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Securing Gateways with HTTPS Describes how to configure Istio to expose a service outside of the service mesh, over TLS or Mutual TLS. 31
traffic-management
ingress

The Control Ingress Traffic task describes how to configure an ingress gateway to expose an HTTP endpoint of a service to external traffic. This task extends that task to enable HTTPS access to the service using either simple or mutual TLS.

Before you begin

  1. Perform the steps in the Before you begin and Determining the ingress IP and ports sections of the Control Ingress Traffic task. After performing those steps you should have Istio and the [httpbin]({{< github_tree >}}/samples/httpbin) service deployed, and the environment variables INGRESS_HOST and SECURE_INGRESS_PORT set.

  2. For macOS users, verify that you use curl compiled with the LibreSSL library:

    {{< text bash >}} $ curl --version | grep LibreSSL curl 7.54.0 (x86_64-apple-darwin17.0) libcurl/7.54.0 LibreSSL/2.0.20 zlib/1.2.11 nghttp2/1.24.0 {{< /text >}}

    If a version of LibreSSL is printed as in the output above, your curl should work correctly with the instructions in this task. Otherwise, try another installation of curl, for example on a Linux machine.

Generate client and server certificates and keys

For this task you can use your favorite tool to generate certificates and keys. This example uses a script from the https://github.com/nicholasjackson/mtls-go-example repository.

  1. Clone the https://github.com/nicholasjackson/mtls-go-example repository:

    {{< text bash >}} $ git clone https://github.com/nicholasjackson/mtls-go-example {{< /text >}}

  2. Change directory to the cloned repository:

    {{< text bash >}} $ pushd mtls-go-example {{< /text >}}

  3. Generate the certificates for httpbin.example.com. Change password to any value you like in the following command:

    {{< text bash >}} $ ./generate.sh httpbin.example.com password {{< /text >}}

    When prompted, select y for all the questions. The command will generate four directories: 1_root, 2_intermediate, 3_application, and 4_client containing the client and server certificates you use in the procedures below.

  4. Move the certificates into a directory named httpbin.example.com:

    {{< text bash >}} $ mkdir ~+1/httpbin.example.com && mv 1_root 2_intermediate 3_application 4_client ~+1/httpbin.example.com {{< /text >}}

  5. Go back to your previous directory:

    {{< text bash >}} $ popd {{< /text >}}

Configure a TLS ingress gateway

In this section you configure an ingress gateway with port 443 to handle HTTPS traffic. You first create a secret with a certificate and a private key. Then you create a Gateway definition that contains a server on port 443.

  1. Create a Kubernetes Secret to hold the server's certificate and private key. Use kubectl to create the secret istio-ingressgateway-certs in namespace istio-system . The Istio gateway will load the secret automatically.

    The secret must be named istio-ingressgateway-certs in the istio-system namespace to align with the configuration of the Istio default ingress gateway used in this task.

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl create -n istio-system secret tls istio-ingressgateway-certs --key httpbin.example.com/3_application/private/httpbin.example.com.key.pem --cert httpbin.example.com/3_application/certs/httpbin.example.com.cert.pem secret "istio-ingressgateway-certs" created {{< /text >}}

    Note that by default all the service accounts in the istio-system namespace can access this secret, so the private key can be leaked. You can change the Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) rules to protect it.

  2. Define a Gateway with a server section for port 443.

    The location of the certificate and the private key must be /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs, or the gateway will fail to load them.

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3 kind: Gateway metadata: name: mygateway spec: selector: istio: ingressgateway # use istio default ingress gateway servers:

    • port: number: 443 name: https protocol: HTTPS tls: mode: SIMPLE serverCertificate: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.crt privateKey: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.key hosts:
      • "httpbin.example.com" EOF {{< /text >}}

  3. Configure routes for traffic entering via the Gateway. Define the same VirtualService as in the Control Ingress Traffic task:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3 kind: VirtualService metadata: name: httpbin spec: hosts:

    • "httpbin.example.com" gateways:
    • mygateway http:
    • match:
      • uri: prefix: /status
      • uri: prefix: /delay route:
      • destination: port: number: 8000 host: httpbin EOF {{< /text >}}

  4. Access the httpbin service with HTTPS by sending an https request using curl to SECURE_INGRESS_PORT.

    The --resolve flag instructs curl to supply the SNI value httpbin.example.com when accessing the gateway IP over TLS. The --cacert option instructs curl to use your generated certificate to verify the server.

    The -HHost:httpbin.example.com flag is included but only really needed if SECURE_INGRESS_PORT is different from the actual gateway port (443), for example, if you are accessing the server via a mapped NodePort.

    By sending the request to the /status/418 URL path, you get a nice visual clue that your httpbin service was indeed accessed. The httpbin service will return the 418 I'm a Teapot code.

