523 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
523 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
---
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reviewers:
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- janetkuo
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- thockin
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content_type: concept
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title: Application Introspection and Debugging
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---
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<!-- overview -->
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Once your application is running, you'll inevitably need to debug problems with it.
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Earlier we described how you can use `kubectl get pods` to retrieve simple status information about
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your pods. But there are a number of ways to get even more information about your application.
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<!-- body -->
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## Using `kubectl describe pod` to fetch details about pods
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For this example we'll use a Deployment to create two pods, similar to the earlier example.
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{{< codenew file="application/nginx-with-request.yaml" >}}
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Create deployment by running following command:
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```shell
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kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/nginx-with-request.yaml
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```
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```none
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deployment.apps/nginx-deployment created
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```
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Check pod status by following command:
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```shell
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kubectl get pods
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```
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```none
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NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
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nginx-deployment-67d4bdd6f5-cx2nz 1/1 Running 0 13s
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nginx-deployment-67d4bdd6f5-w6kd7 1/1 Running 0 13s
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```
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We can retrieve a lot more information about each of these pods using `kubectl describe pod`. For example:
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```shell
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kubectl describe pod nginx-deployment-67d4bdd6f5-w6kd7
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```
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```none
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Name: nginx-deployment-67d4bdd6f5-w6kd7
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Namespace: default
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Priority: 0
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Node: kube-worker-1/192.168.0.113
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Start Time: Thu, 17 Feb 2022 16:51:01 -0500
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Labels: app=nginx
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pod-template-hash=67d4bdd6f5
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Annotations: <none>
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Status: Running
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IP: 10.88.0.3
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IPs:
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IP: 10.88.0.3
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IP: 2001:db8::1
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Controlled By: ReplicaSet/nginx-deployment-67d4bdd6f5
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Containers:
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nginx:
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Container ID: containerd://5403af59a2b46ee5a23fb0ae4b1e077f7ca5c5fb7af16e1ab21c00e0e616462a
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Image: nginx
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Image ID: docker.io/library/nginx@sha256:2834dc507516af02784808c5f48b7cbe38b8ed5d0f4837f16e78d00deb7e7767
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Port: 80/TCP
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Host Port: 0/TCP
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State: Running
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Started: Thu, 17 Feb 2022 16:51:05 -0500
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Ready: True
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Restart Count: 0
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Limits:
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cpu: 500m
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memory: 128Mi
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Requests:
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cpu: 500m
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memory: 128Mi
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Environment: <none>
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Mounts:
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/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from kube-api-access-bgsgp (ro)
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Conditions:
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Type Status
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Initialized True
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Ready True
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ContainersReady True
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PodScheduled True
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Volumes:
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kube-api-access-bgsgp:
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Type: Projected (a volume that contains injected data from multiple sources)
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TokenExpirationSeconds: 3607
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ConfigMapName: kube-root-ca.crt
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ConfigMapOptional: <nil>
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DownwardAPI: true
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QoS Class: Guaranteed
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Node-Selectors: <none>
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Tolerations: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
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node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
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Events:
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Type Reason Age From Message
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---- ------ ---- ---- -------
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Normal Scheduled 34s default-scheduler Successfully assigned default/nginx-deployment-67d4bdd6f5-w6kd7 to kube-worker-1
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Normal Pulling 31s kubelet Pulling image "nginx"
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Normal Pulled 30s kubelet Successfully pulled image "nginx" in 1.146417389s
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Normal Created 30s kubelet Created container nginx
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Normal Started 30s kubelet Started container nginx
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```
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Here you can see configuration information about the container(s) and Pod (labels, resource requirements, etc.), as well as status information about the container(s) and Pod (state, readiness, restart count, events, etc.).
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The container state is one of Waiting, Running, or Terminated. Depending on the state, additional information will be provided -- here you can see that for a container in Running state, the system tells you when the container started.
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Ready tells you whether the container passed its last readiness probe. (In this case, the container does not have a readiness probe configured; the container is assumed to be ready if no readiness probe is configured.)
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Restart Count tells you how many times the container has been restarted; this information can be useful for detecting crash loops in containers that are configured with a restart policy of 'always.'
