673 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
673 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
<p align="center">
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<a href="https://programmercarl.com/other/xunlianying.html" target="_blank">
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<img src="../pics/训练营.png" width="1000"/>
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</a>
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<p align="center"><strong><a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/tqCxrMEU-ajQumL1i8im9A">参与本项目</a>,贡献其他语言版本的代码,拥抱开源,让更多学习算法的小伙伴们收益!</strong></p>
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> 工作上一定没人这么搞,但是考察对栈、队列理解程度的好题
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# 232.用栈实现队列
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[力扣题目链接](https://leetcode.cn/problems/implement-queue-using-stacks/)
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使用栈实现队列的下列操作:
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push(x) -- 将一个元素放入队列的尾部。
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pop() -- 从队列首部移除元素。
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peek() -- 返回队列首部的元素。
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empty() -- 返回队列是否为空。
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示例:
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```cpp
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MyQueue queue = new MyQueue();
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queue.push(1);
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queue.push(2);
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queue.peek(); // 返回 1
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queue.pop(); // 返回 1
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queue.empty(); // 返回 false
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```
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说明:
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* 你只能使用标准的栈操作 -- 也就是只有 push to top, peek/pop from top, size, 和 is empty 操作是合法的。
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* 你所使用的语言也许不支持栈。你可以使用 list 或者 deque(双端队列)来模拟一个栈,只要是标准的栈操作即可。
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* 假设所有操作都是有效的 (例如,一个空的队列不会调用 pop 或者 peek 操作)。
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## 算法公开课
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**[《代码随想录》算法视频公开课](https://programmercarl.com/other/gongkaike.html):[栈的基本操作! | LeetCode:232.用栈实现队列](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1nY4y1w7VC),相信结合视频再看本篇题解,更有助于大家对本题的理解**。
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## 思路
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这是一道模拟题,不涉及到具体算法,考察的就是对栈和队列的掌握程度。
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使用栈来模式队列的行为,如果仅仅用一个栈,是一定不行的,所以需要两个栈**一个输入栈,一个输出栈**,这里要注意输入栈和输出栈的关系。
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下面动画模拟以下队列的执行过程:
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执行语句:
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queue.push(1);
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queue.push(2);
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queue.pop(); **注意此时的输出栈的操作**
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queue.push(3);
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queue.push(4);
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queue.pop();
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queue.pop();**注意此时的输出栈的操作**
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queue.pop();
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queue.empty();
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在push数据的时候,只要数据放进输入栈就好,**但在pop的时候,操作就复杂一些,输出栈如果为空,就把进栈数据全部导入进来(注意是全部导入)**,再从出栈弹出数据,如果输出栈不为空,则直接从出栈弹出数据就可以了。
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最后如何判断队列为空呢?**如果进栈和出栈都为空的话,说明模拟的队列为空了。**
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在代码实现的时候,会发现pop() 和 peek()两个函数功能类似,代码实现上也是类似的,可以思考一下如何把代码抽象一下。
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C++代码如下:
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```CPP
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class MyQueue {
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public:
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stack<int> stIn;
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stack<int> stOut;
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/** Initialize your data structure here. */
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MyQueue() {
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}
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/** Push element x to the back of queue. */
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void push(int x) {
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stIn.push(x);
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}
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/** Removes the element from in front of queue and returns that element. */
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int pop() {
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// 只有当stOut为空的时候,再从stIn里导入数据(导入stIn全部数据)
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if (stOut.empty()) {
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// 从stIn导入数据直到stIn为空
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while(!stIn.empty()) {
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stOut.push(stIn.top());
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stIn.pop();
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}
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}
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int result = stOut.top();
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stOut.pop();
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return result;
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}
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/** Get the front element. */
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int peek() {
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int res = this->pop(); // 直接使用已有的pop函数
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stOut.push(res); // 因为pop函数弹出了元素res,所以再添加回去
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return res;
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}
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/** Returns whether the queue is empty. */
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bool empty() {
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return stIn.empty() && stOut.empty();
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}
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};
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```
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* 时间复杂度: push和empty为O(1), pop和peek为O(n)
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* 空间复杂度: O(n)
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## 拓展
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可以看出peek()的实现,直接复用了pop(), 要不然,对stOut判空的逻辑又要重写一遍。
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再多说一些代码开发上的习惯问题,在工业级别代码开发中,最忌讳的就是 实现一个类似的函数,直接把代码粘过来改一改就完事了。
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这样的项目代码会越来越乱,**一定要懂得复用,功能相近的函数要抽象出来,不要大量的复制粘贴,很容易出问题!(踩过坑的人自然懂)**
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工作中如果发现某一个功能自己要经常用,同事们可能也会用到,自己就花点时间把这个功能抽象成一个好用的函数或者工具类,不仅自己方便,也方便了同事们。
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同事们就会逐渐认可你的工作态度和工作能力,自己的口碑都是这么一点一点积累起来的!在同事圈里口碑起来了之后,你就发现自己走上了一个正循环,以后的升职加薪才少不了你!
