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istio.io/content/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress.md

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Control Ingress Traffic Describes how to configure Istio to expose a service outside of the service mesh. 30
/docs/tasks/ingress.html

Note: This task uses the new v1alpha3 traffic management API. The old API has been deprecated and will be removed in the next Istio release. If you need to use the old version, follow the docs here.

In a Kubernetes environment, the Kubernetes Ingress Resource is used to specify services that should be exposed outside the cluster. In an Istio service mesh, a better approach (which also works in both Kubernetes and other environments) is to use a different configuration model, namely Istio Gateway. A Gateway allows Istio features, for example, monitoring and route rules, to be applied to traffic entering the cluster.

This task describes how to configure Istio to expose a service outside of the service mesh using an Istio Gateway.

Before you begin

  • Setup Istio by following the instructions in the Installation guide.

  • Make sure your current directory is the istio directory.

  • Start the httpbin sample, which will be used as the destination service to be exposed externally.

    If you installed Istio-Initializer, do

    $ kubectl apply -f samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml

  • A private key and certificate can be created for testing using OpenSSL.

    $ openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /tmp/tls.key -out /tmp/tls.crt -subj "/CN=httpbin.example.com"

  • Determine the ingress IP and ports, see the next subsection.

Determining the ingress IP and ports

Execute the following command to determine if your Kubernetes cluster is running in an environment that supports external load balancers.

$ kubectl get svc istio-ingressgateway -n istio-system
NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP     PORT(S)                                      AGE
istio-ingressgateway   LoadBalancer   172.21.109.129   130.211.10.121  80:31380/TCP,443:31390/TCP,31400:31400/TCP   17h

If the EXTERNAL-IP value is set, your environment has an external load balancer that you can use for the ingress gateway. If the EXTERNAL-IP value is <none> (or perpetually <pending>), your environment does not provide an external load balancer for the ingress gateway. In this case, you can access the gateway using the service nodePort.

Determining the ingress IP and ports for a load balancer ingress gateway

$ export INGRESS_HOST=$(kubectl -n istio-system get service istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}')
$ export INGRESS_PORT=$(kubectl -n istio-system get service istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.spec.ports[?(@.name=="http")].port}')
$ export SECURE_INGRESS_PORT=$(kubectl -n istio-system get service istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.spec.ports[?(@.name=="https")].port}')

Determining the ingress IP and ports for a nodePort ingress gateway

Determine the ports:

$ export INGRESS_PORT=$(kubectl -n istio-system get service istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.spec.ports[?(@.name=="http")].nodePort}')
$ export SECURE_INGRESS_PORT=$(kubectl -n istio-system get service istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.spec.ports[?(@.name=="https")].nodePort}')

Determining the ingress IP depends on the cluster provider.

  1. GKE:

    $ export INGRESS_HOST=<workerNodeAddress>

    You need to create firewall rules to allow the TCP traffic to the ingressgateway service's ports. Run the following commands to allow the traffic for the HTTP port, the secure port (HTTPS) or both.

    $ gcloud compute firewall-rules create allow-gateway-http --allow tcp:$INGRESS_PORT

    $ gcloud compute firewall-rules create allow-gateway-https --allow tcp:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT

  2. IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Free Tier:

    $ bx cs workers <cluster-name or id>
$ export INGRESS_HOST=<public IP of one of the worker nodes>

  3. Other environments (e.g., minikube, IBM Cloud Private etc):

    $ export INGRESS_HOST=$(kubectl get po -l istio=ingressgateway -n istio-system -o 'jsonpath={.items[0].status.hostIP}')

Configuring ingress using an Istio Gateway

An ingress Gateway describes a load balancer operating at the edge of the mesh receiving incoming HTTP/TCP connections. It configures exposed ports, protocols, etc., but, unlike Kubernetes Ingress Resources, does not include any traffic routing configuration. Traffic routing for ingress traffic is instead configured using Istio routing rules, exactly in the same was as for internal service requests.

In the following subsections we configure a Gateway on port 80 for unencrypted HTTP traffic first. Then we add a secure port 443 for HTTPS traffic.

Configuring a gateway for HTTP

  1. Create an Istio Gateway

        cat <<EOF | istioctl create -f -
    apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
    kind: Gateway
    metadata:
      name: httpbin-gateway
    spec:
      selector:
        istio: ingressgateway # use Istio default gateway implementation
      servers:
      - port:
          number: 80
          name: http
          protocol: HTTP
        hosts:
        - "httpbin.example.com"
    EOF

  2. Configure routes for traffic entering via the Gateway

        cat <<EOF | istioctl create -f -
    apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
    kind: VirtualService
    metadata:
      name: httpbin
    spec:
      hosts:
      - "httpbin.example.com"
      gateways:
      - httpbin-gateway
      http:
      - match:
        - uri:
            prefix: /status
        - uri:
            prefix: /delay
        route:
        - destination:
            port:
              number: 8000
            host: httpbin
    EOF

    Here we've created a virtual service configuration for the httpbin service, containing two route rules that allow traffic for paths /status and /delay.

    The gateways list specifies that only requests through our httpbin-gateway are allowed. All other external requests will be rejected with a 404 response.