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Currently the only Condition associated with a Pod is the binary Ready condition, which indicates that the pod is able to service requests and should be added to the load balancing pools of all matching services.
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Lastly, you see a log of recent events related to your Pod. The system compresses multiple identical events by indicating the first and last time it was seen and the number of times it was seen. "From" indicates the component that is logging the event, "SubobjectPath" tells you which object (e.g. container within the pod) is being referred to, and "Reason" and "Message" tell you what happened.
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## Example: debugging Pending Pods
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A common scenario that you can detect using events is when you've created a Pod that won't fit on any node. For example, the Pod might request more resources than are free on any node, or it might specify a label selector that doesn't match any nodes. Let's say we created the previous Deployment with 5 replicas (instead of 2) and requesting 600 millicores instead of 500, on a four-node cluster where each (virtual) machine has 1 CPU. In that case one of the Pods will not be able to schedule. (Note that because of the cluster addon pods such as fluentd, skydns, etc., that run on each node, if we requested 1000 millicores then none of the Pods would be able to schedule.)
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```shell
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kubectl get pods
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```
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```none
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NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
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nginx-deployment-1006230814-6winp 1/1 Running 0 7m
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nginx-deployment-1006230814-fmgu3 1/1 Running 0 7m
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nginx-deployment-1370807587-6ekbw 1/1 Running 0 1m
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nginx-deployment-1370807587-fg172 0/1 Pending 0 1m
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nginx-deployment-1370807587-fz9sd 0/1 Pending 0 1m
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```
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To find out why the nginx-deployment-1370807587-fz9sd pod is not running, we can use `kubectl describe pod` on the pending Pod and look at its events:
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```shell
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kubectl describe pod nginx-deployment-1370807587-fz9sd
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```
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```none
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Name: nginx-deployment-1370807587-fz9sd
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Namespace: default
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Node: /
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Labels: app=nginx,pod-template-hash=1370807587
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Status: Pending
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IP:
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Controllers: ReplicaSet/nginx-deployment-1370807587
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Containers:
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nginx:
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Image: nginx
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Port: 80/TCP
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QoS Tier:
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memory: Guaranteed
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cpu: Guaranteed
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Limits:
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cpu: 1
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memory: 128Mi
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Requests:
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cpu: 1
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memory: 128Mi
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Environment Variables:
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Volumes:
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default-token-4bcbi:
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Type: Secret (a volume populated by a Secret)
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SecretName: default-token-4bcbi
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Events:
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FirstSeen LastSeen Count From SubobjectPath Type Reason Message
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--------- -------- ----- ---- ------------- -------- ------ -------
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1m 48s 7 {default-scheduler } Warning FailedScheduling pod (nginx-deployment-1370807587-fz9sd) failed to fit in any node
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fit failure on node (kubernetes-node-6ta5): Node didn't have enough resource: CPU, requested: 1000, used: 1420, capacity: 2000
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fit failure on node (kubernetes-node-wul5): Node didn't have enough resource: CPU, requested: 1000, used: 1100, capacity: 2000
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```
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Here you can see the event generated by the scheduler saying that the Pod failed to schedule for reason `FailedScheduling` (and possibly others). The message tells us that there were not enough resources for the Pod on any of the nodes.
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To correct this situation, you can use `kubectl scale` to update your Deployment to specify four or fewer replicas. (Or you could leave the one Pod pending, which is harmless.)
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Events such as the ones you saw at the end of `kubectl describe pod` are persisted in etcd and provide high-level information on what is happening in the cluster. To list all events you can use
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```shell
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kubectl get events
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```
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but you have to remember that events are namespaced. This means that if you're interested in events for some namespaced object (e.g. what happened with Pods in namespace `my-namespace`) you need to explicitly provide a namespace to the command:
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```shell
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kubectl get events --namespace=my-namespace
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```
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To see events from all namespaces, you can use the `--all-namespaces` argument.
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In addition to `kubectl describe pod`, another way to get extra information about a pod (beyond what is provided by `kubectl get pod`) is to pass the `-o yaml` output format flag to `kubectl get pod`. This will give you, in YAML format, even more information than `kubectl describe pod`--essentially all of the information the system has about the Pod. Here you will see things like annotations (which are key-value metadata without the label restrictions, that is used internally by Kubernetes system components), restart policy, ports, and volumes.
