {
+			newRegions = append(newRegions, nextRegion)
+		}
+		return &errorpb.Error{
+			Message: *proto.String("stale epoch"),
+			StaleEpoch: &errorpb.StaleEpoch{
+				NewRegions: newRegions,
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	h.startKey, h.endKey = region.StartKey, region.EndKey
+	h.isolationLevel = ctx.IsolationLevel
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) checkRequestSize(size int) *errorpb.Error {
+	// TiKV has a limitation on raft log size.
+	// mocktikv has no raft inside, so we check the request's size instead.
+	if size >= requestMaxSize {
+		return &errorpb.Error{
+			RaftEntryTooLarge: &errorpb.RaftEntryTooLarge{},
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) checkRequest(ctx *kvrpcpb.Context, size int) *errorpb.Error {
+	if err := h.checkRequestContext(ctx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return h.checkRequestSize(size)
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) checkKeyInRegion(key []byte) bool {
+	return regionContains(h.startKey, h.endKey, []byte(NewMvccKey(key)))
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvGet(req *kvrpcpb.GetRequest) *kvrpcpb.GetResponse {
+	if !h.checkKeyInRegion(req.Key) {
+		panic("KvGet: key not in region")
+	}
+
+	val, err := h.mvccStore.Get(req.Key, req.GetVersion(), h.isolationLevel)
+	if err != nil {
+		return &kvrpcpb.GetResponse{
+			Error: convertToKeyError(err),
+		}
+	}
+	return &kvrpcpb.GetResponse{
+		Value: val,
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvScan(req *kvrpcpb.ScanRequest) *kvrpcpb.ScanResponse {
+	if !h.checkKeyInRegion(req.GetStartKey()) {
+		panic("KvScan: startKey not in region")
+	}
+	endKey := h.endKey
+	if len(req.EndKey) > 0 && (len(endKey) == 0 || bytes.Compare(req.EndKey, endKey) < 0) {
+		endKey = req.EndKey
+	}
+	pairs := h.mvccStore.Scan(req.GetStartKey(), endKey, int(req.GetLimit()), req.GetVersion(), h.isolationLevel)
+	return &kvrpcpb.ScanResponse{
+		Pairs: convertToPbPairs(pairs),
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvPrewrite(req *kvrpcpb.PrewriteRequest) *kvrpcpb.PrewriteResponse {
+	for _, m := range req.Mutations {
+		if !h.checkKeyInRegion(m.Key) {
+			panic("KvPrewrite: key not in region")
+		}
+	}
+	errs := h.mvccStore.Prewrite(req.Mutations, req.PrimaryLock, req.GetStartVersion(), req.GetLockTtl())
+	return &kvrpcpb.PrewriteResponse{
+		Errors: convertToKeyErrors(errs),
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvCommit(req *kvrpcpb.CommitRequest) *kvrpcpb.CommitResponse {
+	for _, k := range req.Keys {
+		if !h.checkKeyInRegion(k) {
+			panic("KvCommit: key not in region")
+		}
+	}
+	var resp kvrpcpb.CommitResponse
+	err := h.mvccStore.Commit(req.Keys, req.GetStartVersion(), req.GetCommitVersion())
+	if err != nil {
+		resp.Error = convertToKeyError(err)
+	}
+	return &resp
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvCleanup(req *kvrpcpb.CleanupRequest) *kvrpcpb.CleanupResponse {
+	if !h.checkKeyInRegion(req.Key) {
+		panic("KvCleanup: key not in region")
+	}
+	var resp kvrpcpb.CleanupResponse
+	err := h.mvccStore.Cleanup(req.Key, req.GetStartVersion())
+	if err != nil {
+		if commitTS, ok := errors.Cause(err).(ErrAlreadyCommitted); ok {
+			resp.CommitVersion = uint64(commitTS)
+		} else {
+			resp.Error = convertToKeyError(err)
+		}
+	}
+	return &resp