    Note that in this configuration internal requests from other services in the mesh are not subject to these rules, but instead will simply default to round-robin routing. To apply these (or other rules) to internal calls, we could add the special value mesh to the list of gateways.

Verifying the gateway for HTTP

  1. Access the httpbin service using curl. Note the --resolve flag of curl that allows to access an IP address by using an arbitrary domain name. In our case we access our ingress Gateway by "httpbin.example.com". Note that we specified "httpbin.example.com" as a host handled by our Gateway.

    $ curl --resolve httpbin.example.com:$INGRESS_PORT:$INGRESS_HOST -I http://httpbin.example.com:$INGRESS_PORT/status/200
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
server: envoy
date: Mon, 29 Jan 2018 04:45:49 GMT
content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
access-control-allow-origin: *
access-control-allow-credentials: true
content-length: 0
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 48

  2. Access any other URL that has not been explicitly exposed. You should see an HTTP 404 error:

    $ curl --resolve httpbin.example.com:$INGRESS_PORT:$INGRESS_HOST -I http://httpbin.example.com:$INGRESS_PORT/headers
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
date: Mon, 29 Jan 2018 04:45:49 GMT
server: envoy
content-length: 0

Add a secure port (HTTPS) to our gateway

In this subsection we add to our gateway the port 443 to handle the HTTPS traffic. We create a secret with a certificate and a private key. Then we replace the previous Gateway definition with a definition that contains a server on the port 443, in addition to the previously defined server on the port 80.

  1. Create a Kubernetes Secret to hold the key/cert

    Create the secret istio-ingressgateway-certs in namespace istio-system using kubectl. The Istio gateway will automatically load the secret.

    The secret MUST be called istio-ingressgateway-certs in the istio-system namespace, or it will not be mounted and available to the Istio gateway.

    $ kubectl create -n istio-system secret tls istio-ingressgateway-certs --key /tmp/tls.key --cert /tmp/tls.crt

    Note that by default all service accounts in the istio-system namespace can access this ingress key/cert, which risks leaking the key/cert. You can change the Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) rules to protect them. See (Link TBD) for details.

  2. Add to the previous Gateway definition a server section for the port 443.

    The location of the certificate and the private key MUST be /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs, or the gateway will fail to load them.

        cat <<EOF | istioctl replace -f -
    apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
    kind: Gateway
    metadata:
      name: httpbin-gateway
    spec:
      selector:
        istio: ingressgateway # use istio default ingress gateway
      servers:
      - port:
          number: 80
          name: http
          protocol: HTTP
        hosts:
        - "httpbin.example.com"
      - port:
          number: 443
          name: https
          protocol: HTTPS
        tls:
          mode: SIMPLE
          serverCertificate: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.crt
          privateKey: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.key
        hosts:
        - "httpbin.example.com"
    EOF

Verifying the gateway for HTTPS

  1. Verify that our gateway still works for the port 80 and accepts unencrypted HTTP traffic as before. We do it by accessing the httpbin service, port 80, as described in the Verifying the gateway for HTTP subsection.

  2. Access the httpbin service by HTTPS, sending an HTTPS request by curl to SECURE_INGRESS_PORT. Here we use curl's -k option to instruct curl not to check our certificate (since it is a fake certificate we created for testing the Gateway only, curl is not aware of it).

    $ curl --resolve httpbin.example.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT:$INGRESS_HOST -I -k https://httpbin.example.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT/status/200
HTTP/2 200
server: envoy
date: Mon, 14 May 2018 13:54:53 GMT
content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
access-control-allow-origin: *
access-control-allow-credentials: true
content-length: 0
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 6

    Note that it may take time for the new gateway defintion to propagate and you may get the following error: Failed to connect to httpbin.example.com port <your secure port>: Connection refused. Wait for a minute and retry the curl call again.

Disable the HTTP port

If we want to only allow HTTPS traffic into our service mesh, we can remove the HTTP port from our gateway.

  1. Redefine the Gateway without the HTTP port:

        cat <<EOF | istioctl replace -f -
    apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
    kind: Gateway
    metadata:
      name: httpbin-gateway
    spec:
      selector:
        istio: ingressgateway # use istio default ingress gateway
      servers:
      - port:
          number: 443
          name: https
          protocol: HTTPS
        tls:
          mode: SIMPLE
          serverCertificate: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.crt
          privateKey: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.key
        hosts:
        - "httpbin.example.com"
    EOF

  2. Access the HTTP port and verify that it is not accessible (an error is returned):

    $ curl --resolve httpbin.example.com:$INGRESS_PORT:$INGRESS_HOST -I http://httpbin.example.com:$INGRESS_PORT/status/200

Understanding what happened

The Gateway configuration resources allow external traffic to enter the Istio service mesh and make the traffic management and policy features of Istio available for edge services.

In the preceding steps we created a service inside the Istio service mesh and showed how to expose both HTTP and HTTPS endpoints of the service to external traffic.

Cleanup

  1. Remove the Gateway configuration.

    $ istioctl delete gateway httpbin-gateway

  2. Remove the VirtualService and secret.

    $ istioctl delete virtualservice httpbin
$ kubectl delete -n istio-system secret istio-ingressgateway-certs

  3. Shutdown the httpbin service.

    $ kubectl delete -f samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml

What's next