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```shell
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kubectl get pod nginx-deployment-1006230814-6winp -o yaml
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```
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```yaml
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Pod
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metadata:
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creationTimestamp: "2022-02-17T21:51:01Z"
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generateName: nginx-deployment-67d4bdd6f5-
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labels:
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app: nginx
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pod-template-hash: 67d4bdd6f5
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name: nginx-deployment-67d4bdd6f5-w6kd7
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namespace: default
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ownerReferences:
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- apiVersion: apps/v1
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blockOwnerDeletion: true
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controller: true
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kind: ReplicaSet
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name: nginx-deployment-67d4bdd6f5
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uid: 7d41dfd4-84c0-4be4-88ab-cedbe626ad82
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resourceVersion: "1364"
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uid: a6501da1-0447-4262-98eb-c03d4002222e
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spec:
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containers:
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- image: nginx
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imagePullPolicy: Always
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name: nginx
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ports:
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- containerPort: 80
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protocol: TCP
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resources:
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limits:
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cpu: 500m
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memory: 128Mi
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requests:
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cpu: 500m
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memory: 128Mi
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terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
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terminationMessagePolicy: File
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volumeMounts:
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- mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
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name: kube-api-access-bgsgp
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readOnly: true
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dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
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enableServiceLinks: true
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nodeName: kube-worker-1
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preemptionPolicy: PreemptLowerPriority
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priority: 0
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restartPolicy: Always
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schedulerName: default-scheduler
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securityContext: {}
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serviceAccount: default
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serviceAccountName: default
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terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
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tolerations:
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- effect: NoExecute
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key: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready
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operator: Exists
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tolerationSeconds: 300
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- effect: NoExecute
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key: node.kubernetes.io/unreachable
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operator: Exists
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tolerationSeconds: 300
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volumes:
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- name: kube-api-access-bgsgp
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projected:
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defaultMode: 420
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sources:
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- serviceAccountToken:
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expirationSeconds: 3607
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path: token
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- configMap:
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items:
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- key: ca.crt
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path: ca.crt
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name: kube-root-ca.crt
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- downwardAPI:
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items:
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- fieldRef:
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apiVersion: v1
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fieldPath: metadata.namespace
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path: namespace
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status:
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conditions:
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- lastProbeTime: null
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lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-17T21:51:01Z"
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status: "True"
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type: Initialized
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- lastProbeTime: null
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lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-17T21:51:06Z"
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status: "True"
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type: Ready
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- lastProbeTime: null
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lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-17T21:51:06Z"
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status: "True"
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type: ContainersReady
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- lastProbeTime: null
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lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-17T21:51:01Z"
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status: "True"
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type: PodScheduled
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containerStatuses:
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- containerID: containerd://5403af59a2b46ee5a23fb0ae4b1e077f7ca5c5fb7af16e1ab21c00e0e616462a
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image: docker.io/library/nginx:latest
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imageID: docker.io/library/nginx@sha256:2834dc507516af02784808c5f48b7cbe38b8ed5d0f4837f16e78d00deb7e7767
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lastState: {}
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name: nginx
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ready: true
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restartCount: 0
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started: true
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state:
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running:
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startedAt: "2022-02-17T21:51:05Z"
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hostIP: 192.168.0.113
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phase: Running
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podIP: 10.88.0.3
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podIPs:
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- ip: 10.88.0.3
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- ip: 2001:db8::1
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qosClass: Guaranteed
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startTime: "2022-02-17T21:51:01Z"
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```
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## Example: debugging a down/unreachable node
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Sometimes when debugging it can be useful to look at the status of a node -- for example, because you've noticed strange behavior of a Pod that's running on the node, or to find out why a Pod won't schedule onto the node. As with Pods, you can use `kubectl describe node` and `kubectl get node -o yaml` to retrieve detailed information about nodes. For example, here's what you'll see if a node is down (disconnected from the network, or kubelet dies and won't restart, etc.). Notice the events that show the node is NotReady, and also notice that the pods are no longer running (they are evicted after five minutes of NotReady status).