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvBatchGet(req *kvrpcpb.BatchGetRequest) *kvrpcpb.BatchGetResponse {
+	for _, k := range req.Keys {
+		if !h.checkKeyInRegion(k) {
+			panic("KvBatchGet: key not in region")
+		}
+	}
+	pairs := h.mvccStore.BatchGet(req.Keys, req.GetVersion(), h.isolationLevel)
+	return &kvrpcpb.BatchGetResponse{
+		Pairs: convertToPbPairs(pairs),
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleMvccGetByKey(req *kvrpcpb.MvccGetByKeyRequest) *kvrpcpb.MvccGetByKeyResponse {
+	debugger, ok := h.mvccStore.(MVCCDebugger)
+	if !ok {
+		return &kvrpcpb.MvccGetByKeyResponse{
+			Error: "not implement",
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !h.checkKeyInRegion(req.Key) {
+		panic("MvccGetByKey: key not in region")
+	}
+	var resp kvrpcpb.MvccGetByKeyResponse
+	resp.Info = debugger.MvccGetByKey(req.Key)
+	return &resp
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleMvccGetByStartTS(req *kvrpcpb.MvccGetByStartTsRequest) *kvrpcpb.MvccGetByStartTsResponse {
+	debugger, ok := h.mvccStore.(MVCCDebugger)
+	if !ok {
+		return &kvrpcpb.MvccGetByStartTsResponse{
+			Error: "not implement",
+		}
+	}
+	var resp kvrpcpb.MvccGetByStartTsResponse
+	resp.Info, resp.Key = debugger.MvccGetByStartTS(h.startKey, h.endKey, req.StartTs)
+	return &resp
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvBatchRollback(req *kvrpcpb.BatchRollbackRequest) *kvrpcpb.BatchRollbackResponse {
+	err := h.mvccStore.Rollback(req.Keys, req.StartVersion)
+	if err != nil {
+		return &kvrpcpb.BatchRollbackResponse{
+			Error: convertToKeyError(err),
+		}
+	}
+	return &kvrpcpb.BatchRollbackResponse{}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvScanLock(req *kvrpcpb.ScanLockRequest) *kvrpcpb.ScanLockResponse {
+	startKey := MvccKey(h.startKey).Raw()
+	endKey := MvccKey(h.endKey).Raw()
+	locks, err := h.mvccStore.ScanLock(startKey, endKey, req.GetMaxVersion())
+	if err != nil {
+		return &kvrpcpb.ScanLockResponse{
+			Error: convertToKeyError(err),
+		}
+	}
+	return &kvrpcpb.ScanLockResponse{
+		Locks: locks,
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvResolveLock(req *kvrpcpb.ResolveLockRequest) *kvrpcpb.ResolveLockResponse {
+	startKey := MvccKey(h.startKey).Raw()
+	endKey := MvccKey(h.endKey).Raw()
+	err := h.mvccStore.ResolveLock(startKey, endKey, req.GetStartVersion(), req.GetCommitVersion())
+	if err != nil {
+		return &kvrpcpb.ResolveLockResponse{
+			Error: convertToKeyError(err),
+		}
+	}
+	return &kvrpcpb.ResolveLockResponse{}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvDeleteRange(req *kvrpcpb.DeleteRangeRequest) *kvrpcpb.DeleteRangeResponse {
+	if !h.checkKeyInRegion(req.StartKey) {
+		panic("KvDeleteRange: key not in region")
+	}
+	var resp kvrpcpb.DeleteRangeResponse
+	err := h.mvccStore.DeleteRange(req.StartKey, req.EndKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		resp.Error = err.Error()
+	}
+	return &resp
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvRawGet(req *kvrpcpb.RawGetRequest) *kvrpcpb.RawGetResponse {
+	rawKV, ok := h.mvccStore.(RawKV)
+	if !ok {
+		return &kvrpcpb.RawGetResponse{
+			Error: "not implemented",
+		}
+	}
+	return &kvrpcpb.RawGetResponse{
+		Value: rawKV.RawGet(req.GetKey()),
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvRawBatchGet(req *kvrpcpb.RawBatchGetRequest) *kvrpcpb.RawBatchGetResponse {
+	rawKV, ok := h.mvccStore.(RawKV)
+	if !ok {
+		// TODO should we add error ?