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## 其他语言版本
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### Java:
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```java
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class MyQueue {
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Stack<Integer> stackIn;
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Stack<Integer> stackOut;
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/** Initialize your data structure here. */
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public MyQueue() {
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stackIn = new Stack<>(); // 负责进栈
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stackOut = new Stack<>(); // 负责出栈
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}
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/** Push element x to the back of queue. */
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public void push(int x) {
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stackIn.push(x);
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}
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/** Removes the element from in front of queue and returns that element. */
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public int pop() {
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dumpstackIn();
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return stackOut.pop();
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}
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/** Get the front element. */
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public int peek() {
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dumpstackIn();
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return stackOut.peek();
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}
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/** Returns whether the queue is empty. */
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public boolean empty() {
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return stackIn.isEmpty() && stackOut.isEmpty();
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}
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// 如果stackOut为空,那么将stackIn中的元素全部放到stackOut中
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private void dumpstackIn(){
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if (!stackOut.isEmpty()) return;
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while (!stackIn.isEmpty()){
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stackOut.push(stackIn.pop());
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}
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}
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}
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```
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### Python:
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```python
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class MyQueue:
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def __init__(self):
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"""
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in主要负责push,out主要负责pop
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"""
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self.stack_in = []
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self.stack_out = []
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def push(self, x: int) -> None:
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"""
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有新元素进来,就往in里面push
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"""
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self.stack_in.append(x)
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def pop(self) -> int:
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"""
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Removes the element from in front of queue and returns that element.
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"""
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if self.empty():
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return None
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if self.stack_out:
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return self.stack_out.pop()
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else:
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for i in range(len(self.stack_in)):
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self.stack_out.append(self.stack_in.pop())
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return self.stack_out.pop()
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def peek(self) -> int:
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"""
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Get the front element.
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"""
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ans = self.pop()
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self.stack_out.append(ans)
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return ans
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def empty(self) -> bool:
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"""
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只要in或者out有元素,说明队列不为空
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"""
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return not (self.stack_in or self.stack_out)
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```
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### Go:
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```Go
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type MyQueue struct {
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stackIn []int //输入栈
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stackOut []int //输出栈
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}
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func Constructor() MyQueue {
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return MyQueue{
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stackIn: make([]int, 0),
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stackOut: make([]int, 0),
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}
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}
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// 往输入栈做push
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func (this *MyQueue) Push(x int) {
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this.stackIn = append(this.stackIn, x)
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}
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// 在输出栈做pop,pop时如果输出栈数据为空,需要将输入栈全部数据导入,如果非空,则可直接使用
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func (this *MyQueue) Pop() int {
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inLen, outLen := len(this.stackIn), len(this.stackOut)
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if outLen == 0 {
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if inLen == 0 {
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return -1
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}
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for i := inLen - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
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this.stackOut = append(this.stackOut, this.stackIn[i])
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}
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this.stackIn = []int{} //导出后清空
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outLen = len(this.stackOut) //更新长度值
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}
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val := this.stackOut[outLen-1]
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this.stackOut = this.stackOut[:outLen-1]
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return val
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}
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func (this *MyQueue) Peek() int {
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val := this.Pop()
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if val == -1 {
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return -1
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}
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this.stackOut = append(this.stackOut, val)
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return val
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}
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func (this *MyQueue) Empty() bool {
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return len(this.stackIn) == 0 && len(this.stackOut) == 0
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}
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```
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### JavaScript:
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```js
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// 使用两个数组的栈方法(push, pop) 实现队列
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/**
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* Initialize your data structure here.
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*/
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var MyQueue = function() {
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this.stackIn = [];
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this.stackOut = [];
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};
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/**
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* Push element x to the back of queue.
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* @param {number} x
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* @return {void}
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*/
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MyQueue.prototype.push = function(x) {
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this.stackIn.push(x);
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};
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/**
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* Removes the element from in front of queue and returns that element.
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* @return {number}
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*/
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MyQueue.prototype.pop = function() {
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const size = this.stackOut.length;
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if(size) {
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return this.stackOut.pop();
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}
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while(this.stackIn.length) {
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this.stackOut.push(this.stackIn.pop());
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}
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return this.stackOut.pop();
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};
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/**
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* Get the front element.