    {{< text bash >}} $ curl -v -HHost:httpbin.example.com --resolve httpbin.example.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT:$INGRESS_HOST --cacert httpbin.example.com/2_intermediate/certs/ca-chain.cert.pem https://httpbin.example.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT/status/418 ... Server certificate: subject: C=US; ST=Denial; L=Springfield; O=Dis; CN=httpbin.example.com start date: Jun 24 18:45:18 2018 GMT expire date: Jul 4 18:45:18 2019 GMT common name: httpbin.example.com (matched) issuer: C=US; ST=Denial; O=Dis; CN=httpbin.example.com SSL certificate verify ok. ... HTTP/2 418 ... -=[ teapot ]=-

    .... .' _ _ . | ." ^ ". _, \_;"---"|// | ;/ \_ _/ """` {{< /text >}}

    It might take time for the gateway definition to propagate so you might get the following error: Failed to connect to httpbin.example.com port <your secure port>: Connection refused. Wait for a minute and then retry the curl call.

    Look for the Server certificate section in the curl output and specifically a line with the matched common name: common name: httpbin.example.com (matched). The line SSL certificate verify ok in the output indicates that the server's certificate was verified successfully. If all went well, you should also see a returned status of 418 along with a nice drawing of a teapot.

Configure a mutual TLS ingress gateway

In this section you extend your gateway's definition from the previous section to support mutual TLS between external clients and the gateway.

  1. Create a Kubernetes Secret to hold the CA certificate that the server will use to verify its clients. Create the secret istio-ingressgateway-ca-certs in namespace istio-system using kubectl. The Istio gateway will automatically load the secret.

    The secret must be named istio-ingressgateway-ca-certs in the istio-system namespace to align with the configuration of the Istio default ingress gateway used in this task.

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl create -n istio-system secret generic istio-ingressgateway-ca-certs --from-file=httpbin.example.com/2_intermediate/certs/ca-chain.cert.pem secret "istio-ingressgateway-ca-certs" created {{< /text >}}

  2. Redefine your previous Gateway to change the tls mode to MUTUAL and to specify caCertificates:

    The location of the certificate must be /etc/istio/ingressgateway-ca-certs, or the gateway will fail to load them. The file (short) name of the certificate must be identical to the one you created the secret from, in this case ca-chain.cert.pem.

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3 kind: Gateway metadata: name: mygateway spec: selector: istio: ingressgateway # use istio default ingress gateway servers:

    • port: number: 443 name: https protocol: HTTPS tls: mode: MUTUAL serverCertificate: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.crt privateKey: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.key caCertificates: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-ca-certs/ca-chain.cert.pem hosts:
      • "httpbin.example.com" EOF {{< /text >}}

  3. Access the httpbin service by HTTPS as in the previous section:

    {{< text bash >}}

    $ curl -HHost:httpbin.example.com --resolve httpbin.example.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT:$INGRESS_HOST --cacert httpbin.example.com/2_intermediate/certs/ca-chain.cert.pem https://httpbin.example.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT/status/418 curl: (35) error:14094410:SSL routines:SSL3_READ_BYTES:sslv3 alert handshake failure {{< /text >}}

    It might take time for the gateway definition to propagate so you might still get 418. Wait for a minute and then retry the curl call.

    This time you will get an error since the server refuses to accept unauthenticated requests. You need to pass curl a client certificate and your private key for signing the request.

  4. Resend the previous request by curl, this time passing as parameters your client certificate (additional --cert option) and your private key (the --key option):

    {{< text bash >}} $ curl -HHost:httpbin.example.com --resolve httpbin.example.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT:$INGRESS_HOST --cacert httpbin.example.com/2_intermediate/certs/ca-chain.cert.pem --cert httpbin.example.com/4_client/certs/httpbin.example.com.cert.pem --key httpbin.example.com/4_client/private/httpbin.example.com.key.pem https://httpbin.example.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT/status/418

    -=[ teapot ]=-

    .... .' _ _ . | ." ^ ". _, \_;"---"|// | ;/ \_ _/ """` {{< /text >}}

    This time the server performed client authentication successfully and you received the pretty teapot drawing again.

Configure a TLS ingress gateway for multiple hosts

In this section you will configure an ingress gateway for multiple hosts, httpbin.example.com and bookinfo.com. The ingress gateway will present to clients a unique certificate corresponding to each requested server.

Unlike the previous sections, the Istio default ingress gateway will not work out of the box because it is only preconfigured to support one secure host. You'll need to first configure and redeploy the ingress gateway server with another secret, before you can use it to handle a second host.

Generate client and server certificates and keys for bookinfo.com

Perform the same steps as in Generate client and server certificates and keys, only this time for host bookinfo.com instead of httpbin.example.com.