+		return &kvrpcpb.RawBatchGetResponse{
+			RegionError: &errorpb.Error{
+				Message: "not implemented",
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	values := rawKV.RawBatchGet(req.Keys)
+	kvPairs := make([]*kvrpcpb.KvPair, len(values))
+	for i, key := range req.Keys {
+		kvPairs[i] = &kvrpcpb.KvPair{
+			Key:   key,
+			Value: values[i],
+		}
+	}
+	return &kvrpcpb.RawBatchGetResponse{
+		Pairs: kvPairs,
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvRawPut(req *kvrpcpb.RawPutRequest) *kvrpcpb.RawPutResponse {
+	rawKV, ok := h.mvccStore.(RawKV)
+	if !ok {
+		return &kvrpcpb.RawPutResponse{
+			Error: "not implemented",
+		}
+	}
+	rawKV.RawPut(req.GetKey(), req.GetValue())
+	return &kvrpcpb.RawPutResponse{}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvRawBatchPut(req *kvrpcpb.RawBatchPutRequest) *kvrpcpb.RawBatchPutResponse {
+	rawKV, ok := h.mvccStore.(RawKV)
+	if !ok {
+		return &kvrpcpb.RawBatchPutResponse{
+			Error: "not implemented",
+		}
+	}
+	keys := make([][]byte, 0, len(req.Pairs))
+	values := make([][]byte, 0, len(req.Pairs))
+	for _, pair := range req.Pairs {
+		keys = append(keys, pair.Key)
+		values = append(values, pair.Value)
+	}
+	rawKV.RawBatchPut(keys, values)
+	return &kvrpcpb.RawBatchPutResponse{}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvRawDelete(req *kvrpcpb.RawDeleteRequest) *kvrpcpb.RawDeleteResponse {
+	rawKV, ok := h.mvccStore.(RawKV)
+	if !ok {
+		return &kvrpcpb.RawDeleteResponse{
+			Error: "not implemented",
+		}
+	}
+	rawKV.RawDelete(req.GetKey())
+	return &kvrpcpb.RawDeleteResponse{}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvRawBatchDelete(req *kvrpcpb.RawBatchDeleteRequest) *kvrpcpb.RawBatchDeleteResponse {
+	rawKV, ok := h.mvccStore.(RawKV)
+	if !ok {
+		return &kvrpcpb.RawBatchDeleteResponse{
+			Error: "not implemented",
+		}
+	}
+	rawKV.RawBatchDelete(req.Keys)
+	return &kvrpcpb.RawBatchDeleteResponse{}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvRawDeleteRange(req *kvrpcpb.RawDeleteRangeRequest) *kvrpcpb.RawDeleteRangeResponse {
+	rawKV, ok := h.mvccStore.(RawKV)
+	if !ok {
+		return &kvrpcpb.RawDeleteRangeResponse{
+			Error: "not implemented",
+		}
+	}
+	rawKV.RawDeleteRange(req.GetStartKey(), req.GetEndKey())
+	return &kvrpcpb.RawDeleteRangeResponse{}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleKvRawScan(req *kvrpcpb.RawScanRequest) *kvrpcpb.RawScanResponse {
+	rawKV, ok := h.mvccStore.(RawKV)
+	if !ok {
+		errStr := "not implemented"
+		return &kvrpcpb.RawScanResponse{
+			RegionError: &errorpb.Error{
+				Message: errStr,
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	endKey := h.endKey
+	if len(req.EndKey) > 0 && (len(endKey) == 0 || bytes.Compare(req.EndKey, endKey) < 0) {
+		endKey = req.EndKey
+	}
+	pairs := rawKV.RawScan(req.GetStartKey(), endKey, int(req.GetLimit()))
+	return &kvrpcpb.RawScanResponse{
+		Kvs: convertToPbPairs(pairs),
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *rpcHandler) handleSplitRegion(req *kvrpcpb.SplitRegionRequest) *kvrpcpb.SplitRegionResponse {
+	key := NewMvccKey(req.GetSplitKey())
+	region, _ := h.cluster.GetRegionByKey(key)
+	if bytes.Equal(region.GetStartKey(), key) {
+		return &kvrpcpb.SplitRegionResponse{}
+	}
+	newRegionID, newPeerIDs := h.cluster.AllocID(), h.cluster.AllocIDs(len(region.Peers))
+	h.cluster.SplitRaw(region.GetId(), newRegionID, key, newPeerIDs, newPeerIDs[0])
+	return &kvrpcpb.SplitRegionResponse{}
+}
+
+// RPCClient sends kv RPC calls to mock cluster. RPCClient mocks the behavior of
+// a rpc client at tikv's side.