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* @return {number}
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*/
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MyQueue.prototype.peek = function() {
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const x = this.pop();
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this.stackOut.push(x);
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return x;
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};
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/**
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* Returns whether the queue is empty.
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* @return {boolean}
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*/
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MyQueue.prototype.empty = function() {
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return !this.stackIn.length && !this.stackOut.length
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};
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```
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### TypeScript:
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```typescript
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class MyQueue {
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private stackIn: number[]
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private stackOut: number[]
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constructor() {
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this.stackIn = [];
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this.stackOut = [];
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}
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push(x: number): void {
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this.stackIn.push(x);
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}
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pop(): number {
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if (this.stackOut.length === 0) {
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while (this.stackIn.length > 0) {
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this.stackOut.push(this.stackIn.pop()!);
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}
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}
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return this.stackOut.pop()!;
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}
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peek(): number {
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let temp: number = this.pop();
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this.stackOut.push(temp);
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return temp;
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}
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empty(): boolean {
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return this.stackIn.length === 0 && this.stackOut.length === 0;
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}
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}
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```
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### Swift:
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```swift
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class MyQueue {
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var stackIn = [Int]()
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var stackOut = [Int]()
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init() {}
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/** Push element x to the back of queue. */
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func push(_ x: Int) {
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stackIn.append(x)
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}
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/** Removes the element from in front of queue and returns that element. */
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func pop() -> Int {
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if stackOut.isEmpty {
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while !stackIn.isEmpty {
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stackOut.append(stackIn.popLast()!)
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}
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}
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return stackOut.popLast() ?? -1
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}
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/** Get the front element. */
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func peek() -> Int {
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let res = pop()
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stackOut.append(res)
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return res
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}
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/** Returns whether the queue is empty. */
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func empty() -> Bool {
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return stackIn.isEmpty && stackOut.isEmpty
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}
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}
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```
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### C:
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```C
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/*
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1.两个type为int的数组(栈),大小为100
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第一个栈stackIn用来存放数据,第二个栈stackOut作为辅助用来输出数据
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2.两个指针stackInTop和stackOutTop,分别指向栈顶
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*/
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typedef struct {
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int stackInTop, stackOutTop;
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int stackIn[100], stackOut[100];
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} MyQueue;
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/*
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1.开辟一个队列的大小空间
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2.将指针stackInTop和stackOutTop初始化为0
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3.返回开辟的队列
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*/
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MyQueue* myQueueCreate() {
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MyQueue* queue = (MyQueue*)malloc(sizeof(MyQueue));
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queue->stackInTop = 0;
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queue->stackOutTop = 0;
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return queue;
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}
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/*
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将元素存入第一个栈中,存入后栈顶指针+1
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*/
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void myQueuePush(MyQueue* obj, int x) {
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obj->stackIn[(obj->stackInTop)++] = x;
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}
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/*
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1.若输出栈为空且当第一个栈中有元素(stackInTop>0时),将第一个栈中元素复制到第二个栈中(stackOut[stackTop2++] = stackIn[--stackTop1])
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2.将栈顶元素保存
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3.当stackTop2>0时,将第二个栈中元素复制到第一个栈中(stackIn[stackTop1++] = stackOut[--stackTop2])
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*/