  1. Change directory to the cloned repository:

    {{< text bash >}} $ pushd mtls-go-example {{< /text >}}

  2. Generate the certificates for bookinfo.com. Change password to any value you like in the following command:

    {{< text bash >}} $ ./generate.sh bookinfo.com password {{< /text >}}

    When prompted, select y for all the questions.

  3. Move the certificates into a directory named bookinfo.com:

    {{< text bash >}} $ mkdir ~+1/bookinfo.com && mv 1_root 2_intermediate 3_application 4_client ~+1/bookinfo.com {{< /text >}}

  4. Go back to your previous directory:

    {{< text bash >}} $ popd {{< /text >}}

Redeploy istio-ingressgateway with the new certificates

  1. Create a new secret to hold the certificate for bookinfo.com:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl create -n istio-system secret tls istio-ingressgateway-bookinfo-certs --key bookinfo.com/3_application/private/bookinfo.com.key.pem --cert bookinfo.com/3_application/certs/bookinfo.com.cert.pem secret "istio-ingressgateway-bookinfo-certs" created {{< /text >}}

  2. Generate the istio-ingressgateway deployment with a volume to be mounted from the new secret. Use the same options you used for generating your istio.yaml:

    {{< text bash >}} $ helm template install/kubernetes/helm/istio/ --name istio-ingressgateway --namespace istio-system -x charts/gateways/templates/deployment.yaml --set gateways.istio-egressgateway.enabled=false
    --set gateways.istio-ingressgateway.secretVolumes[0].name=ingressgateway-certs
    --set gateways.istio-ingressgateway.secretVolumes[0].secretName=istio-ingressgateway-certs
    --set gateways.istio-ingressgateway.secretVolumes[0].mountPath=/etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs
    --set gateways.istio-ingressgateway.secretVolumes[1].name=ingressgateway-ca-certs
    --set gateways.istio-ingressgateway.secretVolumes[1].secretName=istio-ingressgateway-ca-certs
    --set gateways.istio-ingressgateway.secretVolumes[1].mountPath=/etc/istio/ingressgateway-ca-certs
    --set gateways.istio-ingressgateway.secretVolumes[2].name=ingressgateway-bookinfo-certs
    --set gateways.istio-ingressgateway.secretVolumes[2].secretName=istio-ingressgateway-bookinfo-certs
    --set gateways.istio-ingressgateway.secretVolumes[2].mountPath=/etc/istio/ingressgateway-bookinfo-certs >
    $HOME/istio-ingressgateway.yaml {{< /text >}}

  3. Redeploy istio-ingressgateway:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f $HOME/istio-ingressgateway.yaml deployment "istio-ingressgateway" configured {{< /text >}}

  4. Verify that the key and certificate have been successfully loaded in the istio-ingressgateway pod:

    {{< text bash >}} kubectl exec -it -n istio-system(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -l istio=ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -- ls -al /etc/istio/ingressgateway-bookinfo-certs {{< /text >}}

    tls.crt and tls.key should appear in the directory contents.

Configure traffic for the bookinfo.com host

  1. Deploy the Bookinfo sample application, without a gateway:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo.yaml {{< /text >}}

  2. Redeploy the Gateway definition with an additional host for bookinfo.com:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3 kind: Gateway metadata: name: mygateway spec: selector: istio: ingressgateway # use istio default ingress gateway servers:

    • port: number: 443 name: https-httpbin protocol: HTTPS tls: mode: SIMPLE serverCertificate: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.crt privateKey: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.key hosts:
      • "httpbin.example.com"
    • port: number: 443 name: https-bookinfo protocol: HTTPS tls: mode: SIMPLE serverCertificate: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-bookinfo-certs/tls.crt privateKey: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-bookinfo-certs/tls.key hosts:
      • "bookinfo.com" EOF {{< /text >}}

  3. Configure the routes for bookinfo.com. Define a VirtualService like the one in [samples/bookinfo/networking/bookinfo-gateway.yaml]({{< github_file >}}/samples/bookinfo/networking/bookinfo-gateway.yaml):

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3 kind: VirtualService metadata: name: bookinfo spec: hosts:

    • "bookinfo.com" gateways:
    • mygateway http:
    • match:
      • uri: exact: /productpage
      • uri: exact: /login
      • uri: exact: /logout
      • uri: prefix: /api/v1/products route:
      • destination: host: productpage port: number: 9080 EOF {{< /text >}}