+type RPCClient struct {
+	Cluster       *Cluster
+	MvccStore     MVCCStore
+	streamTimeout chan *rpc.Lease
+}
+
+// NewRPCClient creates an RPCClient.
+// Note that close the RPCClient may close the underlying MvccStore.
+func NewRPCClient(cluster *Cluster, mvccStore MVCCStore) *RPCClient {
+	ch := make(chan *rpc.Lease)
+	go rpc.CheckStreamTimeoutLoop(ch)
+	return &RPCClient{
+		Cluster:       cluster,
+		MvccStore:     mvccStore,
+		streamTimeout: ch,
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *RPCClient) getAndCheckStoreByAddr(addr string) (*metapb.Store, error) {
+	store, err := c.Cluster.GetAndCheckStoreByAddr(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if store == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("connect fail")
+	}
+	if store.GetState() == metapb.StoreState_Offline ||
+		store.GetState() == metapb.StoreState_Tombstone {
+		return nil, errors.New("connection refused")
+	}
+	return store, nil
+}
+
+func (c *RPCClient) checkArgs(ctx context.Context, addr string) (*rpcHandler, error) {
+	if err := checkGoContext(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	store, err := c.getAndCheckStoreByAddr(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	handler := &rpcHandler{
+		cluster:   c.Cluster,
+		mvccStore: c.MvccStore,
+		// set store id for current request
+		storeID: store.GetId(),
+	}
+	return handler, nil
+}
+
+// SendRequest sends a request to mock cluster.
+func (c *RPCClient) SendRequest(ctx context.Context, addr string, req *rpc.Request, timeout time.Duration) (*rpc.Response, error) {
+	// gofail: var rpcServerBusy bool
+	// if rpcServerBusy {
+	//	return rpc.GenRegionErrorResp(req, &errorpb.Error{ServerIsBusy: &errorpb.ServerIsBusy{}})
+	// }
+	handler, err := c.checkArgs(ctx, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	reqCtx := &req.Context
+	resp := &rpc.Response{}
+	resp.Type = req.Type
+	switch req.Type {
+	case rpc.CmdGet:
+		r := req.Get
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.Get = &kvrpcpb.GetResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.Get = handler.handleKvGet(r)
+	case rpc.CmdScan:
+		r := req.Scan
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.Scan = &kvrpcpb.ScanResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.Scan = handler.handleKvScan(r)
+
+	case rpc.CmdPrewrite:
+		r := req.Prewrite
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.Prewrite = &kvrpcpb.PrewriteResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.Prewrite = handler.handleKvPrewrite(r)
+	case rpc.CmdCommit:
+		// gofail: var rpcCommitResult string
+		// switch rpcCommitResult {
+		// case "timeout":
+		// 	return nil, errors.New("timeout")
+		// case "notLeader":
+		// 	return &rpc.Response{
+		// 		Type:   rpc.CmdCommit,
+		// 		Commit: &kvrpcpb.CommitResponse{RegionError: &errorpb.Error{NotLeader: &errorpb.NotLeader{}}},
+		// 	}, nil
+		// case "keyError":
+		// 	return &rpc.Response{
+		// 		Type:   rpc.CmdCommit,
+		// 		Commit: &kvrpcpb.CommitResponse{Error: &kvrpcpb.KeyError{}},
+		// 	}, nil
+		// }
+		r := req.Commit
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.Commit = &kvrpcpb.CommitResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.Commit = handler.handleKvCommit(r)
+		// gofail: var rpcCommitTimeout bool
+		// if rpcCommitTimeout {
+		//	return nil, undeterminedErr
+		// }
+	case rpc.CmdCleanup:
+		r := req.Cleanup
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.Cleanup = &kvrpcpb.CleanupResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.Cleanup = handler.handleKvCleanup(r)
+	case rpc.CmdBatchGet:
+		r := req.BatchGet
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.BatchGet = &kvrpcpb.BatchGetResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.BatchGet = handler.handleKvBatchGet(r)
+	case rpc.CmdBatchRollback:
+		r := req.BatchRollback
