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# FAQ
## Deployment Strategies
#### Which deployment strategies are supported by Flagger?
Flagger implements the following deployment strategies:
* [Canary Release](usage/deployment-strategies.md#canary-release)
* [A/B Testing](usage/deployment-strategies.md#ab-testing)
* [Blue/Green](usage/deployment-strategies.md#bluegreen-deployments)
* [Blue/Green Mirroring](usage/deployment-strategies.md#bluegreen-with-traffic-mirroring)
#### When should I use A/B testing instead of progressive traffic shifting?
For frontend applications that require session affinity, you should use HTTP headers or
cookie match conditions to ensure a set of users will stay on the same version for
the whole duration of the canary analysis.
#### Can I use Flagger to manage applications that live outside of a service mesh?
For applications that are not deployed on a service mesh,
Flagger can orchestrate Blue/Green style deployments with Kubernetes L4 networking.
#### When can I use traffic mirroring?
Traffic mirroring can be used for Blue/Green deployment strategy or a pre-stage in a Canary release.
Traffic mirroring will copy each incoming request, sending one request to the primary and one to the canary service.
Mirroring should be used for requests that are **idempotent**
or capable of being processed twice (once by the primary and once by the canary).
#### How to retry a failed release?
A canary analysis is triggered by changes in any of the following objects:
* Deployment/DaemonSet PodSpec (metadata, container image, command, ports, env, resources, etc)
* ConfigMaps mounted as volumes or mapped to environment variables
* Secrets mounted as volumes or mapped to environment variables
To retry a release you can add or change an annotation on the pod template:
```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
spec:
template:
metadata:
annotations:
timestamp: "2020-03-10T14:24:48+0000"
```
#### How to change replicas for a deployment when not using HPA?
To change replicas for a deployment when not using HPA, you have to update the canary deployment with the desired replica count
and trigger an analysis by annotating the template. After the analysis finishes, Flagger will promote the `spec.replicas` changes to the primary deployment.
Example:
```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
spec:
replicas: 4 #update replicas
template:
metadata:
annotations:
timestamp: "2022-02-10T14:24:48+0000" #add annotation to trigger analysis
```
#### Why is there a window of downtime during the canary initializing process when analysis is disabled?
A window of downtime is the intended behavior when the analysis is disabled. This allows instant rollback and also mimics the way
a Kubernetes deployment initialization works. To avoid this, enable the analysis (`skipAnalysis: false`), wait for the initialization
to finish, and disable it afterward (`skipAnalysis: true`).
#### How to disable cross namespace references?
Flagger by default can access resources across namespaces (`AlertProivder`, `MetricProvider` and Gloo `Upsteream`).
If you're in a multi-tenant environment and wish to disable this, you can do so through the `no-cross-namespace-refs` flag.
```
flagger \
-no-cross-namespace-refs=true \
...
```
## Kubernetes services
#### How is an application exposed inside the cluster?
Assuming the app name is `podinfo`, you can define a canary like:
```yaml
apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
kind: Canary
metadata:
name: podinfo
namespace: test
spec:
targetRef:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
name: podinfo
service:
# service name (optional)
name: podinfo
# ClusterIP port number (required)
port: 9898
# container port name or number
targetPort: http
# port name can be http or grpc (default http)
portName: http
```
If the `service.name` is not specified, then `targetRef.name` is used for
the apex domain and canary/primary services name prefix.
You should treat the service name as an immutable field; changing its could result in routing conflicts.
Based on the canary spec service, Flagger generates the following Kubernetes ClusterIP service:
* `<service.name>.<namespace>.svc.cluster.local`
selector `app=<name>-primary`
* `<service.name>-primary.<namespace>.svc.cluster.local`
selector `app=<name>-primary`
* `<service.name>-canary.<namespace>.svc.cluster.local`
selector `app=<name>`
This ensures that traffic coming from a namespace outside the mesh to `podinfo.test:9898`
will be routed to the latest stable release of your app.
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: podinfo
spec:
type: ClusterIP
selector:
app: podinfo-primary
ports:
- name: http
port: 9898
protocol: TCP
targetPort: http
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: podinfo-primary
spec:
type: ClusterIP
selector:
app: podinfo-primary
ports:
- name: http
port: 9898
protocol: TCP
targetPort: http
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: podinfo-canary
spec:
type: ClusterIP
selector:
app: podinfo
ports:
- name: http
port: 9898
protocol: TCP
targetPort: http
```
The `podinfo-canary.test:9898` address is available only during the canary analysis
and can be used for conformance testing or load testing.
## Multiple ports
#### My application listens on multiple ports. How can I expose them inside the cluster?
If port discovery is enabled, Flagger scans the deployment spec and extracts the containers ports excluding
the port specified in the canary service and Envoy sidecar ports.