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```shell
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kubectl get nodes
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```
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```none
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NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
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kube-worker-1 NotReady <none> 1h v1.23.3
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kubernetes-node-bols Ready <none> 1h v1.23.3
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kubernetes-node-st6x Ready <none> 1h v1.23.3
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kubernetes-node-unaj Ready <none> 1h v1.23.3
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```
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```shell
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kubectl describe node kube-worker-1
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```
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```none
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Name: kube-worker-1
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Roles: <none>
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Labels: beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64
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beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux
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kubernetes.io/arch=amd64
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kubernetes.io/hostname=kube-worker-1
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kubernetes.io/os=linux
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Annotations: kubeadm.alpha.kubernetes.io/cri-socket: /run/containerd/containerd.sock
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node.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl: 0
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volumes.kubernetes.io/controller-managed-attach-detach: true
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CreationTimestamp: Thu, 17 Feb 2022 16:46:30 -0500
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Taints: node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute
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node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoSchedule
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Unschedulable: false
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Lease:
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HolderIdentity: kube-worker-1
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AcquireTime: <unset>
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RenewTime: Thu, 17 Feb 2022 17:13:09 -0500
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Conditions:
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Type Status LastHeartbeatTime LastTransitionTime Reason Message
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---- ------ ----------------- ------------------ ------ -------
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NetworkUnavailable False Thu, 17 Feb 2022 17:09:13 -0500 Thu, 17 Feb 2022 17:09:13 -0500 WeaveIsUp Weave pod has set this
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MemoryPressure Unknown Thu, 17 Feb 2022 17:12:40 -0500 Thu, 17 Feb 2022 17:13:52 -0500 NodeStatusUnknown Kubelet stopped posting node status.
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DiskPressure Unknown Thu, 17 Feb 2022 17:12:40 -0500 Thu, 17 Feb 2022 17:13:52 -0500 NodeStatusUnknown Kubelet stopped posting node status.
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PIDPressure Unknown Thu, 17 Feb 2022 17:12:40 -0500 Thu, 17 Feb 2022 17:13:52 -0500 NodeStatusUnknown Kubelet stopped posting node status.
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Ready Unknown Thu, 17 Feb 2022 17:12:40 -0500 Thu, 17 Feb 2022 17:13:52 -0500 NodeStatusUnknown Kubelet stopped posting node status.
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Addresses:
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InternalIP: 192.168.0.113
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Hostname: kube-worker-1
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Capacity:
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cpu: 2
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ephemeral-storage: 15372232Ki
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hugepages-2Mi: 0
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memory: 2025188Ki
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pods: 110
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Allocatable:
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cpu: 2
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ephemeral-storage: 14167048988
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hugepages-2Mi: 0
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memory: 1922788Ki
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pods: 110
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System Info:
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Machine ID: 9384e2927f544209b5d7b67474bbf92b
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System UUID: aa829ca9-73d7-064d-9019-df07404ad448
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Boot ID: 5a295a03-aaca-4340-af20-1327fa5dab5c
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Kernel Version: 5.13.0-28-generic
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OS Image: Ubuntu 21.10
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Operating System: linux
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Architecture: amd64
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Container Runtime Version: containerd://1.5.9
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Kubelet Version: v1.23.3
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Kube-Proxy Version: v1.23.3
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Non-terminated Pods: (4 in total)
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Namespace Name CPU Requests CPU Limits Memory Requests Memory Limits Age
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--------- ---- ------------ ---------- --------------- ------------- ---
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default nginx-deployment-67d4bdd6f5-cx2nz 500m (25%) 500m (25%) 128Mi (6%) 128Mi (6%) 23m
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default nginx-deployment-67d4bdd6f5-w6kd7 500m (25%) 500m (25%) 128Mi (6%) 128Mi (6%) 23m
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kube-system kube-proxy-dnxbz 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 28m
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kube-system weave-net-gjxxp 100m (5%) 0 (0%) 200Mi (10%) 0 (0%) 28m
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Allocated resources:
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(Total limits may be over 100 percent, i.e., overcommitted.)