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.BatchRollback = &kvrpcpb.BatchRollbackResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.BatchRollback = handler.handleKvBatchRollback(r)
+	case rpc.CmdScanLock:
+		r := req.ScanLock
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.ScanLock = &kvrpcpb.ScanLockResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.ScanLock = handler.handleKvScanLock(r)
+	case rpc.CmdResolveLock:
+		r := req.ResolveLock
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.ResolveLock = &kvrpcpb.ResolveLockResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.ResolveLock = handler.handleKvResolveLock(r)
+	case rpc.CmdGC:
+		r := req.GC
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.GC = &kvrpcpb.GCResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.GC = &kvrpcpb.GCResponse{}
+	case rpc.CmdDeleteRange:
+		r := req.DeleteRange
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.DeleteRange = &kvrpcpb.DeleteRangeResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.DeleteRange = handler.handleKvDeleteRange(r)
+	case rpc.CmdRawGet:
+		r := req.RawGet
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.RawGet = &kvrpcpb.RawGetResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.RawGet = handler.handleKvRawGet(r)
+	case rpc.CmdRawBatchGet:
+		r := req.RawBatchGet
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.RawBatchGet = &kvrpcpb.RawBatchGetResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.RawBatchGet = handler.handleKvRawBatchGet(r)
+	case rpc.CmdRawPut:
+		r := req.RawPut
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.RawPut = &kvrpcpb.RawPutResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.RawPut = handler.handleKvRawPut(r)
+	case rpc.CmdRawBatchPut:
+		r := req.RawBatchPut
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.RawBatchPut = &kvrpcpb.RawBatchPutResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.RawBatchPut = handler.handleKvRawBatchPut(r)
+	case rpc.CmdRawDelete:
+		r := req.RawDelete
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.RawDelete = &kvrpcpb.RawDeleteResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.RawDelete = handler.handleKvRawDelete(r)
+	case rpc.CmdRawBatchDelete:
+		r := req.RawBatchDelete
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.RawBatchDelete = &kvrpcpb.RawBatchDeleteResponse{RegionError: err}
+		}
+		resp.RawBatchDelete = handler.handleKvRawBatchDelete(r)
+	case rpc.CmdRawDeleteRange:
+		r := req.RawDeleteRange
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.RawDeleteRange = &kvrpcpb.RawDeleteRangeResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.RawDeleteRange = handler.handleKvRawDeleteRange(r)
+	case rpc.CmdRawScan:
+		r := req.RawScan
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.RawScan = &kvrpcpb.RawScanResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.RawScan = handler.handleKvRawScan(r)
+	case rpc.CmdUnsafeDestroyRange:
+		panic("unimplemented")
+	case rpc.CmdCop:
+		// TODO: support register cop handler.
+		panic("unimplemented")
+		// r := req.Cop
+		// if err := handler.checkRequestContext(reqCtx); err != nil {
+		// 	resp.Cop = &coprocessor.Response{RegionError: err}
+		// 	return resp, nil
+		// }
+		// handler.rawStartKey = MvccKey(handler.startKey).Raw()
+		// handler.rawEndKey = MvccKey(handler.endKey).Raw()
+		// var res *coprocessor.Response
+		// switch r.GetTp() {
+		// case kv.ReqTypeDAG:
+		// 	res = handler.handleCopDAGRequest(r)
+		// case kv.ReqTypeAnalyze:
+		// 	res = handler.handleCopAnalyzeRequest(r)
+		// case kv.ReqTypeChecksum:
+		// 	res = handler.handleCopChecksumRequest(r)
+		// default:
+		// 	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown coprocessor request type: %v", r.GetTp()))
+		// }
+		// resp.Cop = res
+	case rpc.CmdCopStream:
+		// TODO: support register copStream handler.
