292 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
292 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
ls
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===
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显示目录内容列表
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## 补充说明
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**ls命令** 用来显示目标列表，在Linux中是使用率较高的命令。ls命令的输出信息可以进行彩色加亮显示，以分区不同类型的文件。
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### 语法
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```
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ls（选项）（参数）
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```
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### 选项
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```
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-a：显示所有档案及目录（ls内定将档案名或目录名称为“.”的视为影藏，不会列出）；
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-A：显示除影藏文件“.”和“..”以外的所有文件列表；
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-C：多列显示输出结果。这是默认选项；
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-l：与“-C”选项功能相反，所有输出信息用单列格式输出，不输出为多列；
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-F：在每个输出项后追加文件的类型标识符，具体含义：“*”表示具有可执行权限的普通文件，“/”表示目录，“@”表示符号链接，“|”表示命令管道FIFO，“=”表示sockets套接字。当文件为普通文件时，不输出任何标识符；
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-b：将文件中的不可输出的字符以反斜线“”加字符编码的方式输出；
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-c：与“-lt”选项连用时，按照文件状态时间排序输出目录内容，排序的依据是文件的索引节点中的ctime字段。与“-l”选项连用时，则排序的一句是文件的状态改变时间；
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-d：仅显示目录名，而不显示目录下的内容列表。显示符号链接文件本身，而不显示其所指向的目录列表；
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-f：此参数的效果和同时指定“aU”参数相同，并关闭“lst”参数的效果；
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-i：显示文件索引节点号（inode）。一个索引节点代表一个文件；
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--file-type：与“-F”选项的功能相同，但是不显示“*”；
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-k：以KB（千字节）为单位显示文件大小；
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-l：以长格式显示目录下的内容列表。输出的信息从左到右依次包括文件名，文件类型、权限模式、硬连接数、所有者、组、文件大小和文件的最后修改时间等；
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-m：用“,”号区隔每个文件和目录的名称；
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-n：以用户识别码和群组识别码替代其名称；
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-r：以文件名反序排列并输出目录内容列表；
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-s：显示文件和目录的大小，以区块为单位；
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-t：用文件和目录的更改时间排序；
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-L：如果遇到性质为符号链接的文件或目录，直接列出该链接所指向的原始文件或目录；
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-R：递归处理，将指定目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理；
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--full-time：列出完整的日期与时间；
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--color[=WHEN]：使用不同的颜色高亮显示不同类型的。
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```
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### 参数
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目录：指定要显示列表的目录，也可以是具体的文件。
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### 实例
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显示当前目录下非影藏文件与目录
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```
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[root@localhost ~]# ls
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anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog satools
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```
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显示当前目录下包括影藏文件在内的所有文件列表
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```
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[root@localhost ~]# ls -a
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. anaconda-ks.cfg .bash_logout .bashrc install.log .mysql_history satools .tcshrc .vimrc
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.. .bash_history .bash_profile .cshrc install.log.syslog .rnd .ssh .viminfo
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```
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输出长格式列表
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```
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[root@localhost ~]# ls -1
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anaconda-ks.cfg
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install.log
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install.log.syslog
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satools
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```
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显示文件的inode信息
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索引节点（index inode简称为“inode”）是Linux中一个特殊的概念，具有相同的索引节点号的两个文本本质上是同一个文件（除文件名不同外）。
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```
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[root@localhost ~]# ls -i -l anaconda-ks.cfg install.log
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2345481 -rw------- 1 root root 859 Jun 11 22:49 anaconda-ks.cfg
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2345474 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13837 Jun 11 22:49 install.log
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```
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水平输出文件列表
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```
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[root@localhost /]# ls -m
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bin, boot, data, dev, etc, home, lib, lost+found, media, misc, mnt, opt, proc, root, sbin, selinux, srv, sys, tmp, usr, var
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```
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修改最后一次编辑的文件
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最近修改的文件显示在最上面。
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```
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[root@localhost /]# ls -t
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tmp root etc dev lib boot sys proc data home bin sbin usr var lost+found media mnt opt selinux srv misc
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```
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显示递归文件
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```
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[root@localhost ~]# ls -R
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.:
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anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog satools
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./satools:
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black.txt freemem.sh iptables.sh lnmp.sh mysql php502_check.sh ssh_safe.sh
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```
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打印文件的UID和GID
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```
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[root@localhost /]# ls -n
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total 254
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
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drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
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drwxr-xr-x 6 0 0 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
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drwxr-xr-x 10 0 0 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
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drwxr-xr-x 75 0 0 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
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drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
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drwxr-xr-x 14 0 0 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
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drwx------ 2 0 0 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 media
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 opt
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dr-xr-xr-x 232 0 0 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
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drwxr-x--- 4 0 0 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 srv
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drwxr-xr-x 11 0 0 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
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drwxrwxrwt 3 0 0 98304 Oct 16 08:45 tmp
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drwxr-xr-x 13 0 0 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
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drwxr-xr-x 19 0 0 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
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```
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列出文件和文件夹的详细信息
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```
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[root@localhost /]# ls -l
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total 254
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
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drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
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drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
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drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
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drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
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drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt
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dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
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drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
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drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
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drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:48 tmp
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drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
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drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
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```
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列出可读文件和文件夹详细信息
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```
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[root@localhost /]# ls -lh
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total 254K
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Jun 12 04:03 bin
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1.0K Jun 15 14:45 boot
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drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 data
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drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3.5K Sep 26 15:38 dev
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drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4.0K Oct 16 04:02 etc
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 home
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drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12K Jun 16 04:02 lib
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drwx------ 2 root root 16K Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 media
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 8 2010 misc
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 mnt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 opt
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dr-xr-xr-x 235 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
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drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4.0K Oct 15 14:43 root
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12K Jun 12 04:03 sbin
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 selinux
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 srv
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drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
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drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 96K Oct 16 08:49 tmp
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drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 usr
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drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 var
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```
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显示文件夹信息
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```
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[root@localhost /]# ls -ld /etc/
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drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 /etc/
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```
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按时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息
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```
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[root@localhost /]# ls -lt
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total 254
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drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:53 tmp
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drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
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drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
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drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
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drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
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drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
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dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
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drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
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drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
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drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
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drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
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```
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按修改时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息
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```
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[root@localhost /]# ls -ltr
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total 254
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
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drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
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drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
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drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
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drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
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dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
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drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
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drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
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drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
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drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
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drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
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drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:54 tmp
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```
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按照特殊字符对文件进行分类
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```
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[root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls -F
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auto/ CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf/ configure* contrib/ html/ LICENSE Makefile man/ objs/ README src/
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```
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列出文件并标记颜色分类
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```
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[root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls --color=auto
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auto CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf configure contrib html LICENSE Makefile man objs README src
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```
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