These ports will be used when generating the ClusterIP services.
For a deployment that exposes two ports:
```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
spec:
template:
metadata:
annotations:
prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
prometheus.io/port: "9899"
spec:
containers:
- name: app
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
- containerPort: 9090
```
You can enable port discovery so that Prometheus will be able to reach port `9090` over mTLS:
```yaml
apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
kind: Canary
spec:
service:
# container port used for canary analysis
port: 8080
# port name can be http or grpc (default http)
portName: http
# add all the other container ports
# to the ClusterIP services (default false)
portDiscovery: true
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
```
Both port `8080` and `9090` will be added to the ClusterIP services.
## Label selectors
#### What labels selectors are supported by Flagger?
The target deployment must have a single label selector in the format `app: <DEPLOYMENT-NAME>`:
```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: podinfo
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: podinfo
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: podinfo
```
Besides `app`, Flagger supports `name` and `app.kubernetes.io/name` selectors.
If you use a different convention, you can specify your label with the `-selector-labels` flag.
For example:
```
flagger \
-selector-labels=service,name,app.kubernetes.io/name \
...
```
#### Is pod affinity and anti affinity supported?
Flagger will rewrite the first value in each match expression,
defined in the target deployment's pod anti-affinity and topology spread constraints,
satisfying the following two requirements when creating, or updating, the primary deployment:
* The key in the match expression must be one of the labels specified by the parameter selector-labels.
The default labels are `app`,`name`,`app.kubernetes.io/name`.
* The value must match the name of the target deployment.
The rewrite done by Flagger in these cases is to suffix the value with `-primary`.
This rewrite can be used to spread the pods created by the canary
and primary deployments across different availability zones.
Example target deployment:
```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: podinfo
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: podinfo
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: podinfo
spec:
affinity:
podAntiAffinity:
preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
- weight: 100
podAffinityTerm:
labelSelector:
matchExpressions:
- key: app
operator: In
values:
- podinfo
topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone
```
Example of generated primary deployment:
```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: podinfo-primary
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: podinfo-primary
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: podinfo-primary
spec:
affinity:
podAntiAffinity:
preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
- weight: 100
podAffinityTerm:
labelSelector:
matchExpressions:
- key: app
operator: In
values:
- podinfo-primary
topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone
```
It is also possible to use a different label than the `app`, `name` or `app.kubernetes.io/name`.
Anti affinity example(using a different label):
```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: podinfo
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: podinfo
affinity: podinfo
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: podinfo
affinity: podinfo
spec:
affinity:
podAntiAffinity:
preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
- weight: 100
podAffinityTerm:
labelSelector:
matchLabels:
affinity: podinfo
topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone
```
## Metrics
#### How does Flagger measure the request success rate and duration?
By default, Flagger measures the request success rate and duration using Prometheus queries.
#### HTTP requests success rate percentage
Spec:
```yaml
analysis:
metrics:
- name: request-success-rate
# minimum req success rate (non 5xx responses)
# percentage (0-100)
thresholdRange:
min: 99
interval: 1m
```
Istio query:
```javascript
sum(
rate(
istio_requests_total{
reporter="destination",
destination_workload_namespace=~"{{ namespace }}",
destination_workload=~"{{ target }}",
response_code!~"5.*"
}[{{ interval }}]
)
)
/
sum(
rate(
istio_requests_total{
reporter="destination",
destination_workload_namespace=~"{{ namespace }}",
destination_workload=~"{{ target }}"
}[{{ interval }}]
)
)
```
Envoy query (App Mesh):
```javascript
sum(
rate(
envoy_cluster_upstream_rq{
kubernetes_namespace="{{ namespace }}",
kubernetes_pod_name=~"{{ target }}",
envoy_response_code!~"5.*"
}[{{ interval }}]
)
)
/
sum(
rate(
envoy_cluster_upstream_rq{
kubernetes_namespace="{{ namespace }}",
kubernetes_pod_name=~"{{ target }}"
}[{{ interval }}]
)
)
```
Envoy query (Contour and Gloo):
```javascript
sum(
rate(
envoy_cluster_upstream_rq{
envoy_cluster_name=~"{{ namespace }}-{{ target }}",
envoy_response_code!~"5.*"
}[{{ interval }}]
)
)
/
sum(
rate(
envoy_cluster_upstream_rq{
envoy_cluster_name=~"{{ namespace }}-{{ target }}",
}[{{ interval }}]
)
)
```
#### HTTP requests milliseconds duration P99
Spec:
```yaml
analysis:
metrics:
- name: request-duration
# maximum req duration P99
# milliseconds
thresholdRange:
max: 500
interval: 1m
```
Istio query:
```javascript
histogram_quantile(0.99,
sum(
irate(
istio_request_duration_milliseconds_bucket{
reporter="destination",
destination_workload=~"{{ target }}",
destination_workload_namespace=~"{{ namespace }}"
}[{{ interval }}]
)
) by (le)
)
```
Envoy query (App Mesh, Contour and Gloo):
```javascript
histogram_quantile(0.99,
sum(
irate(
envoy_cluster_upstream_rq_time_bucket{
kubernetes_pod_name=~"{{ target }}",
kubernetes_namespace=~"{{ namespace }}"
}[{{ interval }}]
)
) by (le)
)
```
> **Note** that the metric interval should be lower or equal to the control loop interval.