+		panic("unimplemented")
+		// r := req.Cop
+		// if err := handler.checkRequestContext(reqCtx); err != nil {
+		// 	resp.CopStream = &rpc.CopStreamResponse{
+		// 		Tikv_CoprocessorStreamClient: &mockCopStreamErrClient{Error: err},
+		// 		Response: &coprocessor.Response{
+		// 			RegionError: err,
+		// 		},
+		// 	}
+		// 	return resp, nil
+		// }
+		// handler.rawStartKey = MvccKey(handler.startKey).Raw()
+		// handler.rawEndKey = MvccKey(handler.endKey).Raw()
+		// ctx1, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+		// copStream, err := handler.handleCopStream(ctx1, r)
+		// if err != nil {
+		// 	cancel()
+		// 	return nil, errors.Trace(err)
+		// }
+
+		// streamResp := &rpc.CopStreamResponse{
+		// 	Tikv_CoprocessorStreamClient: copStream,
+		// }
+		// streamResp.Lease.Cancel = cancel
+		// streamResp.Timeout = timeout
+		// c.streamTimeout <- &streamResp.Lease
+
+		// first, err := streamResp.Recv()
+		// if err != nil {
+		// 	return nil, errors.Trace(err)
+		// }
+		// streamResp.Response = first
+		// resp.CopStream = streamResp
+	case rpc.CmdMvccGetByKey:
+		r := req.MvccGetByKey
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.MvccGetByKey = &kvrpcpb.MvccGetByKeyResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.MvccGetByKey = handler.handleMvccGetByKey(r)
+	case rpc.CmdMvccGetByStartTs:
+		r := req.MvccGetByStartTs
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.MvccGetByStartTS = &kvrpcpb.MvccGetByStartTsResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.MvccGetByStartTS = handler.handleMvccGetByStartTS(r)
+	case rpc.CmdSplitRegion:
+		r := req.SplitRegion
+		if err := handler.checkRequest(reqCtx, r.Size()); err != nil {
+			resp.SplitRegion = &kvrpcpb.SplitRegionResponse{RegionError: err}
+			return resp, nil
+		}
+		resp.SplitRegion = handler.handleSplitRegion(r)
+	default:
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("unsupport this request type %v", req.Type)
+	}
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
+// Close closes the client.
+func (c *RPCClient) Close() error {
+	close(c.streamTimeout)
+	if raw, ok := c.MvccStore.(io.Closer); ok {
+		return raw.Close()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/rawkv/errors.go
+++ b/rawkv/errors.go
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package raw
+package rawkv

 import "github.com/pingcap/errors"

--- a/rawkv/rawkv.go
+++ b/rawkv/rawkv.go
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package raw
+package rawkv

 import (
 	"bytes"
@ -270,9 +270,12 @@ func (c *RawKVClient) DeleteRange(startKey []byte, endKey []byte) error {
 	return nil
 }

-// Scan queries continuous kv pairs, starts from startKey, up to limit pairs.
-// If you want to exclude the startKey, append a '\0' to the key: `Scan(append(startKey, '\0'), limit)`.
-func (c *RawKVClient) Scan(startKey []byte, limit int) (keys [][]byte, values [][]byte, err error) {
+// Scan queries continuous kv pairs in range [startKey, endKey), up to limit pairs.
+// If endKey is empty, it means unbounded.
+// If you want to exclude the startKey or include the endKey, append a '\0' to the key. For example, to scan
+// (startKey, endKey], you can write:
+// `Scan(append(startKey, '\0'), append(endKey, '\0'), limit)`.