  4. Send a request to the Bookinfo productpage:

    {{< text bash >}} $ curl -o /dev/null -s -v -w "%{http_code}\n" -HHost:bookinfo.com --resolve bookinfo.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT:$INGRESS_HOST --cacert bookinfo.com/2_intermediate/certs/ca-chain.cert.pem -HHost:bookinfo.com https://bookinfo.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT/productpage ... Server certificate: subject: C=US; ST=Denial; L=Springfield; O=Dis; CN=bookinfo.com start date: Aug 12 13:50:05 2018 GMT expire date: Aug 22 13:50:05 2019 GMT common name: bookinfo.com (matched) issuer: C=US; ST=Denial; O=Dis; CN=bookinfo.com SSL certificate verify ok. ... 200 {{< /text >}}

  5. Verify that httbin.example.com is accessible as previously. Send a request to it and see again the teapot you should already love:

    {{< text bash >}} $ curl -v -HHost:httpbin.example.com --resolve httpbin.example.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT:$INGRESS_HOST --cacert httpbin.example.com/2_intermediate/certs/ca-chain.cert.pem https://httpbin.example.com:$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT/status/418 ... -=[ teapot ]=-

    .... .' _ _ . | ." ^ ". _, \_;"---"|// | ;/ \_ _/ """` {{< /text >}}

Troubleshooting

  1. Inspect the values of the INGRESS_HOST and SECURE_INGRESS_PORT environment variables. Make sure they have valid values, according to the output of the following commands:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl get svc -n istio-system $ echo INGRESS_HOST=$INGRESS_HOST, SECURE_INGRESS_PORT=$SECURE_INGRESS_PORT {{< /text >}}

  2. Verify that the key and the certificate are successfully loaded in the istio-ingressgateway pod:

    {{< text bash >}} kubectl exec -it -n istio-system(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -l istio=ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -- ls -al /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs {{< /text >}}

    tls.crt and tls.key should exist in the directory contents.

  3. Verify that the Subject is correct in the certificate of the ingress gateway:

    {{< text bash >}} kubectl exec -i -n istio-system(kubectl get pod -l istio=ingressgateway -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -- cat /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.crt | openssl x509 -text -noout | grep 'Subject:' Subject: C=US, ST=Denial, L=Springfield, O=Dis, CN=httpbin.example.com {{< /text >}}

  4. Verify that the proxy of the ingress gateway is aware of the certificates:

    {{< text bash >}} kubectl exec -ti(kubectl get po -l istio=ingressgateway -n istio-system -o jsonpath={.items[0]..metadata.name}) -n istio-system -- curl 127.0.0.1:15000/certs { "ca_cert": "", "cert_chain": "Certificate Path: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.crt, Serial Number: 100212, Days until Expiration: 370" } {{< /text >}}

  5. Check the log of istio-ingressgateway for error messages:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl logs -n istio-system -l istio=ingressgateway {{< /text >}}

  6. If the secret was created but the keys were not mounted, kill the ingress gateway pod and force it to reload certs:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl delete pod -n istio-system -l istio=ingressgateway {{< /text >}}

  7. For macOS users, verify that you use curl compiled with the LibreSSL library, as described in the Before you begin section.

Troubleshooting for mutual TLS

In addition to the steps in the previous section, perform the following:

  1. Verify that the CA certificate is loaded in the istio-ingressgateway pod:

    {{< text bash >}} kubectl exec -it -n istio-system(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -l istio=ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -- ls -al /etc/istio/ingressgateway-ca-certs {{< /text >}}

    ca-chain.cert.pem should exist in the directory contents.

  2. Verify that the Subject is correct in the CA certificate of the ingress gateway:

    {{< text bash >}} kubectl exec -i -n istio-system(kubectl get pod -l istio=ingressgateway -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -- cat /etc/istio/ingressgateway-ca-certs/ca-chain.cert.pem | openssl x509 -text -noout | grep 'Subject:' Subject: C=US, ST=Denial, L=Springfield, O=Dis, CN=httpbin.example.com {{< /text >}}

  3. If the secret was created but the keys were not mounted, kill the ingress gateway pod and force it to reload certs:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl delete pod -n istio-system -l istio=ingressgateway {{< /text >}}

Cleanup

  1. Delete the Gateway configuration, the VirtualService, and the secrets:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl delete gateway mygateway $ kubectl delete virtualservice httpbin $ kubectl delete --ignore-not-found=true -n istio-system secret istio-ingressgateway-certs istio-ingressgateway-ca-certs $ kubectl delete --ignore-not-found=true virtualservice bookinfo {{< /text >}}

  2. Delete the directories of the certificates and the repository used to generate them:

    {{< text bash >}} $ rm -rf httpbin.example.com bookinfo.com mtls-go-example {{< /text >}}

  3. Remove the file you used for redeployment of istio-ingressgateway:

    {{< text bash >}} $ rm -f $HOME/istio-ingressgateway.yaml {{< /text >}}

  4. Shutdown the [httpbin]({{< github_tree >}}/samples/httpbin) service:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl delete --ignore-not-found=true -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@ {{< /text >}}