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int myQueuePop(MyQueue* obj) {
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//优化:复制栈顶指针,减少对内存的访问次数
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int stackInTop = obj->stackInTop;
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int stackOutTop = obj->stackOutTop;
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//若输出栈为空
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if(stackOutTop == 0) {
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//将第一个栈中元素复制到第二个栈中
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while(stackInTop > 0) {
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obj->stackOut[stackOutTop++] = obj->stackIn[--stackInTop];
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}
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}
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//将第二个栈中栈顶元素(队列的第一个元素)出栈,并保存
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int top = obj->stackOut[--stackOutTop];
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//将输出栈中元素放回输入栈中
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while(stackOutTop > 0) {
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obj->stackIn[stackInTop++] = obj->stackOut[--stackOutTop];
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}
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//更新栈顶指针
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obj->stackInTop = stackInTop;
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obj->stackOutTop = stackOutTop;
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//返回队列中第一个元素
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return top;
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}
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//返回输入栈中的栈底元素
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int myQueuePeek(MyQueue* obj) {
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return obj->stackIn[0];
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}
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//若栈顶指针均为0,则代表队列为空
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bool myQueueEmpty(MyQueue* obj) {
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return obj->stackInTop == 0 && obj->stackOutTop == 0;
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}
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//将栈顶指针置0
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void myQueueFree(MyQueue* obj) {
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obj->stackInTop = 0;
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obj->stackOutTop = 0;
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}
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```
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### C#:
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```csharp
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public class MyQueue {
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Stack<int> inStack;
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Stack<int> outStack;
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public MyQueue() {
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inStack = new Stack<int>();// 负责进栈
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outStack = new Stack<int>();// 负责出栈
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}
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public void Push(int x) {
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inStack.Push(x);
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}
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public int Pop() {
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dumpstackIn();
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return outStack.Pop();
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}
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public int Peek() {
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dumpstackIn();
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return outStack.Peek();
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}
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public bool Empty() {
|
||
return inStack.Count == 0 && outStack.Count == 0;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 处理方法:
|
||
// 如果outStack为空,那么将inStack中的元素全部放到outStack中
|
||
private void dumpstackIn(){
|
||
if (outStack.Count != 0) return;
|
||
while(inStack.Count != 0){
|
||
outStack.Push(inStack.Pop());
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
### PHP:
|
||
|
||
```php
|
||
// SplStack 类通过使用一个双向链表来提供栈的主要功能。[PHP 5 >= 5.3.0, PHP 7, PHP 8]
|
||
// https://www.php.net/manual/zh/class.splstack.php
|
||
class MyQueue {
|
||
// 双栈模拟队列:In栈存储数据;Out栈辅助处理
|
||
private $stackIn;
|
||
private $stackOut;
|
||
|
||
function __construct() {
|
||
$this->stackIn = new SplStack();
|
||
$this->stackOut = new SplStack();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// In: 1 2 3 <= push
|
||
function push($x) {
|
||
$this->stackIn->push($x);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function pop() {
|
||
$this->peek();
|
||
return $this->stackOut->pop();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function peek() {
|
||
if($this->stackOut->isEmpty()){
|
||
$this->shift();
|
||
}
|
||
return $this->stackOut->top();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function empty() {
|
||
return $this->stackOut->isEmpty() && $this->stackIn->isEmpty();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 如果Out栈为空,把In栈数据压入Out栈
|
||
// In: 1 2 3 => pop push => 1 2 3 :Out
|
||
private function shift(){
|
||
while(!$this->stackIn->isEmpty()){
|
||
$this->stackOut->push($this->stackIn->pop());
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Scala:
|
||
|
||
```scala
|
||
class MyQueue() {
|
||
import scala.collection.mutable
|
||
val stackIn = mutable.Stack[Int]() // 负责出栈
|
||
val stackOut = mutable.Stack[Int]() // 负责入栈
|
||
|
||
// 添加元素
|
||
def push(x: Int) {
|
||
stackIn.push(x)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 复用代码,如果stackOut为空就把stackIn的所有元素都压入StackOut
|
||
def dumpStackIn(): Unit = {
|
||
if (!stackOut.isEmpty) return
|
||
while (!stackIn.isEmpty) {
|
||
stackOut.push(stackIn.pop())
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 弹出元素
|
||
def pop(): Int = {
|
||
dumpStackIn()
|
||
stackOut.pop()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 获取队头
|
||
def peek(): Int = {
|
||
dumpStackIn()
|
||
val res: Int = stackOut.pop()
|
||
stackOut.push(res)
|
||
res
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 判断是否为空
|
||
def empty(): Boolean = {
|
||
stackIn.isEmpty && stackOut.isEmpty
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Rust:
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
struct MyQueue {
|
||
stack_in: Vec<i32>,
|
||
stack_out: Vec<i32>,
|
||
}
|
||
impl MyQueue {
|
||
fn new() -> Self {
|
||
MyQueue {
|
||
stack_in: Vec::new(),
|
||
stack_out: Vec::new(),
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn push(&mut self, x: i32) {
|
||
self.stack_in.push(x);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn pop(&mut self) -> i32 {
|
||
if self.stack_out.is_empty(){
|
||
while !self.stack_in.is_empty() {
|
||
self.stack_out.push(self.stack_in.pop().unwrap());
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
self.stack_out.pop().unwrap()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn peek(&mut self) -> i32 {
|
||
let res = self.pop();
|
||
self.stack_out.push(res);
|
||
res
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn empty(&self) -> bool {
|
||
self.stack_in.is_empty() && self.stack_out.is_empty()
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<p align="center">
|
||
<a href="https://programmercarl.com/other/kstar.html" target="_blank">
|
||
<img src="../pics/网站星球宣传海报.jpg" width="1000"/>
|
||
</a>
|