#### Can I use custom metrics?
The analysis can be extended with metrics provided by Prometheus, Datadog, AWS CloudWatch, New Relic and Graphite.
For more details on how custom metrics can be used, please read the [metrics docs](usage/metrics.md).
#### Istio Gateway API
If you're using Istio with Gateway API, the Prometheus query needs to include `reporter="source"`. For example, to calculate HTTP requests error percentage, the query would be:
```javascript
100 - sum(
rate(
istio_requests_total{
reporter="source",
destination_workload_namespace=~"{{ namespace }}",
destination_workload=~"{{ target }}",
response_code!~"5.*"
}[{{ interval }}]
)
)
/
sum(
rate(
istio_requests_total{
reporter="source",
destination_workload_namespace=~"{{ namespace }}",
destination_workload=~"{{ target }}"
}[{{ interval }}]
)
) * 100
```
## Istio routing
#### How does Flagger interact with Istio?
Flagger creates an Istio Virtual Service and Destination Rules based on the Canary service spec.
The service configuration lets you expose an app inside or outside the mesh. You can also define traffic policies,
HTTP match conditions, URI rewrite rules, CORS policies, timeout and retries.
The following spec exposes the `frontend` workload inside the mesh on `frontend.test.svc.cluster.local:9898`
and outside the mesh on `frontend.example.com`. You'll have to specify an Istio ingress gateway for external hosts.
```yaml
apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
kind: Canary
metadata:
name: frontend
namespace: test
spec:
service:
# container port
port: 9898
# service port name (optional, will default to "http")
portName: http-frontend
# Istio gateways (optional)
gateways:
- istio-system/public-gateway
- mesh
# Istio virtual service host names (optional)
hosts:
- frontend.example.com
# Istio traffic policy
trafficPolicy:
tls:
# use ISTIO_MUTUAL when mTLS is enabled
mode: DISABLE
# HTTP match conditions (optional)
match:
- uri:
prefix: /
# HTTP rewrite (optional)
rewrite:
uri: /
# Istio retry policy (optional)
retries:
attempts: 3
perTryTimeout: 1s
retryOn: "gateway-error,connect-failure,refused-stream"
# Add headers (optional)
headers:
request:
add:
x-some-header: "value"
# cross-origin resource sharing policy (optional)
corsPolicy:
allowOrigin:
- example.com
allowMethods:
- GET
allowCredentials: false
allowHeaders:
- x-some-header
maxAge: 24h
```
For the above spec Flagger will generate the following virtual service:
```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: frontend
namespace: test
ownerReferences:
- apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
blockOwnerDeletion: true
controller: true
kind: Canary
name: podinfo
uid: 3a4a40dd-3875-11e9-8e1d-42010a9c0fd1
spec:
gateways:
- istio-system/public-gateway
- mesh
hosts:
- frontend.example.com
- frontend
http:
- corsPolicy:
allowHeaders:
- x-some-header
allowMethods:
- GET
allowOrigin:
- example.com
maxAge: 24h
headers:
request:
add:
x-some-header: "value"
match:
- uri:
prefix: /
rewrite:
uri: /
route:
- destination:
host: podinfo-primary
weight: 100
- destination:
host: podinfo-canary
weight: 0
retries:
attempts: 3
perTryTimeout: 1s
retryOn: "gateway-error,connect-failure,refused-stream"
```
For each destination in the virtual service a rule is generated:
```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: frontend-primary
namespace: test
spec:
host: frontend-primary
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: DISABLE
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: frontend-canary
namespace: test
spec:
host: frontend-canary
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: DISABLE
```
Flagger keeps in sync the virtual service and destination rules with the canary service spec.
Any direct modification to the virtual service spec will be overwritten.