+func (c *RawKVClient) Scan(startKey, endKey []byte, limit int) (keys [][]byte, values [][]byte, err error) {
 	start := time.Now()
 	defer func() { metrics.RawkvCmdHistogram.WithLabelValues("raw_scan").Observe(time.Since(start).Seconds()) }()

@ -285,6 +288,7 @@ func (c *RawKVClient) Scan(startKey []byte, limit int) (keys [][]byte, values []
 			Type: rpc.CmdRawScan,
 			RawScan: &kvrpcpb.RawScanRequest{
 				StartKey: startKey,
+				EndKey:   endKey,
 				Limit:    uint32(limit - len(keys)),
 			},
 		}
--- a/rawkv/rawkv_test.go
+++ b/rawkv/rawkv_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// Copyright 2016 PingCAP, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package rawkv
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	. "github.com/pingcap/check"
+	"github.com/tikv/client-go/locate"
+	"github.com/tikv/client-go/mockstore/mocktikv"
+	"github.com/tikv/client-go/retry"
+)
+
+func TestT(t *testing.T) {
+	TestingT(t)
+}
+
+type testRawKVSuite struct {
+	cluster *mocktikv.Cluster
+	client  *RawKVClient
+	bo      *retry.Backoffer
+}
+
+var _ = Suite(&testRawKVSuite{})
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) SetUpTest(c *C) {
+	s.cluster = mocktikv.NewCluster()
+	mocktikv.BootstrapWithSingleStore(s.cluster)
+	pdClient := mocktikv.NewPDClient(s.cluster)
+	mvccStore := mocktikv.MustNewMVCCStore()
+	s.client = &RawKVClient{
+		clusterID:   0,
+		regionCache: locate.NewRegionCache(pdClient),
+		pdClient:    pdClient,
+		rpcClient:   mocktikv.NewRPCClient(s.cluster, mvccStore),
+	}
+	s.bo = retry.NewBackoffer(context.Background(), 5000)
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) TearDownTest(c *C) {
+	s.client.Close()
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) mustNotExist(c *C, key []byte) {
+	v, err := s.client.Get(key)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	c.Assert(v, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) mustBatchNotExist(c *C, keys [][]byte) {
+	values, err := s.client.BatchGet(keys)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	c.Assert(values, NotNil)
+	c.Assert(len(keys), Equals, len(values))
+	for _, value := range values {
+		c.Assert([]byte{}, BytesEquals, value)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) mustGet(c *C, key, value []byte) {
+	v, err := s.client.Get(key)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	c.Assert(v, NotNil)
+	c.Assert(v, BytesEquals, value)
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) mustBatchGet(c *C, keys, values [][]byte) {
+	checkValues, err := s.client.BatchGet(keys)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	c.Assert(checkValues, NotNil)
+	c.Assert(len(keys), Equals, len(checkValues))
+	for i := range keys {
+		c.Check(values[i], BytesEquals, checkValues[i])
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) mustPut(c *C, key, value []byte) {
+	err := s.client.Put(key, value)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) mustBatchPut(c *C, keys, values [][]byte) {
+	err := s.client.BatchPut(keys, values)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) mustDelete(c *C, key []byte) {
+	err := s.client.Delete(key)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) mustBatchDelete(c *C, keys [][]byte) {
+	err := s.client.BatchDelete(keys)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) mustScan(c *C, startKey string, limit int, expect ...string) {
+	keys, values, err := s.client.Scan([]byte(startKey), nil, limit)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	c.Assert(len(keys)*2, Equals, len(expect))
+	for i := range keys {
+		c.Assert(string(keys[i]), Equals, expect[i*2])
+		c.Assert(string(values[i]), Equals, expect[i*2+1])
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) mustScanRange(c *C, startKey string, endKey string, limit int, expect ...string) {
+	keys, values, err := s.client.Scan([]byte(startKey), []byte(endKey), limit)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	c.Assert(len(keys)*2, Equals, len(expect))
+	for i := range keys {
+		c.Assert(string(keys[i]), Equals, expect[i*2])
+		c.Assert(string(values[i]), Equals, expect[i*2+1])
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) mustDeleteRange(c *C, startKey, endKey []byte, expected map[string]string) {
+	err := s.client.DeleteRange(startKey, endKey)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+