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Resource Requests Limits
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-------- -------- ------
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cpu 1100m (55%) 1 (50%)
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memory 456Mi (24%) 256Mi (13%)
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ephemeral-storage 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
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hugepages-2Mi 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
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Events:
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...
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```
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```shell
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kubectl get node kube-worker-1 -o yaml
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```
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```yaml
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Node
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metadata:
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annotations:
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kubeadm.alpha.kubernetes.io/cri-socket: /run/containerd/containerd.sock
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node.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl: "0"
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volumes.kubernetes.io/controller-managed-attach-detach: "true"
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creationTimestamp: "2022-02-17T21:46:30Z"
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labels:
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beta.kubernetes.io/arch: amd64
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beta.kubernetes.io/os: linux
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kubernetes.io/arch: amd64
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kubernetes.io/hostname: kube-worker-1
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kubernetes.io/os: linux
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name: kube-worker-1
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resourceVersion: "4026"
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uid: 98efe7cb-2978-4a0b-842a-1a7bf12c05f8
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spec: {}
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status:
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addresses:
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- address: 192.168.0.113
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type: InternalIP
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- address: kube-worker-1
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type: Hostname
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allocatable:
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cpu: "2"
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ephemeral-storage: "14167048988"
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hugepages-2Mi: "0"
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memory: 1922788Ki
|
|
pods: "110"
|
|
capacity:
|
|
cpu: "2"
|
|
ephemeral-storage: 15372232Ki
|
|
hugepages-2Mi: "0"
|
|
memory: 2025188Ki
|
|
pods: "110"
|
|
conditions:
|
|
- lastHeartbeatTime: "2022-02-17T22:20:32Z"
|
|
lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-17T22:20:32Z"
|
|
message: Weave pod has set this
|
|
reason: WeaveIsUp
|
|
status: "False"
|
|
type: NetworkUnavailable
|
|
- lastHeartbeatTime: "2022-02-17T22:20:15Z"
|
|
lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-17T22:13:25Z"
|
|
message: kubelet has sufficient memory available
|
|
reason: KubeletHasSufficientMemory
|
|
status: "False"
|
|
type: MemoryPressure
|
|
- lastHeartbeatTime: "2022-02-17T22:20:15Z"
|
|
lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-17T22:13:25Z"
|
|
message: kubelet has no disk pressure
|
|
reason: KubeletHasNoDiskPressure
|
|
status: "False"
|
|
type: DiskPressure
|
|
- lastHeartbeatTime: "2022-02-17T22:20:15Z"
|
|
lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-17T22:13:25Z"
|
|
message: kubelet has sufficient PID available
|
|
reason: KubeletHasSufficientPID
|
|
status: "False"
|
|
type: PIDPressure
|
|
- lastHeartbeatTime: "2022-02-17T22:20:15Z"
|
|
lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-17T22:15:15Z"
|
|
message: kubelet is posting ready status. AppArmor enabled
|
|
reason: KubeletReady
|
|
status: "True"
|
|
type: Ready
|
|
daemonEndpoints:
|
|
kubeletEndpoint:
|
|
Port: 10250
|
|
nodeInfo:
|
|
architecture: amd64
|
|
bootID: 22333234-7a6b-44d4-9ce1-67e31dc7e369
|
|
containerRuntimeVersion: containerd://1.5.9
|
|
kernelVersion: 5.13.0-28-generic
|
|
kubeProxyVersion: v1.23.3
|
|
kubeletVersion: v1.23.3
|
|
machineID: 9384e2927f544209b5d7b67474bbf92b
|
|
operatingSystem: linux
|
|
osImage: Ubuntu 21.10
|
|
systemUUID: aa829ca9-73d7-064d-9019-df07404ad448
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
Learn about additional debugging tools, including:
|
|
|
|
* [Logging](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/logging/)
|
|
* [Monitoring](/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/resource-usage-monitoring/)
|
|
* [Getting into containers via `exec`](/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/get-shell-running-container/)
|
|
* [Connecting to containers via proxies](/docs/tasks/extend-kubernetes/http-proxy-access-api/)
|
|
* [Connecting to containers via port forwarding](/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/port-forward-access-application-cluster/)
|
|
* [Inspect Kubernetes node with crictl](/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/crictl/)
|
|
|
|
|