To expose a workload inside the mesh on `http://backend.test.svc.cluster.local:9898`,
the service spec can contain only the container port and the traffic policy:
```yaml
apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
kind: Canary
metadata:
name: backend
namespace: test
spec:
service:
port: 9898
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: DISABLE
```
Based on the above spec, Flagger will create several ClusterIP services like:
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: backend-primary
ownerReferences:
- apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
blockOwnerDeletion: true
controller: true
kind: Canary
name: backend
uid: 2ca1a9c7-2ef6-11e9-bd01-42010a9c0145
spec:
type: ClusterIP
ports:
- name: http
port: 9898
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 9898
selector:
app: backend-primary
```
Flagger works for user facing apps exposed outside the cluster via an ingress gateway and for backend HTTP APIs
that are accessible only from inside the mesh.
If `Delegation` is enabled, Flagger would generate Istio VirtualService without hosts and gateway,
making the service compatible with Istio delegation.
```yaml
apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
kind: Canary
metadata:
name: backend
namespace: test
spec:
service:
delegation: true
port: 9898
targetRef:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Deployment
name: podinfo
analysis:
interval: 15s
threshold: 15
maxWeight: 30
stepWeight: 10
```
Based on the above spec, Flagger will create the following virtual service:
```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: backend
namespace: test
ownerReferences:
- apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
blockOwnerDeletion: true
controller: true
kind: Canary
name: backend
uid: 58562662-5e10-4512-b269-2b789c1b30fe
spec:
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: podinfo-primary
weight: 100
- destination:
host: podinfo-canary
weight: 0
```
Therefore, the following virtual service forwards the traffic to `/podinfo` by the above delegate VirtualService.
```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: frontend
namespace: test
spec:
gateways:
- istio-system/public-gateway
- mesh
hosts:
- frontend.example.com
- frontend
http:
- match:
- uri:
prefix: /podinfo
rewrite:
uri: /
delegate:
name: backend
namespace: test
```
Note that pilot env `PILOT_ENABLE_VIRTUAL_SERVICE_DELEGATE` must also be set.
For the use of Istio Delegation, you can refer to the documentation of
[Virtual Service](https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/#Delegate)
and [pilot environment variables](https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/#envvars).
## Istio Ingress Gateway
#### How can I expose multiple canaries on the same external domain?
Assuming you have two apps -- one that serves the main website and one that serves its REST API --
you can define a canary object for each app as:
```yaml
apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
kind: Canary
metadata:
name: website
spec:
service:
port: 8080
gateways:
- istio-system/public-gateway
hosts:
- my-site.com
match:
- uri:
prefix: /
rewrite:
uri: /
---
apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
kind: Canary
metadata:
name: webapi
spec:
service:
port: 8080
gateways:
- istio-system/public-gateway
hosts:
- my-site.com
match:
- uri:
prefix: /api
rewrite:
uri: /
```
Based on the above configuration, Flagger will create two virtual services bounded
to the same ingress gateway and external host.
Istio Pilot will
[merge](https://istio.io/help/ops/traffic-management/deploy-guidelines/#multiple-virtual-services-and-destination-rules-for-the-same-host)
the two services and the website rule will be moved to the end of the list in the merged configuration.
Note that host merging only works if the canaries are bounded to an ingress gateway other than the `mesh` gateway.
## Istio Mutual TLS
#### How can I enable mTLS for a canary?
When deploying Istio with global mTLS enabled, you have to set the TLS mode to `ISTIO_MUTUAL`:
```yaml
apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
kind: Canary
spec:
service:
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
```
If you run Istio in permissive mode, you can disable TLS:
```yaml
apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
kind: Canary
spec:
service:
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: DISABLE
```
#### If Flagger is outside of the mesh, how can it start the load test?
In order for Flagger to be able to call the load tester service from outside the mesh,
you need to disable mTLS:
```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: flagger-loadtester
namespace: test
spec:
host: "flagger-loadtester.test.svc.cluster.local"
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: DISABLE
---
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: PeerAuthentication
metadata:
name: flagger-loadtester
namespace: test
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: flagger-loadtester
mtls:
mode: DISABLE
```
## ExternalDNS
### Can I use annotations?
Flagger propagates annotations (and labels) to all the generated apex,
primary and canary objects. This allows using external-dns annotations.
You can configure Flagger to set annotations with:
```yaml
spec:
service:
apex:
annotations:
external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/hostname: "mydomain.com"
primary:
annotations:
external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/hostname: "primary.mydomain.com"
canary:
annotations:
external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/hostname: "canary.mydomain.com"
```
### Multiple sources and Istio
**/!\\** The apex annotations are added to both the generated Kubernetes Services and the generated Istio
VirtualServices objects. If you have configured external-dns to use both sources,
this will create conflicts!
```yaml
spec:
containers:
args:
- --source=service # choose only one
- --source=istio-virtualservice # of these two
```
[Checkout ExternalDNS documentation](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/external-dns/blob/master/docs/tutorials/istio.md)
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