+	for keyStr := range expected {
+		key := []byte(keyStr)
+		if bytes.Compare(startKey, key) <= 0 && bytes.Compare(key, endKey) < 0 {
+			delete(expected, keyStr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	s.checkData(c, expected)
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) checkData(c *C, expected map[string]string) {
+	keys, values, err := s.client.Scan([]byte(""), nil, len(expected)+1)
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+
+	c.Assert(len(expected), Equals, len(keys))
+	for i, key := range keys {
+		c.Assert(expected[string(key)], Equals, string(values[i]))
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) split(c *C, regionKey, splitKey string) error {
+	loc, err := s.client.regionCache.LocateKey(s.bo, []byte(regionKey))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	newRegionID, peerID := s.cluster.AllocID(), s.cluster.AllocID()
+	s.cluster.SplitRaw(loc.Region.GetID(), newRegionID, []byte(splitKey), []uint64{peerID}, peerID)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) TestSimple(c *C) {
+	s.mustNotExist(c, []byte("key"))
+	s.mustPut(c, []byte("key"), []byte("value"))
+	s.mustGet(c, []byte("key"), []byte("value"))
+	s.mustDelete(c, []byte("key"))
+	s.mustNotExist(c, []byte("key"))
+	err := s.client.Put([]byte("key"), []byte(""))
+	c.Assert(err, NotNil)
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) TestRawBatch(c *C) {
+	testNum := 0
+	size := 0
+	var testKeys [][]byte
+	var testValues [][]byte
+	for i := 0; size/rawBatchPutSize < 4; i++ {
+		key := fmt.Sprint("key", i)
+		size += len(key)
+		testKeys = append(testKeys, []byte(key))
+		value := fmt.Sprint("value", i)
+		size += len(value)
+		testValues = append(testValues, []byte(value))
+		s.mustNotExist(c, []byte(key))
+		testNum = i
+	}
+	err := s.split(c, "", fmt.Sprint("key", testNum/2))
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	s.mustBatchPut(c, testKeys, testValues)
+	s.mustBatchGet(c, testKeys, testValues)
+	s.mustBatchDelete(c, testKeys)
+	s.mustBatchNotExist(c, testKeys)
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) TestSplit(c *C) {
+	s.mustPut(c, []byte("k1"), []byte("v1"))
+	s.mustPut(c, []byte("k3"), []byte("v3"))
+
+	err := s.split(c, "k", "k2")
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+
+	s.mustGet(c, []byte("k1"), []byte("v1"))
+	s.mustGet(c, []byte("k3"), []byte("v3"))
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) TestScan(c *C) {
+	s.mustPut(c, []byte("k1"), []byte("v1"))
+	s.mustPut(c, []byte("k3"), []byte("v3"))
+	s.mustPut(c, []byte("k5"), []byte("v5"))
+	s.mustPut(c, []byte("k7"), []byte("v7"))
+
+	check := func() {
+		s.mustScan(c, "", 1, "k1", "v1")
+		s.mustScan(c, "k1", 2, "k1", "v1", "k3", "v3")
+		s.mustScan(c, "", 10, "k1", "v1", "k3", "v3", "k5", "v5", "k7", "v7")
+		s.mustScan(c, "k2", 2, "k3", "v3", "k5", "v5")
+		s.mustScan(c, "k2", 3, "k3", "v3", "k5", "v5", "k7", "v7")
+		s.mustScanRange(c, "", "k1", 1)
+		s.mustScanRange(c, "k1", "k3", 2, "k1", "v1")
+		s.mustScanRange(c, "k1", "k5", 10, "k1", "v1", "k3", "v3")
+		s.mustScanRange(c, "k1", "k5\x00", 10, "k1", "v1", "k3", "v3", "k5", "v5")
+		s.mustScanRange(c, "k5\x00", "k5\x00\x00", 10)
+	}
+
+	check()
+
+	err := s.split(c, "k", "k2")
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	check()
+
+	err = s.split(c, "k2", "k5")
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	check()
+}
+
+func (s *testRawKVSuite) TestDeleteRange(c *C) {
+	// Init data
+	testData := map[string]string{}
+	for _, i := range []byte("abcd") {
+		for j := byte('0'); j <= byte('9'); j++ {
+			key := []byte{i, j}
+			value := []byte{'v', i, j}
+			s.mustPut(c, key, value)
+
+			testData[string(key)] = string(value)
+		}
+	}
+
+	err := s.split(c, "b", "b")
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	err = s.split(c, "c", "c")
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+	err = s.split(c, "d", "d")
+	c.Assert(err, IsNil)
+
+	s.checkData(c, testData)
+	s.mustDeleteRange(c, []byte("b"), []byte("c0"), testData)
+	s.mustDeleteRange(c, []byte("c11"), []byte("c12"), testData)
+	s.mustDeleteRange(c, []byte("d0"), []byte("d0"), testData)
+	s.mustDeleteRange(c, []byte("c5"), []byte("d5"), testData)
+	s.mustDeleteRange(c, []byte("a"), []byte("z"), testData)
+}